This will be life changing

1. GRAMMAR BOOK Javier Polhemus

2. Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir) Stem Changers Irregulars( -go, -zco , -oy) Saber vs. Conocer Reflexives ‘Se’ Impersonal Dipthongs with accents Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. 9. Hacer + Time + que + present 10 and 11. Ser vs. estar 12. Imperfect 13. Prederite 14. Spock 15. La cucaracha 16. Snake 17. Snakey TABLE OF CONTENTS

4. Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir) -ar -ir -er -o -o -imos -o -amos -emos -as -aís -es -es -eís -ís -a -e -e -en -an -en Vivir-to live Hablar-to speak Comer- to eat Hablo vivo vivimos como comemos Hablamos comes comeís Hablas Habaís vives vivís vive Hablan Hablan viven come comen

5. Stem Changers Stem changers are verbs the are different in the stem than the average word although are usually easily predictable. Stems may change in the ways below. EXAMPLE Notice the e to ie change Contiendo Condendemos e ie e i Contiendes Contendéis oue Contiende Contienden uue Also known as boot verbs for the boot shape the changed stems make in the chart. This is because the nosotros and vosotros never undergo a stem change.

6. Irregulars( -go, -zco , -oy) Irregulars with the –go, -zco, and -oy are different in the way they are congugated, in the fact that the yo ending is much different then other verbs EXAMPLE- Conducir -car= -co -qué conduzco conducimos -gar= -go -gué conduces conducís -zar= -zo -cé conduce conducen

7. Saber vs. Conocer Both saber and conocer mean “to know” but both a different way of when and where to be used Saber Conocer Usually referring to when you know a fact or how to complete or do a certain action. When you are familiar with a certain thing or know a person.

8. Reflexives These words are generally placed after infinitive verbs to be more specific about who or what the verb is referring to. Me Nos Se Te Se Se

9. ‘Se’ Impersonal The se impersonal is used when there is really no defined subject. Such examples in English would be like “they say” , “one” , or “you” Example: English- “How does one play the game?” Spanish-”Como sejuega el juego?”

10. Dipthongs with accents When there are strong or weak vowels next to eachother in a word. The strong vowels are a,e, and o Weak vowels are i, u, y EXAMPLE: Ciudad

11. Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir Uir/guir – always in the present tense and contain a ‘y’ EXAMPLE- Construir construyo construimos construyes construís construye construyen Ger/gir- ‘Yo’ switches from ‘g’ to a ‘j’ escojo escogemos EXAMPLE- Escoger escoges escogéis escoge escogen

12. Hacer + Time + que + present Hacer + the time it took for the action to be completed + que + the action verb being done EXAMPLE: Hace dos mesas querecibe el regalo

13. Ser vs. estar

14. Ser vs. estar

15. Preterite This tense is used when talking about an ongoing event that occurred in the past. AR congugations ER congugations é amos í imos aste asteis iste isteis ó aron ió ieron

16. Imperfect Used for past actions that have no specific beginning or end. ER congugations AR congugations aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ían ía

17. Spock verbs A grouping of irregular verbs in the preterite. Not complete