vegetable science - CULTIVATION ASPECTS

1. VSC 602 Production Technology
of Cool Season Vegetable Crops
(2+1)
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
CAULIFLOWER

2. Introduction

3. Cauliflower
Botanical name
Brassica olerace var. Botrytis
Family
Brassicaceae / Cruciferae
Chromosome number
2n=18
Edible part
Curd

4. Origin
• B. oleracea var. botrytis L. is believed to
have originated in Cyperus or somewhere
in southern part of Europe around
meditteranion coast.
• It is originated in the island of Cyperus
from moved to Syria, Turky, Egypt, Italy,
Spain and north western Europe (bosewell,
1949)

5. • In middle – 16th century – first illustration
– description – herbalist Dodoens (1544)
• 18th century – popularized
• Different types of cauliflowers is there
types origin
Cornish England
Northern England
Roscoff France
Angers France
Erfurts or snowfall Germany & netherlands

6. • Cornish type – 1st introduction – India –
contribute resist genes – Eg. Black rot, self
incompatibility – curd flavor, open plant
habit and exposed yellow loose curds
(swarup and chatterjee, 1972)
• Indian cauliflower – early maturing –
annual type – tolerant High temperature
and humid condition.

7. History
• Caulis – latin – cabbage
• Flori – flower
• Botrytis – budding
• In introduced in India at 1822 by Dr.
Jemson a botanist from Kew. (Saharanpur
– Northern plains) (Swarup and Chatterjee,
1972)

8. AREAAND PRODUCTION

12. Botany
• Edible potion is the white curd like mass
composed of a close aggregation of abortive
flowers, developed on thick bunches of the
inflorescence. This is called as curd.
• Curd is made numerous hypertrophic branch it
terminate main stem and highly suppressed with
no part of flower apparent there. (kato 1964)

14. Composition
 It is a source of vitamin A and C.(Nath, 1976)
 Energy 31 calories
 Protein 2.4g
 Calcium 22mg
 Vitamin A 40 IU
 Ascorbic acid 70 mg
 Thiamine 0.2mg
 Riblovin 0.1mg
 Niacin 0.57mg (Conew 1959)

15. Uses
Cauliflower used to prepare dishes
Seedling used for salads and greens
Curd used for curries, soups and pickles.
Curd is cut in to pieces, dried and
preserved for off-season use.

17. Indian Vs European Cauliflower
TROPICAL TYPE/INDIAN EUROPEAN/ERFURT/SNOWFALL
TYPE
Heat tolerant Non-tolerant
Curd can form at 20-27 °c 5-20 °c (10-16°coptimum)
Annual type Biennial
Early Late
Curd yellow with strong flavor White with mild flavor
Short juvenile phase Long juvenile phase

20. Varieties and hybrids
• Cauliflower varieties are very responsive to
temperature and photoperiod.
• Require specific temperature for their curd
and development.
• According to temperature requirement
varieties have been classified in 5 groups
(Singh and Nath, 2011)

21. Extra early temperature (20 – 27°c)
Early kunwari
– PAU, Punjab
– Leaves are bluish green with waxy blooms
– Partial blanching habit curd
– Colour cremish
– Field tolerant to alternaria blight and block rot
– Sensitive to ricyness

22. Pusa early synthetic
• IARI, New Delhi.
• Curd is yellowish white
• Planting End of June or 1st week of July
• Curd yield 110q/Ha

23. Early selection
• Nursery – May – June
• Mature at 70-75 DAS

24. Pusa meghna
• Plants collected from Hazipur (Bihar)
using recurrent selection method
• Curds are white, weight is 350-400g
• Semi spreading plants with 5-7 cm long
stalks and 45-48 cm height
• Maturity about 90-100 days

25. Ati shigra (F1) (NS 1351)
• Curd weight 0.5Kg mature at 50 days.
• White colour and good firmness

26. Himlata
• Tolerant to high temperature and grow in
summer.
• Mature in 50-55 Days after planting.
• White colour curd,
• Popular and well known to Throught
country.

27. Himdev
• Grow in summer and rainy season
• Mature within 35-40 Days after planting.

28. Basant (F1) (NS 245)
• White curd colour, semi dome shaped and
good firmness
• Curd weight 1 – 1.5Kg maturity at 55-60
days
• Perform well in southern states

29. Early group (20-25°c)
Pusa deepali
IARI, New Delhi
Inbreeding through local collection
Crop duration 100-120days
Hot weather cauliflower
creamy white
Highly tolerant to ricyness and fuzzyness

30. Arka kanti
• IIHR, Bengaluru
• 25 tones/ ha
• Heads white compact

31. Sharvani
• Curd pure white and dome shaped
• Tolerant to soft rot (Erwina sp.)
• Suitable for rainy season cultivation

32. Medium group (16-19°c)
• Improved japanese
– Introduction from israel
– 90 – 95 days for maturity
– 145q/ha

33. Pusa himjyoti
• IARI, Reginol station, katrain
• Curds are pure white and they retain their
colour even after exposure
• 150 – 170q/ha

34. Pusa hybrid 2
• Resistant to downy mildew
• Curd cream white
• 23 tones/ha

35. Somersat
• Better heat tolerant
• Curd weight 2Kg
• Self blanching
• Tolerant to fusarium wilt

36. Mid late group 12-16°c
• Pusa synthetic
– IARI, New Delhi
– Some what Self blanched
– Mature at 130 days from sowing
– This is the 1st synthetic variety recommended
vegetable crops
– Set seeds without sacrificing yield
– Tolerant to curd blight

37. Romanesco
• Self blanching type
• Good source of vitamin – c and antiaging,
wound healing, degreesing blood chloestral
• 120-125 DA Transplanting

38. Late group (10-16°c)
• Pusa snowfall 1
– RRS Katrain intervarietal cross EC 12012XEC
12013
– Snow white colour curd

39. Pusa snowfall K 1
• Selection made at Katrain from exotic
material
• Tolerant to black rot disease and curd and
inflorescence blight
• Best quality curds among snowball types

40. Ooty 1
• It is a selection from OP progenies of local
types and released from Horticultural
Research Station Ooty.
• Compact uniform curds with attractive
creamy white colour. Curd is free from
ricyness and have good keeping quality

41. Ooty 1

42. Self blanched variety – Pusa Deepali
Self blanched and offseason variety – Pusa
Himjyoti and Hisar 1
Tolerant to black rot disease and curd and
inflorescence blight – Pusa snowfall K-1
Highly resistant to black rot and free Riceyness
– Pusa katki
Tolerant to curd Curd and inflorescence blight –
Pusa synthetic.

43. Climate
Thermo sensitive crop
Tropical type – curd formation – 20 to 25°c
Temperate annuals – curd formation 10 °c
to 16°c

44. • At high altitudes the longer day length
promotes much faster growth of the plant
(Salter 1960)
• The optimum temperature for growth of
young plants is around 23°C and 17°–20°C
in later stages.

45. Soil
It can be grown in wide range of soil with
good fertility.
light soil are more sensitive to drought and
therefore, adequate moisture supply is
important.
Light soil – early crop, loam and clay soils
– mid and late season crops.

46. Cont…
Cauliflower is relatively more sensitive to
deficiency of boron and molybdenum
respectively it cause browning and
whiptail. Also it has high requirement of
magnesium.
Magnesium deficiency appear in acid soil.

47. Cont…
High ph reduces the availability of boron
cauliflower require on an average ph range
of 5.5 to 6.6ph and below 5.5ph it would
be necessary to do liming at the rate of 4 to
8 tonnes/ha.

48. Season(Swarup and Chatterjee,1972)
GROUP TEMPERATURE TIME OF
SOWING SEED
TIME OF CURD
MATURITY
EARLY MATURITY
EARLY I 20 27°c MAY TO JUNE SEPTEMBER
EARLY II 20 25°c FIRST FORTNIGHT
OF JULY
OCT. TO MID NOV.
MID SEASON
MATURITY GROUP
II
16 20°c JULY-AUGUST LATE NOV. TO MID
DEC.
MID LATE
MATURITY GROUP
III
12 16 °c SEPTEMBER LATE DEC. TO MID
JAN
LATE MATURITY
GROUP
(SNOWBALL TYPE)
10 16°c OCTOBER MID JAN ONWARDS

49. Crop rotation
Maximum returns obtained from
cauliflower – Tomato – Okra (Randhawa
and Singh, 1977) and Late crops – spinach

50. Randhawa and Saini, 1996
 Cauliflower – Tomato –Okra
 Brinjal - Cauliflower – Bottle Gourd
 Cauliflower (early) – Radish – Chilli
 Okra - Cauliflower (Main Crop) – French Bean
 Maize – Cauliflower(mid Season) – Brinjal
 Cauliflower (early) – Onion
 Cauliflower (early) – Carrot (Seed Crop)
 Cauliflower (early) – Radish (Seed Crop)
 Garlic – Turnip - Cauliflower
 Blackgram – Cauliflower (Late) – Cowpea
 Cluster Bean – Cauliflower (Main Crop)- Bitter Gourd

51. Seed treatment
Prior to sowing seeds are treated with fungal
culture of
or to avoid damage
from damping-off
(pythium, Rhizoctonia) disease.
Streptocycline 1.5g/kg of seed for control
black rot or hot water treatment with °c
.

53. Nursery practices
Early crop 500-600g/ha
Mid and late crop 350-400g
Bed preparation
The soil of the nursery beds should be reduced
to the finest possible tilth before sowing and
manuring FYM or Compost @10kg/m2

54. Sowing method
The seed sown thinly (15-20seed per 30cm) in
rows and not more than 1.5-2cm deep.
The rows should be 7cm apart.
Seeds are covered after sowing with 0.5-1cm
of soil.
Mulching material (dry grass) can be used to
cover the bed after sowing. It should be
removed after seed sprouting(3-4 days),

55. After sowing the seedbed irrigate frequently
using rose cane twice a day. And channel
between the two beds watered alternate days or
every third day.
Watering should be withheld 3-4 days before
transplanting so that seedlings get hardened.
Before uprooting, the beds are thoroughly
soaked water to facilitate to remove for
transplanting.

57. Protray
The protrays of 98 cells are ideal for cauliflower
seedling production. Around 600 Protrays are
required for of 28,333 seedlings required for one
hectare at a spacing of 60x45x45 cm in three
row planting.

59. Protected nursery
Raise the seedlings in shade net house. A
nursery area of 5 cents with slanting slope of
2% is required for the production of seedlings
for 1 ha.
Cover the nursery area with 50 per cent shade
net and the sides with 40/50 mesh insect proof
nylon net. Form the raised beds of 1m width and
convenient length inside the nursery and above
the beds, place the protrays.

61. Growing medium

63. Transplanting
3-4 days after sowing seed was sprouted.
Seedling are ready to transplant 4-6 weeks
after sowing defends on weather
conditions.
When transplant in monsoon time spray
0.5% urea and 1% later stages.

64. Field preparation
The soil should be well prepared and brought
to a fine tilth. The manure and fertilizer should
be applied as a basal does while preparing the
field.
Planting should be done at a spacing of
60*30cm or 60*45cm.
Just before transplanting a light irrigation
should be given.

65. Application of fertilizers
Hills:
 Apply 30 t/ha of FYM and 90 kg N, 90 kg P and 90 kg
K as basal dose and 45:45:45 kg NPK/ha after 45 days.
Plains:
 Apply 15 t of FYM/ha and 50 kg N, 100 kg P and 50 kg
K as basal and 50 kg N after 45 days. Apply 2 kg of
Departmental vegetable micronutrient mixture without
mixing with the chemical fertilizers.

66. Nitrogen should be given in two split
doses, half as basal with full dose of p and
k, and the remaining half of nitrogen to be
applied 30-35th days of transplanting

67. Fertigation
• Fertigation requirement for F1 hybrid:
200: 125: 125 kg of NPK / ha. Apply once
in every three days throughout the cropping
period.
• Spacing 60x45x45cm in paired row system

69. Total amount of fertilizers
19: 19: 19+MN = 63 kg
13: 0: 45(KNO3) = 119 kg
Urea = 368 kg
0-0-50(K2SO4) = 121 kg
12:61:0(NH4H2PO4) = 32 kg

70. Irrigation

71. Weeding

72. Control method

73. Earthing up

74. Blanching

78. Mulching
• Polythene mulch had beneficial effects on
yield while straw had adverse effect 10cm
thick mulching with paddy husk had been
found to be beneficial in increasing the
growth and yield of cauliflower (Patel and
Jyotishi, 1969)

80. Growth regulators

81. Mustard saw fly – Athalia sp.
• Cold weather pest all cruciferous vegetable suffer
greatly during winter,
• Damage more in nursery.
Symptoms
• Grubs feed leaf margin and later leaf lamina

82. Mustard saw fly – Athalia sp.
Control
 Cultural method
 Field sanitation
 Hand picking of grubs
 Early sowing of the crop
Chemical method
 Quinalphos 0.05% or malathion 0.1%

83. Aphid
Cabbage aphid -Brevicoryne brassicae
Peach aphid -Myzus persicae
Mustard aphid -Lipaphis erysimi
Nymph and adults suck shoots, loss vigor
and honey dew secretion it become a
sooty mould.

84. Symptoms
Leaves become pitted, curled, young fruits
shriveled and drop prematurely.
Infestation occurs during flowering fruit
setting is totally suppressed
Winter season damage occur it
disappear in summer

85. IPM
collect and destroy infested plant parts along
with insects
Yellow sticky traps 12/Ha to attract winged
adults
Encourage coccinellids, syrphids and
pathogens Entomophthora sp. And
Cephalosporium aphidicola.

86. IPM
Spray Neem oil 3% or Dimethoate 2ml/lit
with 0.5ml Teepol / lit of water.
Imidacloprid 2ml/lit of water.

87. Cabbage butterfly (Pieris sp.)
Symptoms
The young green caterpillars feed on the surface
of the leaves and skeletonise them
Look like rugged appearance,
Control
• Nicotinic sulphate @0.05% to check the
infestation

89. Semi looper (Plusia sp.)
Symptoms
Defoliate leaves midrib and main veins.
Scrapping initially later defoliate entire leaves.
Control
Set light trap
Spray nicotinic sulphate @0.05% or Thiodan @
0.15%

91. Diamond back moth (plutella xylostela)
Caterpillars feed on undersurface of leaves
and bite holes in leaves and cause serious
damage
Withered appearance
of affected leaves.
Skeletonized leaves.

92. IPM
Grow mustard as intercrop at 20:1 ratio.
Install pheromone traps @ 12 No/ha.
Release larval parasite Diadegma
semiclausum @ 50,000/ ha, 60 days after
planting

93. IPM
Spray NSKE 5 % or cartap hydrochloride
@ 1 g/lit or Bacillus thuringiensis @
1g/lit at primordial stage (ETL 2
larvae/plant) or use chemicals
Insecticide Dose
Azadirachtin 5% Neem
Extract Concentrate
5.0 ml/10 lit.
Lufenuron 5.4 % EC 1.2 ml/lit.
Spinosad 2.5 % SC 1.2 ml/lit.
Trichlorofon 50 % EC 1.0 ml/lit.

94. Damping off (Pythium sp.;Rizoctonia
sp.;Fusarium sp)
it is common in nursery seedlings.
Symptoms
• It becomes dark and vascular region of
the main stem become discolored.

95. Damping off (pythium sp.;Rizoctonia
sp.;Fusarium sp)
Damping off occurs in two stages, i.e. the
pre-emergence and
post-emergence phase.

96. Damping off (pythium sp.;Rizoctonia
sp.;Fusarium sp)
In the pre-emergence the phase the
seedlings are killed just before they reach
the soil surface.
The young radical and the plumule are
killed and there is complete rotting of the
seedlings.

97. Damping off (pythium sp.;Rizoctonia
sp.;Fusarium sp)
The post-emergence phase is
characterized by the infection of the young,
juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground
level.
The infected tissues become soft and
water soaked. The seedlings topple over.

99. Favorable condition
High humidity, high soil moisture, cloudiness
and low temperatures below 24° C for few days
are ideal for infection and development of
disease.
Crowded seedlings, dampness due to high
rainfall, poor drainage and excess of soil solutes
hamper plant growth and increase the
pathogenic damping-off.

100. Cultural control
•Quality seed and a chemical or heat
pasteurized planting medium should be
used.
•Excessive watering and poorly drained
areas of field should be avoided

101. Chemical control
• Soil drench with captan 75% WP @ 1000 g
in 400 l of water/acre
• Treatment with captan 75% WP @ 20-30
g/kg seed

102. Black rot - Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Campestris
Symptoms:
First appear as chlorotic or yellow (angular) areas
near the leaf margins.
Yellow area extends to veins and midrib forming
characteristic ‘v’ shaped chlorotic spots which later
turn black
Veins and vein lets turn brown and finally black
Vascular blackening extend beyond affected veins to
midrib, petiole and stem

103. Black rot
In advanced stages, infection may reach the
roots system and blackening of vascular bundles
occurs. Bacterial ooze can also be seen on
affected parts
If the infection is early, the plants wilt and die
If the infection is late plants succumb to soft rot
and die.

105. Favorable conditions
• Relative humidity > 90%
• High soil moisture
• Frequent rains

106. Control methods
Crop sanitation
Crop rotation for 2-3 years with non
cruciferous crops
Hot water treatment 50 c for 30mins
followed by 30min dip in 100ppm
streptocycline (Sharma 1981)
Antibiotics like Agrimycin 100 (0.01%)
and Aureomycin etc

107. Alternaria leaf spot - Alternaria brassicae
A. brassicicola
Symptoms:
• Spots are small, dark coloured
• They enlarge, soon become circular &
1mm. in diameter
• Under humid conditions groups of
conidiophores will be formed in the spot

108. Alternaria leaf spot - Alternaria brassicae
A. brassicicola
Spots develop concentric rings.
Finally the spots coalesce leading to
blighting of leaves.
The fungus is seed borne and cause
shriveling of seeds and poor germination.
Linear spots also appear on petioles, stems,
pods & seeds.

110. Cultural control
Long rotations (3 years) without crucifer
crops or cruciferous weeds such as wild
mustard.
Plant later plantings upwind of earlier
plantings.
Allow for good air circulation (i.e. wide
spacings, rows parallel to prevailing winds,
not close to hedgerows).

111. Chemical control
• Spray zineb 75% WP @ 600-800 g in 300-
• 400 l of water/acre or mancozeb 75% WP
@ 600-800 g in 300 l of water/acre

112. Club root of crucifers or Finger and toe disease:
Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin
Symptoms:
• stunting and yellowing of plants
• Leaves become yellowish and wilt on hot
days.
• Club like swelling of root and root lets

113. Club root of crucifers or Finger and toe disease:
Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin
• Club root is particularly prevalent on soils
with a pH below 7, whereas it has been
observed that the disease is often less
serious on heavy soils and on soils
containing organic manure.

114. Favorable conditions
• It occur at a temp range of 12-27 °c
• (25°c)
• High soil moisture
• Neutral to acidic soils 5-7.0 pH

115. Cultural control
• Use disease free seedlings
• A pH slightly above neutral (usually about
pH 7.2) helps to minimize disease
• Add hydrated lime to soil to increase pH to
7.2
( 6 weeks before planting @ 1.5 t/ac)
• Avoid excess irrigation

116. Management
• Soil fumigation with Methyl bromide 1kg/10m
2 followed by covering with plastic film.
• Seed treatment with Captan/Thiram 4g/kg,
followed by T.viride 4g/kg. Application of lime
2.5t/ha. Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride
0.25%.

117. Downy Mildew
Peronospora parasitica
Symptoms
• Downy mildew can cause much of a field
of milk white cauliflower curds to develop
superficial discolored spots that renders the
disease damage heads unmarketable.

118. Management
• Seed treatment with Metalaxyl (Apron
6g/kg). Foliar spray with Metalaxyl
(Ridomil) @ 0.4%

119. Rhizoctonia
It cause damping off, wire stem, bottom
rot, head rot or crown rot is all caused by
Rizoctoniia solani.

120. Symptoms
• Wire stem can be a seed problem where
cauliflower or other cruciferous transplants
are grown crowded together in unsterilized
soil or seedling beds.
• This disease makes the seedling unsuitable
for transplanting since many of the affected
plants will die or grow poorly.

121. Management
• Sterilized soil and seedbed drenches with
Copper oxychloride 0.25% will give good
disease control.
• Application of Brassicol @20-30kg/ha has
been found to be highly effective

123. Whip-tail
• In this condition, the leaf blades do not develop
properly and become strap like. The growing
point is severely deformed and no marketable
curd is formed.
• This condition in cauliflower results because of
the deficiency of molybdenum which occurs in
acidic soils below 4 -5 pH.

125. Correction measures
• It may be controlled by liming the soil
which reduces the acidity and increases the
soil pH up to 6.5. It may also be controlled
by the application of 1-2 kg/ac of sodium
or Ammonium Molybdate.

126. Browning
• Browning is a common problem in cauliflower.
In this the stem becomes hollow and the curd
becomes brown. Affected curds develop a bitter
taste. Browning occurs because of the
deficiency of boron.

127. Correction measures
• This condition may be controlled by the
application of borax or sodium borate @ 20 kg
per hectare.
• In case of acute deficiency, spray of 0.25 to
0.50% solution of borax @ 1-2 kg/ac will give
satisfactory results.
• It has been reported that boron and molybdenum
increase curd size and weight as well as ascorbic
acid content when applied together.

128. Buttoning
This disorder of cauliflower is identified by the
development of small curd or 'button' while the
plants are small and consequently the curd gets
open.
This is caused due to the deficiency of nitrogen,
by planting seedlings older than 6 weeks, or any
other factors that cause check in growth in the
early stage of seedlings

129. Buttoning
• These factors may be insufficient moisture
supply, water logging, hot and dry weather,
carelessness in proper and timely weeding and
pest and disease attack. If an early variety is
grown

130. Ricyness
• A premature initiation of floral buds in
cauliflower is characterized by Riceyness. the
curd becomes granular and loose. Such curds
are considered to be of poor quality for
marketing.
• Rampant growth, heavy nitrogen dressing and
high relative humidity may also play some role
in developing this condition

131. • This condition may result from any
temperature higher or lower than the
optimum required for a particular variety
• It may also appear when the harvesting of
curds is delayed and they become over
mature.

133. Blindness
The terminal bud does not develop or gets
broken or eaten away by the insects, the
condition is called ‘blindness’.
In other words the plant grows without the
terminal bud with no formation of curd or head.
These types of plants should be removed from
the field.

135. Fuzziness
It appears as a flower pedicels of velvety curds
elongate.
It caused due to poor seeds, uneven temperature,
Cultivate in abnormal time it will be
encouraged.
the look as being somewhat blurry within the
cello wrap.

137. Leafiness
Extremely small green leaves in between
the curd segments in other words when the
bracts grow out the curds called leafiness.
Higher temperature during vegetative and
curding stage.

138. Chlorosis
Its due to magnesium deficiency.
It occur in acidic soils.
It shown yellow mottling and interveinal
chlorosis.
Results small curd produce.
It control by apply MgO 300Kg/ha or bring the
ph to 6.5 by adding dolomite.

139. Premature bolting
Development of seed stalk before the formation
of sufficient edible part is known as premature
bolting.
Exposure of plants to continuous low
temperature (below 10 °c) for 6-8 weeks result
it cause.
Early sowing, cold winter, poor seed and soil.

140. HOLLOW STEM
It is due to boron deficiency and excess of
nitrogen fertilizer
It control by plants closer and with
optimum use of nitrogen fertilizer
Controlled by spraying of borax at 0.1 to
0.3% or soil application of borax @ 15-20
kg/ha

141. Frost injury
• Young seedlings turn yellowish white on
both the surfaces.
• Fully grown curds of cauliflower are more
seensitive to frost
• Rising the temperature by smoking, irrigate
the field anticipating the danfer of frost

142. Harvesting
Harvest immediately when reaches prime
condition. In case of doubt about maturity it is
better to harvest early than late.
If the harvest is late the curd starts loosening
because of emergence of flower stalk
Large leaves are then trimmed away allow
only sufficient leaves for protect the curd from
bruising and other mechanical injury in
transport.

145. Yield
Early groups 10-15 tones/ha
mid season 15-25 tones/ ha
Snowfall types 20-30 tones/ha
20-30 tones curd containing 18,000 – 24,000
curds per hectare

146. Storage and marketing
Snowfall cultivars kept at 7 days in 0°c to
0.7°c and RH 85-95%
Curds stored with intact leaves at 0°c for 40
days and at 0°c for 20 days or in forced
ventilation (7.5 to10.3°c) there was no
reduction in dry matter content of the curds.
This was due to translocation of breakdown
products from the leaves to the curds.

147. Pre and post harvest handling
Harvest should be preferably be done in
the night or early morning so the products
remains turgid and fresh.
Reduce the bruising of the curd by rubbing
because the bruised portion became
blackish and unattractive.

148. Grading
Large greater than 2Kg(‘A’ super)
Medium1to 2kg(‘B’ fancy)
Small less than1kg(‘C’ commercial)
The curds have phenotypic similarity and
They should be firm, compact, creamy or
snow white, well trimmed, free from
discoloration.

149. References
Winter vegetables advances and development –
D.N. Singh and Vishal nath
Text book of vegetables, tubercrops and spices –
S. Tamburaj Narendra Singh
A Guide on Vegetable culture -
D.Veeraragavathatham, M.Jawaharlal,
Seemanthini Ramadas
TNAU – Crop Production Guide 2013

150. Thank you….
Presented by
Jagathesan.K
2016653402