Slides used with Alderbrook School, Solihull on 8th April 2011

1. Challenging Learning James Nottingham www.p4c.com www.jamesnottingham.co.uk

2. Praise can make pupils scared of challenge Our praise often teaches pupils that easy success means they are intelligent and, by implication, that errors and effort mean they are not. Prof Carol Dweck, Mindset

3. Focusing on learning “Pupils show greater motivation, are better behaved and are more likely to be independent and strategic thinkers when teachers are not obsessed by grades.” “If there is one new thing we need in our school system right now, it is a well-developed focus on learning.” Chris Watkins, Institute of Education, Aug 2010 From an analysis of 100 international studies on how children learn

4. Carol Dweck www.carol-dweck.co.uk

5. The effects of different types of praise Mueller and Dweck, 1998 In six studies, 7th grade students were given a series of nonverbal IQ tests.

6. Mueller and Dweck, 1998 Intelligence praise “Wow, that’s a really good score. You must be smart at this.” Process praise “Wow, that’s a really good score. You must have tried really hard.” Control-group praise “Wow, that’s a really good score.”

7. Number of problems solved on a 3rd test

8. Boys get 8 times more criticism than girls

9. The effects of praise Swimming “You do your best swimming when you concentrate and try your best to do what Chris is asking you to do” Ballet “What a beautiful ballerina!”

10. Number of students who lied about their score

11. John Hattie’s Visible Learning (2009)

13. (2) Piagetian programs 1.28 Student

14. (3) Formative evaluation 0.90 Teaching

15. (4) Micro teaching 0.88 Teacher

16. (5) Acceleration 0.88 School

17. (6) Classroom behavioural 0.80 School

18. (7) Interventions for SEN 0.77 Teaching

19. (8) Teacher clarity 0.75 Teacher

20. (9) Reciprocal teaching 0.74 Teaching

21. (10) Feedback 0.73 Teaching

22. (11) Staff-student relationships 0.72 Staff

24. Fixed vs Growth Mindsets Intelligence can be grown Priority: Become smarter Feel Smart by engaging fully, exerting effort, stretching skills You avoid: Easy, previously mastered tasks, or low level challenge Intelligence is fixed Priority: Look smart Feel smart by achieving low effort success and outperforming others You avoid: higher-performing peers, difficulty and setbacks

25. Comparing test scores 140 130 120 110 100 90 140 132 125 105 100 90 140 136 128 100 105 94

26. Evelyn Glennie – Growth Mindset ?

27. Sting – Fixed Mindset ?

29. Alfred Binet, creator of the IQ test Alfred Binet 1857 - 1911

30. How would you change the following praise? Clever girl! Gifted musician Brilliant mathematician Bright boy Top of the class! By far the best

31. What do (spellings) tests encourage?

32. An alternative way to administer tests Thinking Wondering Decision Understanding Reflection Knowledge Argument Opinion Conclusion Justification Pre-test; Marks Out of 10 7, 8, 9 or 10 New Set of Spellings 4, 5, or 6 Correct Set 0, 1, 2 or 3 Additional coaching 169

33. What is …. ?

34. The Learning Challenge Concept Conflict Clarity 1 2 Confusion The Pit 188

35. A selection of thinking skills GROUP HYPOTHESISE IDENTIFY INFER INTERPRET ORGANISE PARAPHRASE PREDICT QUESTION RANK REPRESENT RESPOND SEQUENCE SIMPLIFY SHOW HOW SOLVE SORT SUMMARISE SUPPORT TEST VERIFY VISUALISE ANALYSE ANTICIPATE APPLY CAUSAL-LINK CHOOSE CLASSIFY COMPARE CONNECT CONTRAST DECIDE DEFINE DESCRIBE DETERMINE DISCUSS ELABORATE ESTIMATE EVALUATE EXEMPLIFY EXPLORE GENERALISE GIVE EXAMPLES GIVE REASONS 137

36. Pick a concept, any concept Foreign Fairness Evidence Tourism Home Truth Language History Names Number Friends Thinking Belonging Knowledge 222

37. Recent Demo Lesson Concepts Is it possible to have no weather? (Yr 7) Are habits the same as addictions? (Yr 8) What’s the difference between tragedy and romance? (Yr 9) What is culture? (Yr 10) Is zero the same as nothing? (Yr 11)

40. Cognitive Conflict is Key to Engagement But then why was Robin Hood a hero? I know it’s wrong to steal

41. Kriticos = able to make judgments Critical Thinking Comes from the Greek, Kriticos Meaning: able to make judgments Source: www.etymonline.com

42. An Ethos for Learning Not all of our questions answered … … but all of our answers questioned ? 21

43. Challenge with young children

44. Challenge with Year 5 pupils Filmed by Channel 4 in 1999. Video at: www.p4c.com/video-clips

45. P4C and thinking skills “No programme I am aware of is more likely to teach durable and transferable thinking skills than Philosophy for Children” Robert Sternberg President of the American Psychological Association 21

46. Eureka moments come from challenge Eureka! Concept Conflict Construct Clarity 1 Confusion 3 2 The Pit 188

47. Rosenthal & Jacobson

48. The Pygmalion Effect Our actions (towards others) impact influence Others beliefs (about us) Our beliefs (about ourselves) cause reinforce Others actions (towards us)

49. Contact Details www.jamesnottingham.co.uk james@p4c.com www.challenginglearning.com