Laboratory report of three surfaces of wood

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise to the almighty Allah who give us His bless and opportunity to
finish this assignment,without his blessed we cannot finished this work.Also not
forgetting to Mrs. Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki who had been so politely and a lot of
commitment in helping his student to finished this assignment,to friend also who
have been so kindly in sharing their knowledge and cooperation by helping us with
this assignment.All of your behaviour we accept as away in learning. Thanks to
you all.By the way , in the period of times to make this assignment fully finished
we had a lot of wonderful moment and all of this memories will we keep and lock
in the deep of our heart.Indirectly , we also learn so many things about the spirit in
group like how to give good commitment while were in group.Thanks once again
to Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki, without you our assignment will not kerned all this
sweetest things.Thanks once again to all, we will remember all of this happinest
memories for the rest of our life.
Thanks you so much....
Assalamualaikum.

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OBJECTIVES
Upon completion, student undergoing this course should
have good background in the following areas;
Understanding various component of wood in their
formation.
Appreciating the important of various wood cells and their
function.
Identification of commercial species using hand lens and
microscopes.
Differentiating various wood species through their
diagnostic features.

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LABORATORY WORK 1
TITLE: Understanding the three surfaces of wood
OBJECTIVE: A) To makes sure that we understand the three different surfaces of
wood- Cross, Radial, and Tangential.
B) To differentiate the three surfaces especially between radial surface
and tangential surface of wood.
MATERIALS AND PROSEDURE:
A) Wood cube, magnifier lens and knife.
B) Prepare the three surfaces of wood using the knife
C) Draw the three dimensional structure of wood

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Kelempayan
(Neolamarckia cadamba)
(Family: Rubiaceae)
Main species
Tree and distribution
One species occurs in Peninsular Malaysia.
- Medium-sized to large trees to 40 m tall, sometimes 45 m tall
- bole straight and cylindrical, often branchless of up to 25 m and a diameter of up to 100
cm rarely up to 160 cm, sometimes with buttresses to 2 m tall.
Distributed in lowland to mountain forests to 1000 m altitude; often by streams and rivers
and in open sites in the forest.
Characteristics and physical properties
The sapwood is not well defined from the heartwood, which is white turning to yellow
on exposure. Texture is moderately coarse and even. Vessels lines present. Grain is generally
straight. The timber is light and soft with an air-dry density of 290 to 465 kg m~'.
Macroscopic structures
- Growth rings :moderately distinct, marked by layers of thicker fibres.

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- Vessels :medium sized to large, solitary and in radial multiples of 2 to 4, sometimes in
clusters,
- tyloses :absent,
- deposit :gum-like deposit present.
- Wood parenchyma :present but difficult to detect with the naked eye and just visible by
using the lens due to the lack of contrast between the fibres and the parenchyma.
Apotracheal parenchyma as diffuse and diffuse in aggregates, forming short uniseriate
lines. Paratracheal parenchyma sparse and confine only to the immediate vicinity of the
vessels.
- Rays :of two distinct sizes, the broader rays can be- observed easily with a handlens.
- Ripple marks :absent.
- Intercellular canals :not observed.
Figure 1 Kelempayan (Neolamarrkia cadainba) x 20
Uses
A light-coloured and light-weight timber. The timber is suitable for use as picture frame,
moulding, skiring, wooden sandals, disposable chopstick, general utility furniture, veneer
and plywood.

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PROSEDURE:
Step on preparing the surface of wood
Step for preparing of specimen:

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HARDWOOD(Shorea spp.)

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RESULT:
A) From the drawing, elaborate the three surfaces of wood
THREE DIMENSION SURFACE
B) Highlight the differences between the various surfaces
TANGENTIAL SECTION(FLATSAWN)
HARDWOOD
- Ray in boat shaped
- Vessel
SOFTWOOD
- Ray in boat shaped
- Tracheid

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RADIAL SECTION(QUARTERSAWN)
HARDWOOD
- Ray in cube shaped
- Vessels
SOFTWOOD
- Ray in cube shaped
- Tracheid
CROSS SECTION(END GRAIN)
HARDWOOD
- Pore
- Gum duct
- Intercellular canals
SOFTWOOD
- Tracheid
- Resin canal
- Growth ring

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DISCUSSION:
CROSS SECTION
- See growth ring boundaries,and interiors of cells,end view of log.
TANGENTIAL SECTION
- Cut longitudinally,more or less down parallel to growth rings,at right angles to rays.
RADIAL SECTION
- Cut longitudinally,more or less down at right angles to growth rings,and parallel to
rays

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Hardwood
Typical hardwood. The horizontal plane of a block of hardwood (for example, oak or maple)
corresponds to a minute portion of the top surface of a stump or end surface of a log
The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut parallel to the radius and parallel to the wood rays.
The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut at right angles to the radius and the wood rays, or
tangentially within the log.
In hardwoods, these three major planes along which wood may be cut are known commonly a
- end-grain,
- quarter-sawed (edge-grain)
- plain-sawed (flatgrain) surfaces
Hardwoods have specialized structures called vessels

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SOFTWOOD
Typical softwood. The rectangular units that make up the end grain of softwood are sections through
long vertical cells called tracheids or fibers
Because softwoods do not contain:
- vessel cells
The tracheids serve the dual function of transporting sap vertically and giving strength to the
wood.
Softwood fibers range from about 0.1 to 0.3 in. (3 to 8 mm) in length.

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CONCLUSION:
A) Draw important conclusion on the laboratory work
First,the tree cut down.then only certain part of the tree will taken.the part taken then
is cut into small cubes.The cues then is alter to determined better view of the
surfaces,that is cross section,tangetial section,and radial section.
B) Discuss the benefit obtained from those laboratory work
To determined the features of the wood surface and differentiate the various features
in hardwood.

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LABORATORY WORK 2
TITLE: Observing and recognizing the true surfaces of solid wood
OBJECTIVE: A) To observe closely the features on the three different surfaces of
wood- Cross, Radial and Tangential.
B) To recognize special features on the three surfaces of wood.
MATERIALS:
- Wood cube, hand lens and knife
- Wood cube (kelempayan,Neolamarckia cadamba)
- Microtome and safranine solution

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PROCEDURE:
1. The rough cubes that finished cut and clean by laboratory 1 was taken.
2. Then, the rough cubes in good sized and texture werw can be seen pores clearly were
chosen.
3. Draw the three dimensional structure of wood.
4. Put wood cube into a beakers which contain water to boil it until it soft and easy to cut
and label the wood cube.
5. After the cube has been boiled, take it out from the beaker.
6. Cut the wood cube using microtome until get the thinner / best slice of wood specimen.
7. Place the slice in the petri dish which contain a few drop of safranine red colour.
8. Then, immersed the specimen in 90%, 70%, 50%, 30% alcohol for 5 minutes for the less
condense solution.
9. Cut the slice and place it onto suitable size of specimen slide. Drop a few drop of xylene.
Next, put the specimen onto the slide and immediately cover it by using cover slip. Make
sure no bubbles trap in the slide.

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Preparation of slide
1. Wood cube
2. Soak the wood cube into water.
3. Cut the wood cube into slices.
4. The slices of wood is transfer to the petri dish contain safranin red and being immersed
for 10 minutes.
5. Soak it into alcohol.Then, the slices of wood is transfer to the 90% alcohol and immersed
in it about 5 minutes.
6. After that, the slices of wood moved to the 70% alcohols.The slices are immersed in it
about 5 minutes.
7. The slices of wood is moved into the 50% alcohols after being immersed in 70%
alcohol.The slices of wood are immersed for 5minutes.
8. Then, the wood is take out from 50% alcohol and moved into 30% alcohol.The slices are
immersed for 5 minutes.After immersed in 30% alcohol, the slices of wood is take out
and put into xylene solution.
9. Make a slide specimen and look at the structure using light microscope.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A) Prepared the three surface of wood using the knife
SLIDE
CROSS SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION

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B) Draw the three dimensional structure of wood.
C) Label varios features found on different surfaces
CROSS SECTION
(x4) (x10)

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RADIAL SECTION
(x4) (x40)
TANGENTIAL SECTION
(x4) (x10)
(x4) (X10) (x40)

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CONCLUSION:
A) Draw important conclusion
The aim of this laboratory work is to determined the different character of the
different surface in the wood that is produced in different way and have
different function .
B) Discuss the benefit obtained from this laboratory work.
We can also found the type of rays in the hardwood which is consist of
procumbent cell and upright cell called heterogenous.

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LABORATORY WORK 3
TITLE : Assessing the structural features of wood
OBJECTIVE :
A) To study the structural features of the commercial timbers of Malaysia
B) To observe the various cells and important features in several :
- heavy hardwood (balau,bitis,chengal, etc)
-medium hardwood (kapur,kasai,kelat, keruing, etc
-light hardwood(punah,rengas,simpoh, etc)
C) To group wood species according to similar physical features observed above.
D) To observe various physical features of wood such as color, density, texture, grain, latex traces, and
included phloem.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
A. Thirty species of hardwood mention above
B. Study structural features(pores,parenchyma,rays)
C. Note diagnostic features to differentiate between spp.

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METHOD:
Wood samples of commercial species
1) the wood samples was arranged follow their colors.The colors that had been observed
are yellowish, reddish, pinkish, purplish.
2) the wood samples was arranged follow their density.The density of wood samples is
classified into three group, that is,
• High density
• Medium density
• Low density
3) the wood samples was arranged follow their texture.The texture of the wood samples is
classified into:
• Coarse texture

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• Medium texture
• Fine texture
4) the wood samples is arranged follow their figure.The figure of wood is classified into:
• Ripple mark
• Silver
• Growth ring
• Streaky
5) the wood samples is arranged follow their canals.The canals is classified into:
• concentric canals
• Diffuse canals
6) the wood samples is arranged follow odor.The odor of wood is classified into:
• Camphor
• Damar
• Garlic
• Spicy
7) The wood samples is arranged follow their grain.The grain is classified into:
• Diagonal

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• Straight
• Wavy
8) the wood samples that have the included phloem characteristic and latex traces
characteristic is identified.
Each wood has their own characteristic of color. With this characteristic, its may helps for the
identification of the wood. Some woods are characteristically white, reddish, orangy, greenish
and many more. However, the majority of wood are a blend of complex shades of color that are
difficult to describe exactly.
The color of wood is variable within range depending on such factors, such as location of tree,
age of the tree, state of dryness, exposure conditions and so on.
For examples are:
 Wood cut from the extreme outside layer of a log is mainly sapwood and is generally of
different color from inner layers or heartwood.
 The outer layers of heartwood may be less colored than inner layers nearer the pith.
 Wood from young trees is lighter in color than wood from more mature or older trees.
From this laboratory work, we identified the type of colors of the wood samples.

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COLOUR
Brownish color
Wood species: Perupok, Bakau, Nyatoh, Mengkulang, Mahang, Sepetir, Gerutu, Sentang,
Merpauh, Giam, Medang, Balau, Merawan, Kelat, Terap, Resak, Keranji, Keledang, Bitis,
Kungkur.
Reddish color
Wood species: Bintangor, Kekatong, Meranti Bakau, Keruing, Kapur, Kasai, Geronggang.
Rengas, Tualang, Simpoh, Dark red Meranti, Kempas, Merbau
Yellowish color
Wood species:Podo. Mempisang, Yellow Meranti, Mersawa, Ramin, Sesendok, Jelutong, Petai,
Pulai, Malayan Kauri, Rubberwood, White Meranti, Kembang Semangkuk, Chengal, Tembusu,
Meranti, Punah.
Pinkish colours
Wood species:Kedondong, Durian, Terentang, Penarahan, Melantai, Melunak, Mata Ulat, Light
Red Meranti

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Purplish color
Wood species:Red Balau, Kulim

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DENSITY
High density
Wood species: Giam, Kekatong, Keranji, Merbau, Resak, Bakau, Kempas, Keruing, Kulim, Mata
Ulat, Meransi, Tembusu, Kasai, Rengas, Kelat, Keledang, Tualang, Chengal, Bitis, Red Balau,
Balau.
Medium density
Wood species:Podo, Sepetir, Rubberwood, Ramin, Nyatoh, Mersawa, Mempisang, Melunak,
Medang,Kungkur, Kembang Semangkuk, Meranti Bakau, Dark Red Meranti, White Meranti,

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Yellow Meranti,Merawan, Gerutu, Durian, Bintangor, Simpoh, Punah, Mengkulang, Merpauh,
Kapur
Low density
Wood species: Sentang, Sesendok, Terap, Terentang, Geronggang, Light Red Meranti, Jelutong,
Kedondong, Machang, Melantai, Perupok, Petai, Penarahan, Pulai, Malayan Kauri

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TEXTURE
The term refers to the quality of wood which is determined by the relatives sizes of the basic
structural elements and their arrangement. Texture is said to be fine, if the elements particularly
vessels and rays are small in size, it is coarse if these elements are large. The texture is even if
the major elements are of uniform sizes and distributed evenly, but uneven if the elements are of
variables sizes or distributed unevenly.
Coarse
Wood species:
- Geronggang, Durian, Meransi, Kempas, Tualang
Medium
Wood species:
- Yellow Meranti, Meranti Bakau, Merpauh, Mengkulang, Punah, Light red Meranti, Dark
Red Meranti, Petai, White Meranti, Mempisang, Jelutong, Pulai, Kedondong, Terap,
Perupok, Sesendok, Malayan Kauri, Penarahan, Terentang, Kungkur, Kembang
Semangkuk, Mersawa, Gerutu, Medang, Bintangor, Melunak, Melantai,Chengal,
Machang.
Fine
Wood species:

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- Tembusu, Keruing, Merawan, Mata Ulat, Rengas, Nyatoh, Podo, Giam, Sepetir, Kulim,
Simpoh, Bakau, Ramin, Keledang, Kelat, Red Balau, Bitis, Kekatong, Resak, Kasai,
Balau, Merbau, Keranji, Sentang, Kapur, Rubberwood

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FIGURE
This physical features is refers to the interesting figure of the wood that formed from the
arrangement of elements or unarranged color. The figure that can be seen from the wood is:
Growth ring
Wood species: Podo, Malayan Kauri
Ripple Mark
Wood species:Chengal, Kapur, Kempas, Melunak
Silver figure
Wood species:Mempisang, Kembang Semangkuk, Resak
Streaky figure
Wood Species:Kekatong, Sepetir
Intercellular canal
- Concentric
Wood species: Dark red meranti, Light red meranti, Meranti bakau, white meranti, Red
balau, Yellow meranti, Melantai, Giam, Mersawa, Gerutu, Merawan, Kapur,

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- Diffuse
Wood species : Keruing

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ODOUR
The characteristic smell of wood is most reliable in freshly cut wood. However, in most woods
smell fades or is completely lost in the process of drying and exposure. For testing smell, the
surface layer should be removed and only newly exposed surface examine. Though presence of
odor or smell is reliable feature, its absence may be transient, and hence has no bearing on
identification.
Camphor
Wood Species: Kapur
Dammar
Wood species: Keruing
Garlic
Wood species: Kulim
Spicy
Wood species: Medang

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GRAIN
Straight grain
- applies to the fiber elements when they are aligned parallel to the axis of the log.
- Wood species:
Sentang, Meranti Bakau, Merbau, White Meranti, Simpoh, Kekatong, Jelutong,
Mempisang, Sesendok, Punah, Bitis, Renags, Dark Red Meranti, Meransi, Podo,
Kembang Semangkuk, Sepetir, Yellow Meranti, Ramin, Bintangor, Terentang, Medang,
Penarahan, Kulim, Balau, Gerutu, Bakau, Kasai.
Diagonal grain
- refers to the elements that, as a result of bad sawing, do not run parallel to the length of a
sawn board.
- Wood species:
Petai, Malayan Kauri, Mersawa, Mengkulang, Tembusu, Chengal, Melunak, Giam, Kelat,
Kedondong, Kapur, Red Balau, Geronggang
Wavy grain
- Refers to the elements undulating in a regular manner or to the direction of constantly
changing fiber.
- Wood species:

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Resak, Durian, Keledang, Light Red Meranti, Rubberwood, Machang, Keruing, Kempas,
Tualang, Merawan, Merpauh, Nyatoh, Perupok, Terap, Keranji, Pulai, Mata Ulat,
Melantai, Kungkur.
WOOD DEFECT
Latex traces
- Only found in Jelutong and Pulai.
Included phloem
- found only in Kempas and Tualang
Pitch pocket
- An accumulation of resinous material on the surface or in pockets below the surface of
wood. Also called gum or sap.Found in softwood

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HEAVY HARDWOOD
(GROUP 1)
SPECIES EXPLANATION
BALAU(Shorea spp.)
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Species: Shoreaatrinervosa
By drawing:
General characteristics
Sapwood : Well defined.
Heartwood :colour yellow-brown.
Lustre :planed surface with medium.
Stripe figure : with subtle.
Texture :moderately fine and even.
Grain :interlocked.
Density :over 800 kg/m³ to less than1155 kg/m³.
Structure
Growth rings: absent
Vessels with:
- simple perforation
- medium-sized
- moderately few
- mostly solitary with few radial

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- oblique groups of 2 to 3
- fairly evenly distributed but with a tendency to form short
- oblique lines
- mostly with tylosis but without vessel deposits.
Wood parenchyma:
- both apotracheal and Para tracheal types present.
Rays:
- Fine
- just visible to the naked eye on cross section: not prominent
on a radial Surface.
Ripple marks:
- absent but a slight suggestion of storeying of element may be
occasionally present.
Intercellular canals:
- vertical canals smaller in size than the vessel, arranged in
concentric formation:
- The canals are generally filled with resin

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BALAU MERAH
(Shorea spp.)
FAMILY :Dipterocarpaceae
SPECIES:
- Shoreacollina
(balaumerah)
- S. guiso
- (balaumembatu)
- S. kunstleri
(balaulautmerah)
By drawing:
General Characteristic
Sapwood : well defined
Heartwood : colour, heartwood purple-red or dark red-brown
Luster : planed surface with variable (rather poor to medium)
Stripe figure : occasionally with stripe figure
Texture : rather coarse but even
Grain : interlocked; hard to cut across grain; end cut generally shiny
Density :air dry density ranging from 800 to 880 kg/m³ (50 to 55
lb/ft³); moderately durable.
Structure
Growth rings : absent
Vessels with:
- medium-sized to moderately large
- few or moderately few
- mostly solitary with a few radial or oblique groups of 2 to 4
- evenly distributed but with a tendency to form short oblique
lines
- mostly filled with tyloses; deposits absent.
-

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Wood parenchyma :
- both apotracheal and paratracheal types present
- The apotracheal types consisting of irregularly spaced
concentric bands and short or broken tangential lines.
- The paratracheal form, generally aliform with a tendency to
the confluent type.
Rays :
- ranging from fine to medium-sized (depending on the species)
- barely visible to clearly visible to naked eye on cross-section
Ripple marks : generally absent
Intercellular canals :
- vertical canals in concentric formation
- often as large as the vessels and filled with white resin.
BITIS(Madhuca utilis)
Family :Sapotaceae
Species :
Madhucautilis(bitis)
Heartwood : Reddish-brown or chocolate red-brown in colours
Luster : Occasional
Stripe figure : On radial surface

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By drawing :
Texture : Moderately fine and even
Grain: Fairly stripe, very hard and horny to cut across grain, end cut
shiny
Density: From 280 to 1200 kg/m³(51 to 75lb/ft³)
Durable: Even under adverse condition
Structure
Growths ring: Absent
Vessle With:
- medium size,moderatelyfew
- mostly in radial multiple of 3 to 6 or more
- unevenly in chain-like formation
Tyloses :Common
Wood parenchyma :
- Exclusivelyapotrcheal, as closely and regularly spaced narrow
Band.
Ray:
- Very fine
- not visible to the nacked eye

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- not conspicuous on radial surface
Ripple marks: Absent
Intercellular canals : Absent
CHENGAL
(Neobalanocarpus heimii)
Family :Dipterocarpaceae
Species :
Neobalanocarpusheimii
By drawing:
Heartwood :
- yellow green when freshly cut
- weathering to dark tan-brown in colour
Luster : Planed surface
Stripe figure :Often with vague
Texture :Moderately fine and even
Grain : Interlocked, hard to cut across grain
Density : Ranging from over 915 to 980 kg/m³ (57 to 61 lb/ft³)
Very durable :even under edverse condition
Structure
Growth ring : Absent

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Vessel with :
- medium-size
- moderately numerous
- others in radial pairs and multiples of 2 to 4
- evenly distributed without any clear arrangement
Tyloses :Fill with tyloses
Wood parenchyma :
- abundant
- both apotracheal and paratracheal,
- apotracheal type consisting of irregularly spaced bands of
variable thickness and short closely space.Tangential lines
expending from rays
- Paratracheal parenchyma sparse.As incomplete narrow
borders, not clearly visible with lens.
Rays :
- moderately fine to medium-sized
- visible to naked eye on cross-section
- Not conspicuous on a radial surface
Ripple mark : Characteristics and very distinct
Intercellular :

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- Vertical canals typically smaller than the vessel in concentric
formation canals
GIAM(Hopea spp.)
Family : Dipterocarpaceae
Species: Hopea spp.
By drawing:
Sapwood :Only moderately distinct from heartwood unless
bluestained
Heartwood :Yellow-brown, sometime with light greenish tinge(like
chengal)Weathering to a dark tan-brown.
Luster : Planed surface not particularly.
Texture :Fine and event.
Grain : Spiral, wavy or interlocked, very hard and horny to cut across
grain.
Density :Ranging from over 865 to 1220 kg/m³
Very durable : Even under adverse conditions.
Structure
Growth rings : defined but concentric marking occasionally present.
Vessel with :

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- small to medium-sized
- mostly small
- moderately numerous to numerous
- mostly solitary with some radial or oblique pairs
- radial multiples of 3 to 4
- evenly distributed, but with a tendency to form short oblique
lines.
Tyloses :variable, abundant in some species but only sparse in others.
Wood parenchyma:
- variable, ranging from sparse to abundant
- a both the apotracheal and paratracheal types.
Rays :
- visible to the naked eye, distinct but not conspicuous on a
radial surface.
Ripple marks : absent.
- the vertical type
- mostly smaller than the vessel in size
- arranged in concentric lines, filled with whitish resin.

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KEKATONG
(Cynometra spp.)
Family :Leguminosae
Species:Cynometraspp
By drawing:
Sapwood :Lighter-coloured but not sharply differentiate from
heartwood
Heartwood : Dark red except for the brown black or chocolate-
coloured corewood
Lustrous :
- Planed surface generally not lustrous
- Mottled Attractively streaked on radial surface and mottled on
tangential surface by the lighter-coloured wood parenchyma
bands
Texture : Moderately fine
Grain : Spiral or shallowly interlocked, very hard and horny to cut
across the grain
Density :Air dried density Ranging from 800 to 1155 kg/m³ (55 to 72
lb/ft³)
Durable : Moderately
Structure
Growth rings :ill-defined but vague concentric markings often visible
Vessels with :

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- medium-size
- few or moderately few
- Generally in about equal proportion of solitary and radial
group of 2 or 3
Tylosis : Sparse.
Deposits : Common
Wood parenchyma : Abundant as closely space confluent bands
Rays :
- Moderately fine
- just visible to naked eye on cross section
- not conspicuous on a radial surface
Ripple mark : Absent
KERANJI(Diallium spp.)
Family: Leguminosae
Species:
Dialiummarginatum
Sapwood :distinct
Heartwood : golden-brown, red-brown or dark red-brown
Figure : light-colouredzig-zag markings on tangential surface
Texture :ranging from moderately fine to moderately coarse and even

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By drawing:
Grain : wavy and interlocked; very hard horny to cut across grain
Density : from 755 to 1250 kg/m³
Moderately durable: exposed to severe condition
Structure
Growth ring: absent
Vessels with:
- few or rarely moderately few
- mostly solitary with a few in radial groups of 2 to 4
- evenly scattered without any clear arrangement.
Deposits: yellow or white.
Wood parenchyma: in regularly and closely spaced concentric bands
Rays:
- very fine to moderately fine
- not visible to naked eye
- not prominent on radial surface
Ripple marks: very distinct

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Intercellular canals: absent
MERBAU
(Instia palembanica)
Family: Leguminosae
Species: Intsiapalembanica
By drawing:
Sapwood : sharply
Heartwood : orange-brown or dark red-brown
Stripe figure :(made-up of alternating layer of darker and lighter
colours) on radial surface and zig-zag markings produced by wood
parenchyma on tangential surface
Texture : coarse but even
Grain : interlocked and often wavy
Density : from 515 to 1040 kg/m³(32 to 65 1b/ft³)
Structure
Growth rings : demarcated mainly by terminal layers of wood
parenchyma
Vessels with :
- moderately large or very large
- very few or few
- mostly solitary with some radial pairs and multiple of threes

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- evenly scattered without any arrangement
Deposits :sulphur-yellow and dark-coloured
Wood parenchyma :
- apotracheal parenchyma as irregularly spaced concentric
layers
- the paratracheal type conspicuously surrounding the pores,
as aliform or occasionally locally confluent
Rays :
- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross-section,
- not prominent on a radial surface
Ripple marks : absent
RESAK(Vatica spp.)
Species:
Cotylelobiummelanoxylon
Sapwood : moderately well defined
Heartwood : yellow-brown or light-brown
Figure :Silver figure on radial surface common
Texture : fine and even
Grain : shallowly interlocked; moderately hard to very hard to cut

ASD2TC/2010
51
By drawing:
across grain
Density : 655 to 1152 kg/m³
Structure
Growth ring : absent
Vessels with :
- simple perforation;
- moderately small to medium-sized.
Tyloses : few in the lighter varieties and abundant in the denser woods
Deposits : white or dark-coloured resin secreted from resin canals may
simulate vessel-deposits
Wood parenchyma :
- apotracheal parenchyma as diffuse strand or short narrow
lined extending from ray to ray or narrow terminal line
- the paratracheal type usually indistinct with a lens,
consisting of narrow sheaths to the vessels.
Ray :
- two distance size
- very fine and medium-sized
- the letter distinct to the naked eye on cross-section and often

ASD2TC/2010
52
conspicuous on a radial surface.
- the vertical type present, generally they are in diffuse
arrangements and therefore difficult to spot with a hand lens
unless they are distinctly larger than the pores
- occasionally a few cannal may be arranged in short tangential
series.
TEMBUSU
(Fagraea spp.)
Family: loganiaceae
Species :Fragraeaelliptica
By drawing:
Sapwood : not differentiated from heartwood by colour
Heartwood : colour red or yellow-brown when freshly cut,
weathering to a light orange –brown .
Texture : ranging from moderately fine to moderately coarse.
Grain :
- slightlyinterloked and often wavy
- moderately hard or hard to cut across grain
Density : ranging from 640 to 1075 kg/m³ (40 to 67 lb/ft³)
Structure

ASD2TC/2010
53
Growth ring :absent
Vessel with :
- with simple peroration
- few or moderately few,
- in variable proportions of solitary and radial multiples of 2 to
7,
- evenly distributed without arrangement
Tyloses :sparse to abundant as shiny films
Wood parenchyma : as closely and regularly spaced band with
tendency to form confluent bands
Ray :
- fine and not visible to the naked eye
Ripple mark :absent
Intercellular canals : absent

ASD2TC/2010
54
MEDIUM HARDWOOD
(GROUP 2)
KAPUR
(Dryobalanops spp.)
Species :
Dryobalanopsaromatica
By drawing:
Heartwood : rose-red or deep red
Texture : rather coarse but even
Grain : shallowly or heavily interlocked or spiral; hard to cut across
grain
Odour : often with camphor-like
Structure
Growth ring :
- absent but irregularly spaced
- concentric layers of vertical canal, may simulate growth ring
Vessel with :
- medium-sized to moderately large;
- generally moderately few; almost axclusively solitary

ASD2TC/2010
55
- evenly distributed but form short oblique lines
Wood parenchyma :
- both the apotracheal and paratracheal types
- the former of irregularly spaced concentric lines and some
diffuse strands and the latter as indistinct bordes to the vessels
with a tendency to aliform
Rays :
- clearly visible to the naked eye.
Ripple marks : generally present but only occasionally very distinct
- vertical canals in concentric series
- individual canals smaller than the vessel, filled with white
resin or empty
KASAI
(Pometia pinnata)
Family: Sapindaceae
Species: Pometiaspp
Sapwood : generally lighter-coloured and fairly well defined
Heartwood : light-red brown or red-brown; weathering to a darker
shade of red-brown
Lustrous : planed surface moderately

ASD2TC/2010
56
By drawing:
Stripe figure : often with vague on radial surface
Texture : moderately coarse and even
Grain : interlocked; hard to cut across grain
Durable : when exposed to adverse condition
Structure
Growth ring : vague concentric marking produced by terminal layers
of wood parenchyma may be visible on end surface
Vessel with :
- few in number
- few solitary
- other the radial groups generally of 2 to 3 but occasionally 3
to 8
- each such group consisting of a large pore with a tail-like
appendage of 4 to 8
Tyloses : present but not abundant
Deposits : orange-brown in colour
Wood parenchyma :

ASD2TC/2010
57
- both apotracheal and paratracheal types
- paratracheal parenchyma as narrow borders to the pore and
the apotracheal as concentric terminal bands.
Rays :
- very fined
- not visible to naked eye on cross-section
Ripple marks : absent
Intercellular canals : absent
KELAT
(Eugenia spp.)
Family :Myrtaceae
Species :Eugenia griffithii
There are a lot of 200 species
of Eugenia, but not all the
species can attain commercial
size. A rough count indicated
that about 87 species are
capable of producing boles of
medium to large size, out of
Sapwood : lighter colour but not always well ddefined
Heartwood : grey-brown, deep brown or red-brown
Luster : plained surfaced luster
Texture : generally moderately fine
Grain : interlocked, irregular or wavy; moderately hard or hard to cut
across grain
Density :air dry density, ranging from 570 kg/m³ to kg/m³ (35 to 59
lb/ft³)
Durable :only the species of E.griffihii was tasted for its durability

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58
which only 50 bear specific
epithets.
By drawing:
and was found to be moderately durable under adverse conditions.
Structure
Growth rings : indistinct but accasional concentric marking may be
present.
Vessels with :
- moderately small to medium-sized
- moderately numorous
- generally angular in shape
- mostly in radial multiples of 2 to 8
- fairly evenly distributed without any arrangement
Tyloses :
- Variable
- from sparse to fairly abundant
- occasionally with deposits.
Wood parenchyma :
- only of the paratracheal type
- ranging from scant aliform (barely visible with a lens) to
fairly well defined aliform or confluent.
Rays :

ASD2TC/2010
59
- very fine to moderately fine
- Barely visible to the nacked eye or just visible on cross-
section
- not prominent on a radial surface.
Ripple marks : absent.
Intercellular canals :absent.
KELEDANG
(Artocarpus spp.)
Family :Moraceae
Species :
Artocarpuslenceifolius
By drawing:
Sapwood :moderately or well defined
Heartwood :orange yellow-brown; weathering to gold-brown; dark
orange-brown; Walnut-brown or russet-brown
Luster :planed surface moderately lustrous or very glossy
Stripe figure :on radial surface
Texture :moderately coarse but even; grain deeply interlocked
Grain :moderately hard or hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry density ranging from 495 to over 945 kg/m³(31 to 59
lb/ft³)
Durable :moderately durable in the case of A. integer var. sivestris
and A. lanceifolius even under severe conditions of exposure; other
are non durable.

ASD2TC/2010
60
Structure
Growth ring :absent or indistinct.
Vessel with :
- medium-sized or moderately large
- few in number or very rarely moderately few
- solitary vessels and vessels in groups fairly well balanced
about equal
- radial group composed of 2 to 5 pores
- fairly evenly scattered with occasionally a faint suggestion of
local arrangement in short tangential lines;
Tyloses :usually present but not abundant
Deposits :chalky-white deposits often present.
Wood parenchyma :
- exclusively paratracheal
- often conspicuously surrounding the pores as vasicentric
- aliform or confluent ( mostlyaliform)
- the colour of wood parenchyma is typically orange-brown.
Rays :
- two sized

ASD2TC/2010
61
- the medium-sized rays clearly visible to the naked eye
- the finer ones not; not prominent on a radial surface
- colour of the rays typically orange- brown.
Ripple marks :absent.``
KEMPAS
(Koompassia malaccensis)
Family :Leguminosae
Species :
Koompassiamalaccensis
By drawing:
Sapwood :very well defined
Heartwood :brick-red when freshly sawn, weathering to orange-erd
speckled by yellow brown lines
Luster :planed surface moderately lustrous
Texture :coarse and even
Grain :interlocked, spiral or wavy; concentric rings of abnormal
tissue may be visible on cross-section of unsawn logs, very hard and
horny to cut across grain
lb/ft³)
Durable :moderately durable even under severe conditions of
exposure.

ASD2TC/2010
62
Structure
Growth rings :indistinct or absent
Vessel with :
- small perforation
- large or very large
- very few or few
- partly solitary and partly in radial groups of 2 to 6
Tyloses :generally without tyloses
Deposits :white coloured deposite rarely present.
Wood parenchyma :
- predominantly paratracheal
- as conspicuous aliform
- narrow terminal bands (apotrachaeal) may rarely occur.
Rays :
- moderately fine
- just visible to the naked eye on cross-section
- not conspicuous on a radial surface.
Rapple marks :generally distinct.

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63
Intercellular canal :absent.
Included phloem :Concentric bands of included phloem often present
(but this is usually discarded during sawing and may not be seen except
on logs).
KERUING
(Dipterocarpus spp.)
Family :
Dipterocarpaceae
Species :
Dipterocarpusgracilis
By drawing:
Sapwood :grey-brown and distinct
Heartwood :red-brown or purple-red-brown
Luster :planed surface with variable luster,mostly poor but some
species fairly lustrous
Stripe-figure :mostly with subtle
Grain :hard or very hard and horny to cut across grain
Density :air-dry density from 550 to 985 kg/m³ (34 to42 lb/ ft³)
Durable :Some keruing are found to be moderately durable whereas
others are not durables.
Stucture
Growth rings :present.
Vessel with :

ASD2TC/2010
64
- few ormoderately few in number
- exclusively solitary
- evenly distributed but often with a tendency to arrangement in
short oblique lines
Tyloses :bundant in some species but remarkably open in most species
free of deposits.
Wood parenchyma :
- both apotracheal and paratracheal as scattered
- confluent patches containing vertical resin canal and in some
species with diffuse strands or short tangential lines
independent of resin canals
- the paratracheal parenchyma very sparse and as incomplete
borders to the vessels but not always distinct with a hand lens.
Ripple marks :rarely distinct but generally absent .
Intercellulare canal ;
- vertical canals as large or larger than the vessels in some
species and smaller in other
- arrangement diffuse or in short tangential lines containing 2 to
7 canals in a series
- very rarely in continuous tangential series.

ASD2TC/2010
65
Other features
Burning splinter test : Splinter burns to ash.
Froth test : negative
KULIM
(Scorodocarpus borneensis)
Family :
Olacaceae
Species :
Scorodocarpusborneensis
By drawing:
Sapwood :lighter-coloured and moderately distinct from heartwood
Heartwood :dark purple-brown when fresh but losing much of the
purple colour after weathering and turning to adark brown
Luster :planed surface dull (without any luster)
Texture :moderately fine and even
Grain :interlocked , hard to cut across grain
Odour :freshly cut wood with a strong garlic-like odour
Density :air dry density averaging 835 kg/m³ (52 lb/ft³)
Durable :moderately durable on land and believe to be very resistant
to toredo attack.
Structure

ASD2TC/2010
66
Growth rings :absent.
Vessel with :
- medium-sized
- moderately numorous or accasionally numorous
- very few as solitary
- mostly in radial pairs or radial multiple of 3 to 8 in a series
- rather unevenly distributed
- with a distinctly radial arrangement
Tyloses :generally abundant
Deposites :common.
Wood parenchyma :
- exclusively apotracheal, as diffuse or as short and narrow
tangential lines between the rays
- sometimes in netlike formation (with a hand lens visibility
of wood parenchyma is generally poor).
Rays :
- moderately fine
- generally not clearly visible to the naked eye and not
prominent on a radial surface.
Ripple marks :absent.

ASD2TC/2010
67
MATA ULAT
(Kokoona spp.)
Family: Celastraceae
Species :Kokoonacoriaceae
By drawing:
. Sapwood :not well defined
Heartwood :brown with a pink tinge (some individuals with a
distinctly defined, rose-coloured core )
Luster :planed surface faitly lustrous ; fine streaks on radial surface
and decorative zig-zag markings on tangential surface
Texture :very fine and even
Grain :
- shallowly interlocked
- freshly sawn wood reported to have a distinct smell “
suggestive of carnations” which does not persist
- very hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry density ranging from 880 kg/m³ to 1040 kg/m³ (55 to
65 lb/ft³)
Durable :moderately durable in exposed conditions or in contact with
the ground.
Structure
Growth rings :concentric terminal layers of wood parenchyma

ASD2TC/2010
68
simulate growth rings.
Vessels with :
- simple perforation moderately numerous or numerous
- exclusively solitary
- slightly uneven distributed
- often arranged in groups
Tyloses :absent
Deposits :white or yellow coloured deposit may be present.
Wood parenchyma :
- as broad terminal bands
- the bands often an as toming or ending abruptly
- conspicuous to the naked eye on all surface.
Rays :
- very fine
- not visible to the naked eye
- not conspicuous on aradial surface.
Intercellulra canals :absent.
Other features

ASD2TC/2010
69
Froth test : Negative
MENGKULANG
(Heritiera spp.)
Family :
Sterculiaceae
Species :
Heritieraborneensis
By drawing:
Sapwood :lighter-coloured and fairly distinct
Heartwood :occasionally pink-brown; more common red-brown or
dark brown
Luster :planed surface lustrous; with moderately conspicuous flecks
on radial surface
Texture :coarse and fairly even
Grain :shallowly interlocked or wavy; moderately to cut across grain
Density :air dry density on an average 752 kg/m³ ( 47lb/ ft³)
Durable :moderately durable in exposed condition or in contact with
the the ground.
Structure
Growth rings :rather indistinct but vague concentric markings
generally visible.
Vessel with :

ASD2TC/2010
70
- few in number; few solitary, others in radial pairs and
multiples of 3 to 8
- a few of the large vessels with a tail-like appendage of very
small vessels
- scattered without any arrangement
Tyloses :absent
Deposits :dark coloured deposits common.
Wood parenchyma :
- of both apotracheal and paratracheal present
- apotracheal parenchyma are mostly diffuse
- less commonly as short, narrow lines between the rays which
in some areas are closely spaced and form a scalariform
pattern
- occasionally in narrow terminal lines
- paratracheal parenchyma as narrow borders to the vessels,
occasionally with a tendency to aliform.
Rays :
- of two distinct sizes
- the wider rays distinct to the naked eye; the rays are distinctly
dark coloured
- produced characteristics speckles on tangential surface and

ASD2TC/2010
71
conspicuous flecks on radial surface.
Ripple mark :generally present.
- of the traumatic type accasionally present
- filled with dark-coloured gum-like substance
- the arrangement of the cannals is concentric.
MERPAUH
(Swintonia spp.)
Family :Anacardiaceae
Species:
Swintonia floribunda
By drawing:
Sapwood :lighter-coloured than heart-wood but not well defined
Heartwood :grey-brown with or without a pink tinge or reddish brown
Luster :planed surface very lustrous
Stripe figure :on radial surface and ornamental zig-zag marking on
tangential faces
Texture :rather coarse but even
Grain :interlocked; hard or moderately hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry density ranging from 655 top 880 kg/m³ (40 to 55
lb/ft³) averaging 47 lb/ft³
Durable :moderately durable in the case of S.floribunda var.
penangiana; other species of merpauh are not durable.

ASD2TC/2010
72
Structure
Growth rings fairly distinct, produced by terminal layers of wood
parenchyma .
Vessel with :
- with simple perforation
- medium-sized;moderately large
- generally few
- rarely moderately few
- as solitary and in pairs and multiples of 3 to 7 in a series
- evenly distributed without any arrangement
Tyloses :often present but well developed
Deposites :absent.
Wood parenchyma :
- both apotracheal
- as irregularly spaced concentric bands ( terminal) and
paratracheal
- as narrow incomplete borders borders to the vessel.
Rays :
- very fine
- not visible to the naked eye except for occasional medium-
sized rays containing horizontal canals

ASD2TC/2010
73
- fairly prominent on radial surface due to the significant
contrast in colour between the rays and the background.
Intercellular canals :of the horizontal type characteristic.

ASD2TC/2010
74
LIGHT HARDWOOD
GROUP 3
PUNAH
(Tetramerista glabra)
Family :Tetrameristicaceae
Species:Tetrameristaglabra
By drawing:
Sapwood :not defined when freshly cut but fairly clearly demarcated
in seasoned timber
Heartwood :
- straw-coloured or yellow-pink, weathering to a pink-brown
with splashes of an orange-brown tinge
Luster :planed surface rather dull(without luster)
Stripe figure :without figure
Texture :coarse but even
Grain :straight or shallowly interlocked or spiral; moderately hard or
hard to cut across grain
lb/ft³)
Durable :moderately durable if exposed to adverse conditions.
Structure
Growth rings :absent.

ASD2TC/2010
75
Vessels with :
- moderately large
- moderately few in number
- very few solitary, the others in radial pairs and multiples of
up to 6 or more
- unevenly distributed
- radial in arrangement
Tyloses :present but sparse
Deposits :pink coloured deposits common.
Wood parenchyma :
- apotracheal
- diffuse often in short tangential lines extending from ray to
ray.
Rays :
- two distinct sizes
- the border rays distinct the naked eye.

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76
SIMPOH
(Dillenia spp.)
Family: Dilleniaceae
Species:
- Dilleniaalbiflos
(simpohputih)
- D. excels
( Simpohungu)
- D. grandifolia
(simpohdaunMerah)
- D.indica(Simpoh).
By drawing:
Sapwood :light red-brown not sharply differentiated from heartwood
Heartwood : red-brown or dark red-brown often with purple tinge
Luster :planed surface not particularly lustrous
Silver figure :on radial surface
Texture :moderately coarse and even; grain interlocked
Grain :moderately hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry density ranging from 675 to 815 kg/m3
(43 to 51lb/ft3
)
and averaging at 735kg/m3
(46lb/ft3
)
Durable :not durable.
Structure
Growth ring :absent
Vessels with :
- scalariform perforation plates
- medium sized,generally moderately few but occasionally
moderately numerous
- exclusively solitary but overlapping vessel segments may
produce the illusion of tangential pairs

ASD2TC/2010
77
- diffuse without any arrangement
Tyloses :absent
Deposits : white colored deposits common.
Wood Parenchyma :
- Sparse
- mainly apotrachel,
- sometimes not visible even with a lens except at scattered
speaks but commonly visible (with a lens) as diffuse strands
or short tangential lines between the rays
- paratracheal type present(as par tracheal diffuse) but this is
not visible with a lens.
Rays :
- two distinct sizes
- fines rays barely visible to the naked eye
- broad rays distinct producing conspicuous silver figure on
radial surface.
Ripple marks: absent.
Intercellular canals: absent.

ASD2TC/2010
78
TUALANG
(Koompassia excelsa)
FAMILY: Lugiminosae
SPECIES: Kompassiaexselsa
By drawing:
General characteristics
Sapwood: grey-white and distinct
Heartwood : red-brown or dark red-brown,weathering to dark brown
Stripe figure: on radial surface and feathery tracery on tangential
surface
Layers of of abnormal tissue: (included phloem of the concentric
type) generally present in large size specimens
Texture: coarse and even
Grain: interlocked
Density: ranging from 800 to 865 kg/m(50 to 54 lb/ft)
Moderately durable: under severe conditions of exposure
Structure
Growth ring: absent
Vessel with :
- large,generally few in numbers
- sometimes the solitary vessels predominating
- sometimes the radial pairs

ASD2TC/2010
79
Tyloses : absent
Wood parenchyma:
- abundant and visible to the naked eye as wavy confluent band
a occasional narrow terminal lines which are less wavy
Rays:
- moderately fine
- not generally visible to the naked eye due to lack of contrast in
colour from the ground mass of fibers
Ripple marks: absent
Include phloem: concentric layers of included phloem distinct visible
on the cross section of log
BINTANGOR
(Calophyllum spp.)
Family :Guttiferae
Species :
-Calophyllumaustrocoriaceum
-C.biflorum
General characteristic:
Sapwood :light pink-brown in colour and distinct from heartwood
Heartwood :colour of heartwood pink-brown, orange-red brown
Luster :planed surface very lustrous
Stripe figure :on radial surface an dark colouredzig-zag markings on
tangential surface

ASD2TC/2010
80
-C.canum
(bintangormerah)
-C.coriaceum
(bintangorgunungdaunbesar)
-C.cuneatum
(bintangorgunungdaunkecil)
-C.curtisii
(bintangorbunga)
- C.depressinervosum
(bintangorlekok)
-C.enervosu
-C.ferrugineum
-C.ferrigineumvar. nerifolium
-C.flavo-romulum
-C.floribundum
-C.fraseri
-C.incrassatum
(bintangordaunpanjang).
Texture :coarse and uneven
Grain :interlocked,spiral or wavy;moderately hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry density ranging from 465 to 865 kg/m³(29 to 54
1b/fţ³)averaging 688 kg/m³1b/fţ³)
Durable :not durable if exposed to the weather or in contact with the
ground except the species of C.retusum which is classified as
moderately durable.
Structure
Growth ring: present produced by terminal layers of wood
parenchyma.
Vessels with :
- medium-sized
- moderately large or occasionally very large
- exclusively solitary and arranged in bunches
- radially oblique festoons or flare-like pattern
Tyloses :
- sparse and occasionally abundant
- gum-like deposits sparse.
Wood parenchyma :abundant apotracheal type as widely spaced

ASD2TC/2010
81
By drawing :
concentric bands visible to the naked eye.
Rays:
- very fine not visible to the naked eye
- not prominent on a radial surface.
Ripple marks: absent.
Intercellular canals: absent.
DURIAN
(Durio spp.)
Family:Bombacaceae
Species:
-Coelostegiaborneensis
(punggaidaunbesar)
-C.griffithii(punggai)
General Characteristics
Sapwood :lighter-coloured and distinct
Heartwood : pink-brown,red-brown or deepred –brown except
C.griffithii which is orange-brown
Luster :Planed surface without luster
Texture :coarse and uneven
Grain :only slightly interlocked
Density :ranging from 450-815 kg/m3
(28-51Lb/ft3
) and averaging 688

ASD2TC/2010
82
-Durio
-carinatus(durianpaya)
-D.graviolens(durian merah)
-D.lowianus
(durian daun)
By drawing:
kg/m3
(43 lB/ft3
)
Durable :Not durable if exposed to the weather or incontact with the
ground.
Structure
Growth rings: Absent
Vessels with :
- very few or few innumbers
- a few solitary
- majority in radial pairs or multiples of 3-8 or rarely more and a
few clusters
- distributed without any arrangement
Tyloses : absent; gum-like deposit common.
Wood parenchyma: f the paratracheal type not visible with a hand
lens.
Rays :
- Rays of two distinct sizes
- the finer rays not visible to the necked eye but the
broadermedium sizes ray distinct.
Ripple marks : Present but not always clearly visible.

ASD2TC/2010
83
Intercellular canals : Of the traumatic types filled with gummy
substance rarely present.
Other features
Froth test: Negative.
GERONGGANG
(Cratoxylon borescens)
Family:Hipericaceae
Species:
Cratoxylumarborescens
By drawing:
Sapwood :lighter-coloured and distinct from heartwood
Heartwood :colour of heartwood brick-red or deep pink
Luster :planed surface very lustrous without figure
Texture :moderately coarse but even
Grain :interlocked ,soft to cut cross section
Density :air dry density ranging from 350 to 610 kg/m3
(22 to 38 lb/ft3
)
Structure:
Vessel with :

ASD2TC/2010
84
- medium size
Tyloses :
-variable
sometimes absent
occasionally present
Wood parenchyma :sparse paratracheal
Ray :fine and visible to the naked eye(occasionally not visible because
of lack of colour contrast with the back ground fiber
Ripple marks :absent
Intercellular canals :absent
GERUTU
(Parashorea spp.)
Family :
Dipterocarpacea
Species :
-Parashoreadensiflora
General characteristic
Sapwood :whitish yellow
Heartwood :moderately distinct from the heartwood,which is light
golden brown and darkening to a deep brown on exposure.
Luster :Planed surface with luster
Texture :moderately coarse and even

ASD2TC/2010
85
(gerutupasir)
-P.globosa
(gerutupasirdaunbesar)
-P.stellata(gerutu-gerutu).
By drawing:
Grain :interlocked
Density :air dry density ranging from 640 to 770kg/m³(40 to 48 1b/ft³)
Durable :the timber is not durable in contact with the ground or
exposed situations.
Structure:
Growth ring :present
Vessels with :
- medium-sized or moderately large
- few or moderately few in number
- predominantly solitary
- the others in radial or oblique pairs and radial groups of up to 4
- unevenly distributed in groups or in short obliques lines
Tyloses :present
Deposit :absent.
Wood parenchyma :
- both apotracheal and paratracheal types
- paratracheal parenchyma incomplete vasicentric,aliform or

ASD2TC/2010
86
confluent
- with the aliform type predominant
- apotracheal type as concentric bands containing resin canals
occasional narrow
- terminal band
- diffuse strands
- narrow or broad discontinuous tangential layers.
Rays :
- fine or medium-sized
- visible or distinct to the naked eye on cross section
- or not conspicuous on a radial surface.
Intercellular canals :vertical canals of the concentric type filled with
white resin.
JELUTONG
(Dyera costulata)
Family: Apocynaceae
Species: Dyeracostulata
Sapwood and heartwood :
- not different by colour
- wood cream-white when freshly cut
- weathering to a pale straw colour

ASD2TC/2010
87
By drawing:
Luster :planed surface lustrous or very lustrous
Texture: moderately fine and even
Grain: almost straight
Density:
- ranging from 415 to 495 kg/m3
(26 to 31 lb/ft3
)
- not durable and very susceptible to blue stain fungi attack
Structure
Growth ring: absent but concentric layers simulating growth ring
often visible on cross section produced by periodic without wood
parenchyma
Vessel with :
- medium-sized
- moderately few
- a few solitary
Tyloses: absent
Deposits: absent
Wood parenchyma : exclusively apotracheal,as narrow only on very
cleanly cut surface

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Ray:
- medium-sized and clearly visible to the naked eye
Intercellular canals: latex canal simulating small horizontal canals
occur in the ray
Latex traces:
- large radial passages which appear lens-shaped on a tangential
surface (up to 12mm high) occur in whorls.
- This however,may be observed only in large boarded
KEDONDONG
(Family of Burseraceae)
Family:Burseraceae
Species:
-Canariumapertum
(kedondong)
-C.denticulatum
(kedondong)
-C.littorale
Sapwood :Lighted-coloured than heartwood but the boundary is not
clearly demarcated
Heartwood : pink-brown or red-brown
Grain :wavy and interlocked; moderately hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry Density ranging from 495 to 975 kg/m³ (31-61 lb/ft³).
Durable :Moderately durable if exposed to the weather or in contact
with the ground.

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(kedondongbulan)
-S.griffithii
(kedondongkerantai)
By drawing:
Structure
Growth ring: absent
Vessel with :
- medium-sized;moderatelyfew
- generally mostly solitary
- the rest in radial pairs and multiples of 2-6 in a series
- often with avague suggestion of arrangement in short oblique
lines
Tyloses :sparse or ill-developed in some species but well developed
and moderately abundant in other
Deposit : absent.
Wood parenchyma :indistinct or absent
Rays:
- fine or moderately fine
- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross section.
Ripple mark: absent
Intercellular canals : of the horizontal type present in some species
but these are not always visible with a 10× hand lens.

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RENGAS
(Gluta spp.)
Family:Anacardiaceae
Species:
-Gluta aptera
(rengas kerbau jalang)
-G.becarii
-G.curtisii
By drawing:
Sapwood :Lighted-coloured than heartwood but the boundary is not
clearly demarcated
Heartwood : pink-brown or red-brown
Grain :wavy and interlocked; moderately hard to cut across grain
Density :air dry Density ranging from 672-992 kg/m³
Durable :Medium
Structure
Growth ring: absent
Vessel with :
- medium-sized;moderatelyfew
- generally mostly solitary
- the rest in radial pairs and multiples of 4 or more in a series
- often with avague suggestion of arrangement in short oblique
lines
Tyloses :sparse or ill-developed in some species but well developed

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and moderately abundant in other
Deposit : absent.
Wood parenchyma :apotracheal and paratracheal
Rays:
- fine or moderately fine
- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross section.
Ripple mark: absent
Intercellular canals : of the horizontal type present in some species.

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HARDWOOD
(GROUP 1)
BITIS(Madhuca utilis)
BALAU(Shorea spp.)
BALAU MERAH(Shorea spp.)
GIAM(Hopea spp.)

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KEKATONG(Cynometra spp.)
CHENGAL(Neobalanocarpus heimii)
MERBAU(Instia palembanica)
TEMBUSU(Fagraea spp.)

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KERANJI(Diallium spp.)
RESAK(Vatica spp.)

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HEAVY HARDWOOD
(GROUP 2)
KEMPAS(Koompassia malaccensis)
KELAT(Eugenia spp.)
MATA ULAT(Kookona spp.)
MENGKULANG(Heritiera spp.)

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MERPAUH(Swintonia spp.)
KELEDANG(Artocarpus spp.)
KAPUR(Dryobalanops spp.)
KASAI(Pometia pinnata)

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KULIM(Scorodocarpus borneensis)
KERUING(Dipterocarpus spp.)

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LIGHT HARDWOOD
(GROUP 3)
PUNAH(Tetramerista glabra)
RENGAS(Gluta spp.)
GERONGGANG(Cratoxylon arborescens)
KEDONDONG(Family of Burseraceae)

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JELUTONG(Dyera costulata)
BINTANGOR(Calophyllum spp.)
TUALANG(Koompassia excelsa)
DURIAN(Durio spp.)

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SIMPOH(Dillenia spp.)
GERUTU(Parashorea spp.)

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Conclusion :
From this practical, we can differentiate the physical structure of wood. We can conclude that each wood
specimens hold their own characteristics as their recognisation. There have wood that have same
characteristics and also have only one type of wood that have the characteristic such as the odor. From
this, we know that not all wood have the same characteristics. We can identify the wood based on their
specific characteristic such as:
- Dipterocarpus spp. have gum duct series while Shorea spp. have concentric series.
- Bintangor have festoon pore.
- Jelutong and pulai have latex traces.
- Merbau have black and yellow deposit.
- Punah have pink deposit.

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LABORATORY WORK 4
TITLE : Assessing wood features from slide specimen
OBJECTIVE :
- To observe various wood features from the section or slide specimen-cross section,radial section
and tangential.
- To compare features observed in two categories of wood specimens-hardwood and softwood
MATERIALS :
- Light microscope
- Slide specimens representing hardwood and softwood
METHODS :
- The specimen of hardwood and softwood which have been provided was perceive.
- The three section of wood which is in cross section,radial section and tangential section were
inspected by using light microscope.
- Finally, the important wood features of both hardwood and softwood figure was identified.

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Hardwood
Typical hardwood. The horizontal plane of a block of hardwood (for example, oak or maple)
corresponds to a minute portion of the top surface of a stump or end surface of a log
The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut parallel to the radius and parallel to the wood rays.
The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut at right angles to the radius and the wood rays, or
tangentially within the log.
In hardwoods, these three major planes along which wood may be cut are known commonly a
- end-grain,
- quarter-sawed (edge-grain)
- plain-sawed (flatgrain) surfaces
Hardwoods have specialized structures called vessels

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SOFTWOOD
Typical softwood. The rectangular units that make up the end grain of softwood are sections through
long vertical cells called tracheids or fibers
Because softwoods do not contain:
- vessel cells
The tracheids serve the dual function of transporting sap vertically and giving strength to the
wood.
Softwood fibers range from about 0.1 to 0.3 in. (3 to 8 mm) in length.

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THREE SLIDES OF HARDWOOD
Mersawa (Anisoptera spp.)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Shorea lepidota
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Red balau (Shorea spp.)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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SOFTWOOD
Dammar minyak(Agathis borneensis)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Mersawa (Anisoptera spp.)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Shorea lepidota
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Red balau (Shorea spp.)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Dammar minyak(Agathis borneensis)
Cross section
Radial section
Tangential section

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Conclusion :
- Softwood and hardwood have their own structural features weather in anatomy or
physical. All of its features are useful such as parenchyma and rays function is for food
storage.
- Fibers and latewood tracheid make mechanical support to the tree. Furthermore, pores or
vessels and earlywood tracheid function are used to be conduction of water. All of this
type make the tree are in good quality and more hardy.
- From this experiment works, we got more information about wood structural, wood
function, wood anatomical, wood physical, wood diagnostic features and others. For the
examples, we had studied how to know about wood diagnostic features such as ripple
mark for Melunak and Chengal, ring porous structure for Surian, jati and Sena, very big
pores for Durian, and many more.

Laboratory report of three surfaces of wood

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