Products and services for reproductive / infertility professionals

Shivani Scientific Industries (P) Ltd.

IVF Products » Spermfuge

Mobile Nest
Lab + Guard
Warming Blocks
Turnkey Projects
Rapid Recovery
System
IVF Division

Click here for Clinical Research paper on SpermFuge

Concept
Spermfuge is an improvised centrifuge, dedicated totally for elevating the total
motile sperm recovery from the parent semen sample, by controlling/maintaining
the main parameter of quot;Temperaturequot; thus aimed at Enhancing the ART results. The
instrument has been designed to regulate and subsequently maintain the quot;Criticalquot;
inner chamber temperature before, after and during centrifugation. Maintenance of
this critical temperature throughout the entire sperm processing procedure helps the
sperm maintain their peak motility and enhanced linearity. The two of the most vital
parameters which act as a yard stick to gauge the effectiveness of an ideal sperm
wash. The existing dependency on RPM will be eliminated by on screen g-force
selection.

Design
The Spermfuge has been designed after taking into consideration detailed cellular
physiological demands, locomotion kinetics and pooling together ideal suggestions,
opinions, ideas and propositions of numerous Andrologists and Embryologists and
other professionals in the field of Human Reproduction. The Spermfuge with its
Temperature controlled chamber (room temperature to 42°C), programmable
microprocessor based controls, multiple tube selection, accurate g-force selection,
independent centrifugation and/or heating selection and other added advantages
make it an ideal state of the art instrument for use in an ART laboratory.

Temperature and Centrifugation
The heating range of Spermfuge's chamber is from 2°C above ambient to 42°C. The
intelligent control system does not allow the centrifugation to commence till the set
temperature is attained. However, one does have the option to commence the
centrifugation without chamber heating and to commence the chamber heating
without centrifugation.

Multiple Programs

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The Spermfuge facilitates user selectable 9 programs for different applications and
also for different set of protocols as standardized by various clinics, laboratories and
regulatory bodies. The user can select RCF, RPM, Tube Size, Temperature, Time for
each program by a digital encoder.

Acceleration and Braking
An adjustable brake is provided to prevent the rotor from stopping too quickly at
the end of run which might cause disturb to the firmly formed pellet. One can
select 3 mode in acceleration and braking, slow medium and to fast can be given
on screen.

G - Force
The exact indication of G - Force helps the ideal sperm pellet formation by
subjecting the sperm to an exact and precise amount of G - Force unlike other
Centrifuges where G - Force is subject to RPM and the tube size. Now a days
centrifugation speeds are never reported in RPM as those numbers are not useful
for any one wanting to reproduce the method. (Being dependent Rotor radius.)

Rotor Head and Tube Selection
Spermfuge has a swing out rotor head to accommodate 8
tubes maximum of 15 ml. The Sperm Fuge can
accommodate 6ml Tubes (Falcon 2003), 14 ml Tubes
(Falcon 2001) and 15 ml Tubes (Falcon 2095). The tube
selection can be done on screen with the help of the
encoder, which ensures an exact G - Force selection.

Operating Security
The Vision port in the lead at the center helps to confirm
rotational speed with a stroboscopic device. The safety
interlock in the lead prevents accidental opening once the
Rotor is operational. The maximum RCF is 800g which
prevents accidental damage to the sperm.

Intelligent Control System
State of the art micro-controller with optomagnetic encoder
provides intelligent control system. Digital programming
via microprocessor control for various parameters including
temperature, RCF and time. The parameters are displayed
on four line LCD display.

Maintenance
The Spermfuge is virtually maintenance free since it utilizes brushless drive motor.



The motor is extremely smooth even during running at the maximum speed. The
motor is electrically controlled during the acceleration and breaking with
smoothness.



Autoclaves & Sterilisers » Front Loading Flash Sterliser

Model : FL 17
Double Wall
Autoclave
Laboratory Autoclaves
Semi Automatic
Portable Autoclave
Semi Automatic
Gas cum Electric
Autoclave
Horizontal Sterilizer
Fully Automatic
Autoclaves GMP
Compliant Series
Acculeak Detector
Features:
Table top front loading autoclave
Fully Automatic micro-processor based control
Sterilization chamber made up of thick stainless steel sheet, tested for high
pressure
Digital timer for both wet and dry cycle
Auto drain of water to reservoir tank & also condensation of steam
Alarm after the total command is completed
Cycle time 10-15 minutes

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Embryology Academy of research Training (EART), a part of Shivani Scientific
Inductries, is a Young Emerging New Dimension in the field of ART Education. EART
initiated sincere and honest efforts to understand current needs of the
embryologists & gynecologists for learning various ART techniques (IUI, IVF, ICSI
and Crayopreservation).

Thus, EART provides a platform for perfecting Assisted Reproductive skills & Latest
technologies.

EART conducts various hands on courses in India with the help of renowned Indian
and International faculties. EART has successfully ensured that each participant gets
an adequate hands-on experience and project mock cycles, coupled with the
requisite theory lectures. One of the basic criteria of learning is getting an actual
hands-on experience. The hands-on session details are mentioned in the data
sheets of each course.

One-on-one training offers the maximum opportunity to learn at EART. Courses are
available for all assisted conception centre staff including medical, scientific
personnel. The unique one-on-one training makes the courses flexible in the course
content and the timing to meet your specific needs.

Apart from the above, EART also offers other services such as:
Turn key projects for IUI, IVF and ICSI Labs.
Calibration Services.
Quality Management System Implementation.

Accreditations

Embryology Academy for Research & Training (EART) is a recognized research
institute for the purpose of providing the means of instruction and research to the
M.V.Sc and Ph.D studies of the Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences
University, MAFSU. EART is also collaborated with www.FertAid.com, Internet Tools

http://www.shivaniscientific.com/ivftraining/index.htm[5/13/2009 1:51:18 PM]


for the Reproductive Sciences, Australia.

For more details kindly visit www.ivftraining.com

http://www.shivaniscientific.com/ivftraining/index.htm[5/13/2009 1:51:18 PM]


IVF Products » Mobile Nest

Sperm Fuge
Lab + Guard
Warming Blocks
Turnkey Projects
Rapid Recovery
System
IVF Division

Concept
Human oocytes are extremely sensitive to transient cooling 'IN VITRO' and modest
reductions in Temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle,
with possible chromosome dispersal. Embryos subjected to such heat shocks have
high proportion of chromosomal abnormalities and this may contribute to the high
rates of pre-clinical and spontaneous abortion. Therefore, temperature control is of
paramount importance and should not be compromised in any way right from Ovum
Pick Up (OPU) till Embryo Transfer (ET).

Design
This is a handheld device with Li-ion rechargable battery. It is equipped with
heating element, Digital sensor, microcontroller, non-volatile memory and LED
indicators. When placed on base station, it gets conected electrically by its
contacts. These contacts help base station and the mobile device communicates
with each other and also charge the battery. The mobile nest when in mobile mode
continuously monitors the temperature with a 14 bit accuracy, corrects it several
times a second.

This yields a rock steady temperature profile even in varying surroundings. The

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mobile nest continues to log for the power consumption index and temperature
abnormalities. These are downloaded to the base station when the nest is docked.
With monitoring and reporting features the user can be assured about the mobile
nest working accurately at every step. A transparent window facilitates easy viewing
of the follicular fluid.

How Safe are Preheated Tubes?
The Falcon Tubes (2001) pre heated by regular Test Tube Warmer loses its
temperature in less than 15 seconds the moment it is out of the heating block and
the tube reaches near to the room temperature, thus increasing the risk of thermal
shock to the oocytes during aspiration. Mobile Nest is Portable Test Tube Warmer
with it's own Internal rechargeable Battery which gives immense mobility and at the
same time maintains precise temperature.

Intelligent Control System
State of the art microcontroller with optomagnetic encoder provides intelligent
control system. Digital programming via microprocessor control for various
parameters including temperature and power status. The parameters are displayed
on four line LCD display

Unique Portability
This Tubenest has been designed keeping in mind its portable nature. The
rechargeable battery is capable of running for 30 minutes at a stretch before it
indicates low battery level. The unique locking mechanism for tube allows
Embryologist to pour the aspirated follicular fluid into petridish for oocyte scanning
very easily. Easy grip design allows convenient handling and battery time facilitates
free movement in the LAB and OT.

Oprating Security
To ensure maximum oocyte survival without quality compromise, this unit has
various safety features. The Nest Tube has RED LED INDICATOR which flashes when



battery is weak. When the Nest is replaced in the Base Station, it checks the log
and indicates any overshoots. Moreover the Nest has a safety over temperature cut
out.



IVF Products » Lab + Guard

Sperm Fuge
Mobile Nest
Warming Blocks
Turnkey Projects
Rapid Recovery
System
IVF Division

Concept
The LAB + GUARD is developed to improve the laboratory air quality making it
nearly equal to clean air. Thus replenishing and subsequently nourishing the entire
laboratory, making it safe for the sensitive procedures to be executed. This is
achieved by a number of inclusions and their applications all of which are simple,
cost effective and user friendly. The positive pressure system uses the basic
principle of quot;Over Pressure or positive pressure in a room which restricts the
entry of outside air quot;. This is achieved by absorbing the circulating air outside the
IVF Lab (Room) and then subsequently passing the same through a series of 4
stage filters thus making it quite IVF friendly. Thus ultimately the effective,
circulating air in the IVF lab reaches a near clean air status, provides a positive
pressure, reduces the CFU count, eliminates the SPM, VOCs and CACs.

Ensure Net Flow Out
In any HVAC / air flow design it is essential that net flow is going out of the room.
This means room air volume and pressure should be slightly higher than adjoining
areas / rooms. This will keep out any toxic fumes trying to come in. IVF labs which
are not having adequate positive pressure are suceptible to risk of contamination.

Design
The LAB + GUARD has been designed with State of the Art technology using 4
stage filtration system. The unique filter combination filters out air and gas
contaminant thus by giving most suitable air for gametes and embryos. LAB +
GUARD system contains a unique 4 stage filtration system containing Prefilter, Hepa
Filter and unique blend of activated carbon and alumina, which ensures wide
variety of Gases, particular contaminants are oxidized or are absorbed. The LAB +
GUARD has been designed to reduce the microbial air flora to the minimum level.

Reduces CFU, Reduces VOC
The unique design and the concept of LAB + GUARD positive pressure system not
only reduces VOC content in the air but also the CFU count in the IVF Lab. The

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LAB + GUARD not only protects embryos and gammas but also protects
embryologists who is the most affected otherwise.

Operating Security
Every care has been taken in designing to make sure that air absorbed is
thoroughly cleaned for contaminants and to reduce bacterial count in IVF Lab. The
LAB + GUARD design also facilitates introduction of fresh air into the air circuit
which gives maximum safety from Carbon dioxide released into the IVF Lab by CO 2
Incubators and also it protects embryologists from gas mixtures released on work
stations.

Change Filters As Per Usage
The LAB + GUARD also houses a unique automatic indication system whereby the
user is informed when to change the filters, and not quot;every quarterlyquot;. This feature
not only gives tremendous relief to the user for tracking the stipulated time of
change but also saves lot of money.

Maintenance
The LAB + GUARD has automatic indication for Filter change and the design
facilitate extremely easy replacement of filters even by non technical staff. Other
than filter change it is virtually maintenance free

Return Blower
The return blower is utilised to circulate back the air of IVF lab to room where LAB
+ GUARD has been fitted.

Upgrading, Expanding Or Setting Up New IVF Lab?
The LAB + GUARD team helps you in evaluation of possibilities to improve air
quality in your lab. If you are upgrading, expanding or setting up new lab contact
us for technical assistance.



IVF Products » Warming Blocks

Sperm Fuge
Mobile Nest
Lab + Guard
Turnkey Projects Are you giving thermal shocks to gametes and embryos?
Rapid Recovery Sudden and drastic temperature losses, recovery times and change in pH are
System minimized when using Fornax Warming Blocks. The unique aluminum alloy conducts
IVF Division heat and provides almost direct thermal contact with the heating surface. Dishes at
room temp when kept for incubation without the Warming Block take a prolonged
time to attain the set temperature compared to those dishes kept in preincubated
Warming Block, also ensures a safe and easy handling of dishes and test tubes in
IVF laboratory.

GB-4WDRA
Made from Aluminum Alloy with hard anodised surface.

Holding capacity 4 well NUNC 176740
Dimensions 76 x 98 x 15 mm
Weight 112gm.

GB-PDRA
Made from Aluminum Alloy with hard anodised of surface.

Holding One PetriDish Falcon 3002 /
capacity 3037
Dimensions 76 x 98 x 15 mm
Weight 160 gm.

GB-717CA

Holding capacity 7 tubes of 14 ml / 17 mm
Dimensions 83 x 80 mm(d x h)
Weight 888 gm.

GB-IDHA

Holding capacity One ICSI dish - Falcom 1006
Dimensions 83 x 8 mm (d x h)

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Weight 44 gm.

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IVF Products » Turnkey Projects

Sperm Fuge
Mobile Nest
Lab + Guard
Warming Blocks
Rapid Recovery
System
IVF Division

Shivani Scientific Industries (P) Ltd has vast experience of more than 20 years of
designing and building pharmaceutical Laboratories as per WHO-GMP norms with
stringent requirement of sterility. The same experience has helped us to fulfill the
demanding needs of to-days IVF Labs.

A new Lab means start contacting designers, architects, sellers, resellers, vendors,
suppliers, agents, distributors to initiate slow, long and laborious process of
discussing dates and negotiating rates. This, you will agree, will further eat into
your most precious commodity quot;Timequot;.

Alternatively you have the easier and simpler option: Contact US.

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3D Lab design / 3 D Walk through
We offer State of the Art computer modeling to visualize your Lab either in 3D or
3D Walk through, even before your lab is ready.

Customised Video Processing
All modern equipments comes with all provision of image processing which is very
well utilized by our Combination of hardware camera selection and software
selection. Multiple Camera inputs can be synthesised in one system to have better
recording and processing.

Embryology Services
We provide assistance in providing complete embryology services from Ovum Pick-
up to embryo transfer. Qualified and experienced team of clinicians and
embryologists are selected to provide these services.

Air Quality evaluation and improvement
We have capability to thoroughly evaluate Air quality on existing Lab and
recommend appropriate steps to improve the same. It varies from HVAC inspection
to microbial air sampling.

Hands on training for Lab Staff
We offers comprehensive hands on training in collaboration with Maharashtra
Animal & Fishery Sciences University to Lab Staff.

Annual Maintenance of IVF Lab Equipments
We undertake Annual Maintenance Contracts for IVF Labs with the support of its
highly qualified team of Engineers. We also cater to calibration contracts with our
highly accurate calibration equipments.

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IVF Products » Rapid Recovery System

Sperm Fuge
Mobile Nest
Lab + Guard
Warming Blocks
Turnkey Projects
IVF Division

What is Heat Transfer?
To define Heat Transfer requires 2 important group of words. It is a form of energy
and in that context we are concerned with the transport of heat energy from one
body to another. Motivation for this transfer is provided by the difference in
temperature. The definition of Heat Transfer would therefore include a word;
transport of energy due to temperature difference.

Conduction vs. Convection
The word Convection means to bring in or to carry. In other words in normal CO2
Incubator the heat energy is carried through the medium of air to the Petridish, 4
well dish and thereafter it is transmitted to culture media and then to embryos.
Whereas Conduction means transfer of heat energy through direct contact of solid
substances.

In this case the heat energy in the incubator all the heated shelf can be directly
transmitted to the 4 well dish or Petridish if they are in contact.

Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity of air is 0.034 whereas Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium is
204 and Thermal Conductivity of Stainless Steel is 19.

Temperature changes during embryo culture when the dishes are taken out from
37º C incubator into lab where the temperature is anywhere between 24º C to 28º

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C and also when culture media which are used in embryo culture lose the
temperature when they are droplet from flat surface.

Temperature changes recovery time and PA changes are drastically reduced when
Rapid Recovery System is used with regular CO2 Incubator. The new Rapid
Recovery System provides direct contact, which promotes heat further through
conduction to bottom of the culture dish.

Loss of temperature on heated surfaces
The air gap under culture dishes promotes bad conduction between incubator shelf
and the bottom of the dishes and as air is very bad conductor of heat it is quite
deter mental to the embryos and gametes.

Recovery of CO2 Incubator
When the dishes are kept back into the CO2 Incubator, CO2 often shows recovery
of the temperature on the display. However, it does not mean the temperature of
Embryos and Oocyte has reached. It is often reported that the actual stabilization
on 37º C in the Embryo happens after 22-30 minutes of Incubator.

The New Rapid Recovery System
The New Rapid Recovery system has been designed to enhance Embryo
development and the culture conditions by recovering temperature practically faster
than conventional methods. The new Rapid Recovery System is to be used with our
GB Series Warming Blocks. The Rapid Recovery System has necessary design,
feature to accommodate 4 well dishes, Nunc Dishes and Falcon Petridishes. The
Rapid Recovery system give you direct thermal contact between the dry block type
heating system and the individual culture dish wells, ensuring rapid temperature
equilibration combined with low temperature variability.

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IVF Products » IVF Division

Sperm Fuge
Click here to know more Click here to know more
Mobile Nest
Lab + Guard
Warming Blocks
Click here to know more
TurnKey Projects Click here to know more
Rapid Recovery
System





http://www.shivaniscientific.com/ivfproducts/ivfproducts/index.htm[5/13/2009 1:52:44 PM]

Temperature Controlled Centrifugation: -
The Effect on Motion Characteristics of Human Sperm

Dr Franken, K Avari
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology,
University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital,
Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa

February 2007

Introduction Material & Methods
Semen samples and sperm preparation
Sperm retrieval techniques form an integral
part of the assisted reproductive programme. Semen samples were obtained from
The success of sperm separation is measured normozoospermic donors and andrology
by the number of motile sperm retrieved from a referrals. Directly after collection samples were
given semen sample. The influence of various divided into 2 aliquots. One aliquot were
placed in a CO2 incubator at 340C while the
technical procedures and diluent media upon
human spermatozoa has been tested in vitro second aliquot were left at room temperature.
(Jeulin et al., 1982). The percentage and A period of 30 minutes was allowed to stabilize
velocity of motile spermatozoa are often the semen temperatures before experimental
measured objectively using laser Doppler procedure. Prior to the experimental onset the
velocimetry or Hamilton Thorne IVOS 10 motion characteristics were recorded with the
computerized sperm analyzer (CASA). When CASA instrument in order to obtain initial
spermatozoa are incubated at 37 degrees C, values for the measured motion
rapid declines in both percentage motile and in characteristics.
velocity were observed with incubation periods
lasting more than 4-h (Jeulin et al., 1982).
Swim up separation
Human sperm incubation at room temperature
Motile sperm fractions were retrieved from the
does not allow capacitation, although it does
semen samples by mixing 0.5mL semen with
not affect hFF-induced acrosome reaction in
1mL of Quinn’s Sperm Preparation medium.
capacitated cells. The blocking effect is
Two tubes were prepared for each experiment.
overcome when spermatozoa are exposed to
The tubes were then placed in 2 different
37°C (Maryn-Briggiler et al., 2002). Keppler et
centrifuges, namely (i) SpermFuge SF 800
al., (2002) found significantly higher percent
(Shivani Industries, Mumbai, India), a highly
motility, mean average path velocity, straight
precise centrifuge with a temperature
line velocity, lateral head displacement, and
controlled chamber at 340C and (ii) Sigma
percent hyperactivation in sperm at the 40ºC
bench top with no temperature control
temperature (Keppler et al., 1999)
facilities. Both centrifuges were set at
1500rpm (428xG) for 5 minutes. Following
the second washing procedure, both sperm
Objectives pellets were layered with culture medium and
left at a 450 angle at 340C for 60 minutes. After
the incubation period 0.5mL supernatant were
To evaluate the effect of temperature on the
removed from each tube and immediately
sperm motion characteristics and subsequent
analyzed for sperm motion characteristics.
outcome of sperm preparation.

1

Temperature Controlled Centrifugation

The following parameters were evaluated:
Motion characteristics
sperm concentration; motile and progressively
Aliquots of 5µL of spermatozoa (10x106
motile concentrations; percentage motile and
cells/mL) from the sperm at 34ºC and 22ºC
progressively motile; path velocity (VAP);
aliquots were placed in the micro chamber for
straight-line velocity (VSL); curvilinear velocity
analyses with the HTM-IVOS V10.9 CASA
(VCL); amplitude of lateral head displacement
instrument (Hamilton-Thorne Research Inc.,
(ALH); beat cross frequency (BCF);
Beverley, MA, USA). The following standard
straightness (STR); and linearity (LIN). Motion
set-up parameters: 30 frames/60 Hz; minimum
characteristics were recorded in all samples
contrast, 80; minimum cell size, 2; minimum
using 10 randomly selected microscopic fields.
static contrast, 30; low VAP cut-off, 5 µm/s;
The proportion of hyperactivated spermatozoa
low VSL cut-off, 11 µm/s; head size, non-
in each experiment was determined using the
motile, 3; head intensity, non-motile, 160;
SORT function of the CASA instrument. To be
static head size, 1.01-2.91; static head
classified as hyperactivated, a trajectory had to
intensity, 0.60-1.40; slow cells, non-motile;
meet all of the 60 Hz SORT criteria, i.e.,
magnification, 2.01; and temperature, at 34ºC.
VCL≥150µm/s, LIN≤50% and ALH≥7µm
(Mortimer et al., 1990).

Results
Table 1 Results of semen parameters recorded in ejaculates and after preparation
with SpermFuge temperature controlled vs. room temperature centrifugation

Post Swim up
Ejaculates
340C Spermfuge Room temperature

Volume Morphology Motile Sperm Sperm Sperm
% normal Concentration concentration Concentration
mL % live
Mill/mL Mill/mL Mill/mL
Mean 3.20 10.80 58.00 80.60 12.10 a 7.30 b
SD 1.15 3.04 24.40 53.14 6.63 2.38

a vs.b Fisher’s exact test p = <0.05
Significant difference obtained in post swim up sperm concentrations

Table 2 Percentage Hyperactivated sperm recorded after preparation
with SpermFuge vs. Room temperature prepared

% Hyperactivated sperm

BASELINE SWIMUP

34OC 20OC 34OC 20OC

0.8% 0.8% 1.73% a 0.35% b

Transformed ARCSIN values showed a vs.b Fisher’s exact test p=<0.05
Significant difference obtained in percentage hyperactivated sperm

2

Temperature Controlled Centrifugation

Table 3 Comparison of the velocity distribution of sperm cells( %) prepared by a SpermFuge
temperature controlled (34oC) centrifuge vs. room temperature swim up spermatozoa

SPERM VELOCITIES DISTRIBUTED IN 5 MOTION CATEGORIES

% RAPID % MEDIUM % SLOW % STATIC % HA
Baseline

Baseline

Baseline

Baseline

Baseline
34 C

20 C

34 C

20 C

34 C

20 C

34 C

20 C

34 C

20 C
o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o
Mean 4.2 4.5 4.8 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.6 3.9 0.4a 1.2b 0.3c

SD 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.8

Transformed ARCSIN values showed a vs.b, a vs c and b vs. c Fisher’s exact test p=<0.05
Significant difference obtained in percentage hyperactivated sperm

References

1. Mortimer, D. (1990) Objective analysis of sperm motility and kinematics. In Keel B.A. and Webster,
B.W. (eds), Handbook of the Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
pp. 97-133.
2. Holt WV and Palomo MJ (1995) Optimization of a continuous real-time computerized semen analysis
system for ram sperm motility assessment, and evaluation of four methods of semen preparation,
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8(2) 219 - 230
3. Jeulin C, Serres C, Jouannet P. (1982) The effects of centrifugation, various synthetic media and
temperature on the motility and vitality Reprod Nutr Dev,22(1A):81-91
4. Makler A., Deutch M., Vilensky A., Palti Y. (1981) Factors affecting sperm motility. VIII. Velocity and
survival of human spermatozoa as related to temperatures above zero International Journal of
Andrology, 4 (5), 559-569.
5. Maryn-Briggiler CI, Tezon JG, Miranda PV, Vazquez-Levin MH. (2002) Effect of incubating human
sperm at room temperature on capacitation-related events. Fertil Steril 77, (2) 252-256.
6. Keppler EL, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A. (1999) Aggregation of human sperm at higher temperature
is due to hyperactivation. Arch Androl 42; 35-39.

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