McKenzie A - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18

© NERC All rights reserved
Groundwater and water resources – UK India
collaborations under the Newton Bhaba initiative.
Andrew McKenzie
British Geological Survey

Outline
• What is Newton Bhaba?
• The Changing Water Cycle projects
• Hydroflux – water and climate in the Upper
Ganga
• The Sustaining Water Resources projects
• UPSCAPE – integrated modelling of the
Cauvery basin
• Making research accessible

What is Newton Bhaba?
• The Newton Bhabha Fund aims to bring together the UK and Indian
scientific research and innovation sectors to find joint solutions to the
challenges facing India in economic development and social welfare.
• How it works:
• People: building skills and capacity through training and people
exchanges;
• Programmes: research collaboration on development topics;
• Translation: taking innovation from universities to industry.
• What it does:
• Sustainable Cities and Rapid Urbanisation
• Public Health and Well being
• Energy Water Food Nexus
400 Crore Rupees over
5 years

Acknowledgements (in advance)

Thinking about outputs and impact
The plan The reality
Two roads diverged in a wood – I took the one less
travelled by and that has made all the difference
Two roads diverged in a wood – I took the one less
travelled by and now I’m completely lost

Changing Water Cycle 2012 - 2016
• Mitigating climate change impacts on India agriculture through
improved Irrigation water Management
• Hydrometeorological feedbacks and changes in water storage
and fluxes in northern India
• The structure and dynamics of groundwater systems in north-western
India under past, present and future climates
• Hydrologic and carbon services in the Western Ghats: Response of
forests and agro-ecosystems to extreme rainfall events
• South Asian Precipitation: A Seamless Assessment: SAPRISE

Hydroflux - Hydrometeorological feedbacks and
changes in water storage and fluxes in northern
India
• Aim was to integrate climate, land
use, surface water and
groundwater models,
concentrating on the middle and
upper Ganga
• Project was model led:
• Identify model
• Define what data is needed
• Find existing data
• Create new datasets to plug
the gaps
• Iterate

Hydroflux - Climate
How are climate, land use change and water resources linked? Do
changes in land use feedback into changes in climate?
Two soil moisture maps for the same timeframe. Project catalysed the
development, by IISC, of a satellite based, high spatial/temporal
resolution soil moisture dataset that can be used as an input to
rainfall/runoff models, whether analysing past events or for forecasting

Hydroflux – Soil moisture and irrigation
If we develop a good spatial time series of soil moisture, and we
know how much it’s rained – areas that have soil moisture in the dry
season must be irrigating!
To interpret the spatial datasets we need data on the relative balance
between surface water command areas and an understanding of
conjunctive use

Hydroflux - Land use
How has land use changed, and how will it change in the future?
Predicting future landuse, 2020-2040. Using available land cover datasets
and remote sensing. Developed a new (national) land cover dataset, and
a framework (and R package [lulcc]) for modelling future change.

Hydroflux - Runoff
How does land use and climate affect streamflow?
Modelling suggested climate change >> land use change, but this is at
field level, and changes in the major interventions – dams, irrigation and
urban abstraction

Hydroflux - Groundwater
What controls groundwater? Climate, land use, aquifer
characteristics, abstraction
Existing maps and new interpretations developed to better understand
aquifer heterogeneity, fieldwork to understand how farmers use water

Hydroflux - Groundwater
Statistical approaches to understanding aquifer heterogenity
In this analysis k-mean clustering has been used on hydrographs with at
least 10 years of data to identify common behaviours

Hydroflux - Farmers and groundwater
How do farmers actually use groundwater?
Unable to get good data on canal water use vs conjunctive groundwater –
interviews with 100 farmers to get at the facts

Hydroflux - Integrating models
Integrating models
In these images a groundwater mode is used to simulate soil moisture, integrating
our knowledge of land use, climate, irrigation, recent soil moisture, abstraction etc.
It shows the massive change in the upper Ganga over the last half century
1951-60 2000-01

Sustaining Water Resources 2016 - 2020
• Coupled Human And Natural Systems Environment (CHANSE) for
water management under uncertainty in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
• Sustaining Himalayan Water Resources in a Changing Climate
(SusHi-Wat)
• Upscaling Catchment Processes for Sustainable Water
Management in Peninsular India (UPSCAPE)

Upscaling Catchment Processes for Sustainable
Water Management in Peninsular India
(UPSCAPE)
• How do human interventions, at
various scales, in the hydrological
landscape interact to influence the
water resources of the Cauvery
basin
• Project is process led:
• Catalogue interventions
• Assess our understanding of
each one
• Field experiments to narrow
uncertainty
• Field scale models
• Basin scale models

Upscape - Measuring soil moisture
Rainfall, evaporation, crop demand are key issues. How can we
measure these at various scales?
For this we are looking at detailed mapping, inventories and instrumented
catchments – IISC’s Berambhadi catchment has multiple sensors,
including this ‘COSMOS’ cosmic ray soil moisture probe.

Upscape - Rural interventions
How do small scale interventions in the rural environment affect the
hydrological cycle?
A small check dam near Bangalore – we have seen these spaced 100
metres apart along small streams, and many tanks and even larger dams
no longer ‘cascade’ in monsoon. Work on mapping interventions, through
satellite imagery, census data, and instrumented measurements of
storage

Upscape - Geological heterogeneity
‘It’s all Peninsular Gneiss – so we don’t have to think about geology!’
Fracture density is structurally controlled and highly variable. A key
question is how connected are fractures one to another. Isotopic tracers,
and borehole dilution tests help constrain models to explore connectivity.

Upscape - Urban hydrology
How do towns change the natural hydrology. Quantifying imports,
groundwater use, sewage discharges and interactions between lakes
and groundwater!
Measuring flow and water quality in an urban lake in Bangalore for water
balance. Simultaneous observations made in borewells next to the lakes..

Upscape - Urban groundwater
Do deep boreholes react differently from shallow boreholes?
Installing continuous water level recorders in shallow and deep wells
Installations and sampling areas (indicated by s
coding of squares can be ignored)
% water
supply from BHs
Kaikondrah
alli Lake
Sankay
Tank
Allalasandr
a Lake
Lalbagh
Lake

Upscape - Scaling up models
We can calibrate and model processes at small scales, but how do
we make sure those processes are faithfully reproduced in large
scale models?
Field/catchment models
10- 100 km2 50 metre
grid cells
Basin models
10- 100 km2 50 metre
grid cells

Where next? India UK Water Quality
Program 2018 - 2022
• Innovative low-cost optical sensor platform for water quality monitoring
• Fate and Management of Emerging Contaminants
• Impact of rainwater harvesting in India on groundwater quality with
specific reference to fluoride and micropollutants
• Rehabilitation of Vibrio Infested waters of Vembanad Lake: pollution
and solution
• Future Secular Changes & Remediation of Groundwater Arsenic in the
Ganga River Basin
• The development and implementation of sensors and treatment
technologies for freshwater systems in India
• Pathways and evolution of pollutants: Interactions between physical
controlling effects, microbial community composition and pollutant
biodegradation
• Antimicrobial resistance and pollutants: interactive studies and novel
sensor technologies

In summary!
Our planned destination! Where we ended up!
6 successful trips to the moon – but none since 1972
Global Teflon market US$ 2.9 Billion!

Known knowns and known unknowns
• Rainfall
• Temperature
• Potential
Evapotranspiration
• Surface runoff
• Reservoir storage
• Land use
• Industrial demand
• Domestic
demand
• Leakage from
pipes
• Water quality
• Aquifer geometry,
changes in
groundwater
storage
• Agricultural
demand, irrigation
efficiency
Uncertainty
• Institutions and regulation
• Investment in monitoring
• Climate change
• Technology
• Data accessibility
• Wilful blindness!

Stakeholders and users
HYDROFLUX
• Academic papers
• No formal stakeholder engagement
• Project workshops relatively high
level
• PI/Co-I involvement in Central
Government ‘Clean Ganga’
mission
UPSCAPE
• Academic papers
• Formal work package on
understanding stakeholder needs
• More active involvement of social
scientists in dissemination
• Stakeholder workshops
• Semi-structured interviews
• Planning to take results to users
via ‘road shows’
• ?

Collaboration
People
Meetings (like this)
Research exchanges
Students
Programmes
Government
Development Banks
Other groups
Translation
Publishing
Demonstration

“El agua, el origen de la vida”
ध�वाद ന�ി

McKenzie A - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18

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