Review of SQL

Review of SQL ICS 031 – Jaweed Yazdani

SQL Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Benefits of a Standardized Relational Language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

SQL Environment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 7-1: A simplified schematic of a typical SQL environment, as described by the SQL-92 standard

Some SQL Data types (from Oracle 9i) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 7-4: DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process

SQL Database Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Table Creation Figure 7-5: General syntax for CREATE TABLE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The following slides create tables for this enterprise data model

Figure 7-6: SQL database definition commands for Pine Valley Furniture Overall table definitions

Defining attributes and their data types

Non-nullable specification Identifying primary key Primary keys can never have NULL values

Non-nullable specifications Primary key Some primary keys are composite – composed of multiple attributes

Default value Domain constraint Controlling the values in attributes

Primary key of parent table Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships Foreign key of dependent table

Data Integrity Controls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Relational integrity is enforced via the primary-key to foreign-key match

Changing and Removing Tables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schema Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Insert Statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Delete Statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Update Statement ,[object Object],[object Object]

SELECT Statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 7-8: SQL statement processing order (adapted from van der Lans, p.100)

SELECT Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Table 7-3: Comparison Operators in SQL

SELECT Example using Alias ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

SELECT Example Using a Function ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

SELECT Example – Boolean Operators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Note: the LIKE operator allows you to compare strings using wildcards. For example, the % wildcard in ‘%Desk’ indicates that all strings that have any number of characters preceding the word “Desk” will be allowed

SELECT Example – Sorting Results with the ORDER BY Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Note: the IN operator in this example allows you to include rows whose STATE value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It is more efficient than separate OR conditions

SELECT Example – Categorizing Results Using the GROUP BY Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

SELECT Example – Qualifying Results by Categories Using the HAVING Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Using and Defining Views ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sample CREATE VIEW ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Advantages of Views ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Disadvantages of Views ,[object Object],[object Object]

Review of SQL

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Review of SQL