1) Respiration is the process by which organisms obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide, allowing cells to produce energy through the breakdown of glucose in the form of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose to produce more ATP. 2) Respiratory structures vary between organisms depending on surface area to volume ratio. Small organisms like protozoa exchange gases across their entire cell membrane. Larger organisms have specialized respiratory organs like lungs and gills to increase surface area. 3) Insects, fish, amphibians and humans all have different respiratory structures and mechanisms suited to their environments. Insects use a tracheal system, fish use gills, amphibians can use skin or lungs, and

1. RESPIRATION (RESPIRASI)
Subtopic
(Subtopik) :
1. The respiratory process in energy production
(Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)
2. The respiratory structure and breathing
mechanisms in humans and animals
(Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam manusia
dan haiwan)

2. Do you know that your body is
like a rechargeable battery?
This is because when your body weak (uncharged
battery), you need to eat (recharge battery) to
get energy.

4. In this section, (Dalam bahagian ini) :
1. What is respiration? (Apakah respirasi ?)
2. What is the main substrate that involved in energy
production? (Apakah substrat utama yang terlibat dalam penghasilan
tenaga)
3. What is ATP? Why is it important? (Apakah ATP? Mengapa ATP
penting?)
4. What are Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration? (Apakah respirasi
aerob dan anaerob?)
1. The respiratory process in energy production
(Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)

5. The respiratory process in energy
process
(Proses respirasi dalam penghasilan tenaga)

6. What is respiration? (Apakah respirasi ?)
RESPIRATION (Respirasi)
is (ialah)
Proses obtaining
(Proses pemerolehan) O2
and (dan)
O2
Delivers to
(diangkut ke)
CO2
and (dan)
Remove from
(disingkirkan dari)

7. RESPIRATION (Respirasi) occur in 2 stage
(berlaku dalam 2 peringkat)
EXTERNAL
RESPIRATION
(Respirasi luar)
between (antara)
INTERNAL RESPIRATION/
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(Respirasi luar)
Process exchange of gases
(Proses pertukaran gas)
respiratory surface of
organism (Permukaan respirasi
organisma)
with (dengan)
Its environment continuously
(persekitarannya secara
berterusan)
Process oxidation &
breakdown of glucose
(Proses pengoksidaan dan
penguraian glukosa)
for (untuk)
produce energy
(menghasilkan tenaga)

8. External respiration
(Respirasil luar)
Respiratory surface - SKIN
O2
CO2
environment
Lead to
Internal respiration /
Cellular respiration
( Respirasi dalam /
Respirasi sel)
O2
+ GLUCOSE (get from food)
To produce energy
used for cell activities

9. Is energy required for the following
processes?
Muscle contraction for movement?
Active transport of substances?
Digestion of food?
Impulses transmission for response?
Cell division for growth?
Keep body at constant temperature?
Excretion of waste products?
Meiosis for reproduction?
Mitosis for cell
division?
Synthesis of proteins, hormones,
lipids & enzymes?
Inhalation & exhalation for breathing?
All organisms require
ENERGY to carry out
all living processes!!!

10. Aerobic respiration
(Respirasi aerob)
MAIN SUBSTRATE
SUBSTRAT UTAMA

11. Cellular respiration (Respirasi sel)
Aerobic respiration
(Respirasi aerob)
Glucose Carbon dioxide ENERGY

12. WHAT NEED
YOU KNOW ?

13. sfat Oxidation of glucose
(Pengoksidaan
glukosa)
Adenosine triphosphate
(Adenosina trifosfat)
Phosphate bond which can easily broken
(Ikatan fosfat yang boleh diputuskan dengan
mudah)
P

15. ATP in Action
A P P P Process
I NEED
ENERGY
PLEASE!
Woohoo!
I’m
Energized!
ATP, the energy
“currency” of the cell
ADP

16. P

17. WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT,
Oxidation of
glucose
Uses of energy
Syntesis of ATP

18. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION(Respirasi anaerob)
LETS WE TAKE A LOOK WHAT HAPPEN WITH
MUSCLE CELL AFTER PROLONGED PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY (Mari kita lihat apa yang berlaku
kepada sel otot selepas aktiviti kecergasan)
Anaerobic respiration
(Respirasi anaerob)
What is anaerobic respiration?
(Apakah respirasi anaerob)
Process of oxidation of glucose to
produce energy in the absance of
oxygen.
(Proses pengoksidaan glukosa untuk
menghasilkan tenaga dalam
ketiadaan oksigen)

19. Rate of respiration
increase
(Kadar pernafasan
meningkat)
Rate of heartbeat
increase
(Kadar denyutan
jantung meningkat)

20. 38 ATP
2 ATP
Without using
oxygen

22. Ethanol Carbon
dioxide
ENERGY

24. The respiratory structure and breathing
mechanisms in humans and animals
(Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam
manusia dan haiwan)

25. 2. The respiratory structure and breathing mechanisms
in humans and animals
(Struktur respirasi dan mekanisme pernafasan dalam manusia dan haiwan)
In this section, (Dalam bahagian ini) :
1. What is respiratory structure? (Apakah struktur respirasi ?)
2. What is the relationship between surface area per volume
ratio of organism with their gas exchange? (Apakah perkaitan
antara luas permukaan per isipadu dengan proses pertukaran gas)
3. What are respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of
insects, amphibian, fish and human? (Apakah struktur respirasi
dan mekanisma pernafasan dalam serangga, amfibia, ikan dan manusia)

26. What is gaseous exchange process? Where exchanges of
respiratory gases occur? (Apakah proses pertukaran gas? Di manakah
pertukaran gas respirasi berlaku)
In respiratory surface (Dalam struktur
respirasi)

27. Diffusion (Resapan)
Thin surface
layer of
respiratory
structure
Large surface
area for
respiratory
structure

28. Entire plasma membrane
(Seluruh membran plasma)
Large surface area
compared to
volume of their
body
Moist plasma
membrane
( Membran plasma
yang lembap)

29. Surface area available for gaseous exchange
per unit volume of organisms.
Before we learnt about surface area per
volume ratio, lets we know what is
surface area per volume ratio.

30. Relationship between surface area per volume (SA /V)
ratio of organisms with their gas exchange process
(Perkaitan antara luas permukaan per isipadu dengan proses pertukaran gas)
large
besar
Small organisms have
large surface area
available for gaseous
exchange per unit
volume of organisms.

31. Large organisms
have small surface
area available for
gaseous exchange
per unit volume of
organisms.

32. ACTIVITY 3
Small cube represent small organisms. Given that X = 1 cm.
(Kiub kecil mewakili organisma kecil. Diberi X = 1 cm)

33. RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE AND BREATHING
MECHANISM OF INSECTS
(Sistem dan struktur respirasi serangga)
Tracheae
(Trakea)
Finer tube,
tracheoles
(Cabang halus
trakeol)

34. WHAT ARE RESPIRATORY
STRUCTURE IN INSECTS ?
(Apakah struktur respirasi bagi
serangga)
WHAT IS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN
INSECT? (Apakah sistem respirasi bagi
serangga)
TRACHEAL SYSTEM
1. SPIRACLE
2. TRACHEAE
3. TRACHEOLES

35. Characteristics of tracheoles
( Ciri – ciri trakeol)
Finer tube,
tracheoles
(Cabang halus
trakeol)
Thin wall, permeable,
moist and contains
fluid

37. BREATHING MECHANISM OF INSECTS
Spiracle valve open
( Injap spirakel terbuka)
Abdominal muscle
contract
(Otot abdomen
mengecut)
Volume of abdomen decrease
(Isipadu abdomen berkurang)

38. MUSCLE RELAX
(OTOT MENGENDUR)
MUSCLE CONTRACT
(OTOT MENGECUT)
1. SPIRACLE
OPEN
2. VOLUME
3. PRESSURE
INSIDE
4. PRESSURE
OUTSIDE
1. SPIRACLE
CLOSE 2. VOLUME
3. PRESSURE
INSIDE4. PRESSURE
OUTSIDE

41. Water carry
high amount
of OXYGEN
Blood carry high
amount of carbon
dioxide

42. Mouth
Buccal cavity
Operculum
Volume and
pressure

43. Gas exchange for frog occurs at (Pertukaran gas bagi katak berlaku di)

44. Gas exchange for frog occurs at (Pertukaran gas bagi katak berlaku di)

45. FIRST STAGE (PERINGKAT PERTAMA)

46. SECOND STAGE (PERINGKAT KEDUA)

47. THIRD STAGE (PERINGKAT KETIGA)

48. HUMAN RESPIRATORY
STRUCTURE

49. LUNGS
(Peparu)
Mouth cavity
(Rongga mulut)
Trachea
(Trakea)
Bronchiole (Bronkiol)
Intercostal
muscle
(Otot
interkosta
Diaphragm(Diafragma)

50. Location of
external
intercostal
muscles and
internal
intercostal
muscle

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALVEOLI
Numerous of
alveoli
(Alveoli yang
banyak)
Moist epithelial cell of
alveoli
(Cell epithelial alveoli
yang lembap)

52. HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM
Rib cage
move
upwards and
outwards.
Diaphragm
contracts and
flatten.
(Diafragma
mengecut dan
meleper)

53. HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM
External
intercostal muscle
relax, internal
intercostal muscle
contract.
Volume of
thoracic
cavity
decrease and
pressure
increase.

54. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM WITH THOSE OTHER ORGANISMS
Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human
Habitat Water Dry land Water Water and
dry land
Dry land
Respiratory
system/
structure
Entire
plasma
membrane
Tracheal
system
Gill Skin and
lungs
Lungs
Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human
High SA/V
ratio
achieved
by….
Large
surface area
compares to
volume
Extensive
network of
tracheoles
Have gill
filament
and
numerous
gill lamella
Moist, thin
and highly
permeable
skin.
Numerous
alveoli for
efficient gas
exchange.

55. Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human
Respiratory
surface ( for
gaseous
exchange)
Entire thin
and moist
plasma
membrane
Thin
tracheoles
with fluid at
the ends.
Gill
filaments
and gill
lamella
Thin and
moist skin
and lungs
Numerous
alveoli
Respiratory
mechanisms
None Abdominal
muscles
compress
and relax to
ventilate the
tracheal
system.
Movement
of buccal
cavity and
operculum
Inhalation
and
exhalation
Inhalation
and
exhalation

56. Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibian Human
Passage of
respiratory
gases
Water
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Spiracle
Tracheae
Tracheoles
Body cell
Mouth
Buccal
cavity
Gill
filament
Lamella
Operculum
Nostril
Mouth
cavity
Glottis
Lungs
Nostril
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveolus

57. THE END
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