This document discusses the popularity and origins of astrology. It states that astrology has become a multi-million dollar industry with over 175,000 part-time astrologers in the US alone. The document traces astrology's origins to ancient Babylon and discusses how it later developed in places like Greece, India, and Central America. It provides an overview of the key beliefs and practices in astrology, such as the 12 signs of the zodiac and how astrologers assign meanings to the positions of planets and stars. The document also notes that while astrology was once considered a science, modern scientists have rejected its principles. It concludes by stating that both the Quran and hadiths condemn practices like astrology and
1. Astrology is an Ancient
and Modern Day Idolatry
Popularity of Astrology
The current world-wide interest in astrology has reached almost
epidemic propportions. In fact, one noted authority on the subject
referred to astrology as ‘ the most widely spread superstition of our time. ( Dr.
"Astrology" Kurt Koch, Between Christ and Satan p. 12)
Astrology fules a multi-million dollar industry which caters to
multitudes with products ranging from customs jewelry to Zodiac
trinkers. Astrology has bent into a $ 200,000,000 a year business.
i s an Personalized horoscope can be purchsed through vending machines,
24 hours a day , dial- a-horoscope, and even astro flash computers
Ancient and Modern found in many departments stores and on over 2, 000 colleges
campuses in US and Philippines. In United States alone, there are over
Day Idolatry 175, 000 part time astrologers and 10,000 full time astrologers. Some
77 % of American adults know their astrological sign and, according to
Compiled by: Isa Abdullah Biago a 1976 Gallup poll, 32
million Americans take
astrology quite
seriously. Over 2,000
newspapers cater to this
interest by carrying
daily horoscope.
Astrology’s rapid rise in
popularity can be seen
2. in the fact that less than twenty years ago, only 1000 daily newspaper What is Astrology ?
carried Horoscope Colums. (John Goodwin, Occult America p. 2). Astrology is a “study of life’s reaction to planetary vibration.” In
Astrological magazines sell about 2,000,000 copies monthly in another meaning , astrology is the study of the positions and
the U.S. Dell’s Horoscope has the largest circulation of about 500,000 a movements of astronomical bodies—particularly the Sun, Moon,
month. Astrological literature is carried in bookstores and supermarket planets, and
checkout stands, airplane and bus departure areas, ranges from Zodiac stars—in the
cookbooks, Zodiac astrograph books, and even Zodiac coloring books belief that
for children. Astrological books written on such diverse subjects as
they
health, birth control, horse racing, teens, finding a mate, diet, your
correspond to
occupation, , business, sex, music, your cat’s and dog’s horoscope , and
events on
even religion.
Earth.
It’s widespread
appeal is not restricted to Astrologers
America. For example, believe that
66% of the adult the position
population of Great of
Britain read their astronomical
hosroscope, 53% of bodies at the exact moment of a person’s birth and the subsequent
France’s adult population, movements of the bodies reflect that person’s character and,
and 63% of Germany’s. therefore, his or her destiny. Scientists have long rejected the
Even in the Middle East, principles of astrology, but millions of people continue to believe in
with a strict adherence to or practice it. The Merriam –Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
the Islamic Faith of defined it as: " the divination of the supposed influences of the stars
Monotheism are not and planets on human affairs and terrestrial events by their
exempted from the positions and aspects. " It is also an
popularity of Horoscope. art and pseudo-science which
In fact, in many countries, teaches that the fixed positions of
it is deeply entrenched as the stars, moon, and planets exert a
an intimate part of daily mysterious and decisive influence
life. upon people, places, events and
3. with supernatural forces. Many people use astrology as a method of
fortune-telling
According to astrology, every individual allocated one of these Astrologers assign every planet (which in astrology includes the
signs depending on their date of birth. Sun and Moon) with a particular sign, depending on where that
planet appears on the ecliptic at the time for which the horoscope is
Aquarius Water Bearer January 20 - February 18 cast. Each planet
Pisces Fishes February 19 - March 20 represents basic human
Aries Ram
Ram March 21 - April 19 drives, and each sign
Taurus Bull April 20 - May 20 represents a set of
Gemini Twins May 21 - June 20 human characteristics.
Cancer Crab June 21 - July 22
When astrologers
Leo Lion July 23 - August 22
designate a person as a
certain sign—a Leo or
Virgo Virgin August 23 - September 22
a Pisces, for
Libra Scales September 23 - October 22
example—they are
Scorpio Scorpion October 23 - November 21
referring to the person’s Sun sign, meaning the sign that the Sun
Sagittarius Archer November 22 - December 21
occupied at the time of the person’s birth. According to the modus
operandi of astrology, the earth is positioned at the center of an
Capricorn Goat December 22 - January 19 imaginary belt in the heavens which circles the earth and
emcompasses the apparent paths of all the principal planets, and
things. It has also been defined as “ the art of divining fate or the future has as its central line the apparent path of our sun. This imaginary
from the juxtaposition of the sun, moon, and planets”. (John W. belt is called the “zodiac” or “circle or ring.” This belt is divided
Mongomery, Principalities and Power p. 108). This predictive aspect into 12 sections of 30 degrees each called houses. These
concerning the future is an integral part of Astrology while correspond to 12 constellations or “signs” of the Zodiac. The 12
Astronomy as a branch of science deals purely or a study of objects signs of the zodiac correspond to 12 time period within a year as
and matter outside the earth's atmosphere and of their physical and follows.
chemical properties. Astrology is another type or analogous to
Fortune-Telling. It is a practice of predicting the future through
psychic means, such as the interpretation of signs or communication
4. Where did it Originate ? independently. The Chaldeans, who lived in Babylonia (now Iraq),
developed one of the original forms of astrology as early as 3000 BC.
Astrology comes into view to have originated from the ancient The primitive Chaldean (Babylonians) sketch out of astrology is called
Babylon. In fact, many scholars believe that this ancient form of “mundane astrology” and was practiced exclusively for the benefits of Kings
terrestrial worship was intimately connected with the tower of Babel and predictions concerning nations. However, through the conquest and
which God destroyed ( see take-over of Alexander the
the Bible in Genesis 11:1-9) Great, astrology was exported to
The people of Babylon Greece where it was systimatically
constructed astrological refined into an art and science so
observations called that it could universally be applied
“Ziggurats” to investigate to the masses. This form of
the heavens. Priest (Magi or astrology is called “birth or
wise men of the east) acted natal” astrology.” Ptolemy (130 AD) was the chief designer behind this
as mediators between kings change. In the Tetrabiblios , he finalized the diagramming of
and the gods. These towers served as platforms for astrological horoscope using the positions of the sun, moon, and five major planets
calculating the arrangements and movements of the sun, moon, and that are known to exist. The Tetrabiblios has been the classic manual
planets in order to determine the will of the gods for the fate of kings for astrologers in the western
and nations. The horoscope also is divided into twelve houses, which world ever since. Many scholars
make up the 24-hour period viewed astrology and
during which the Earth rotates astronomy as complementary
once on its axis. Each house sciences until about the 1500s.
deals with certain areas of a At that time, the discoveries
person’s life, such as marriage, made by such astronomers as
health, work, travel, and Nicolaus Copernicus and
death. Astrologers make Galileo undermined some of the
predictions by interpreting the foundations of astrology. Since
position of astronomical then, astrology has not been
bodies within the signs and houses of the horoscope. Astrology is an considered a science. However,
ancient practice that different civilizations seemed to develop it should be pointed out that there are different schools of astrology
which are diametrically opposed to each other. For example,
5. Oriental (Chinese) astrology disagrees greatly from its western The Soothsayers and Their Likes are Sorcerers
counterpart. Widespread confusion and self contradiction exists among astrologers Muslims reported that the Prophet said: Whoever goes to a fortune teller and
world-wide because of the contradictory system The Chinese were practicing believes what the latter tells him will have his prayers rejected for the following days.”
astrology by 2000 BC. Other varieties formed in ancient India and Abu Dawud reported also that the Propeht said: “ Whoever goes to a soothsayers
among the Maya of Central America. These people may have and believes what the latters tells him has committed blashphemy, and has denied what
observed that certain astronomical bodies, particularly the Sun, was revealed to Muhammad.” In addition to this Al- Baghawi said: “ The
affected the change of seasons and the success of crops. Based on soothsayers ( al-arraf) is a person who claims to know facts such as stolen items, the place
such observations, they may have developed a broader system by where a stary animal has gone, and like matters by means of omens. “ Abu al-Abbas
which the movements of other bodies such as the planets affected or Ibn Taymiyyah said: “ Al-Arraf is a
represented additional aspects of life.. Even in the West, some name for the mediator, astrologers, fortune
astrologers believe in 8 signs of the Zodiac rather than 12, while the teller or other who claims knowledge in
other contend for 14 or even 24 signs. Other debate whether they these ways.” Ibn Abbas said of the people
should use the tropical or sidereal zodiac, whether Saturn exerts an who practice astrology and gaze at the
evil influence or influence for justice, whether stars influence is physical stars : “ Whoever does what they do will
or astrasl in nature, and many more conflicting opinion. have no share of divine blessing.”
Why Horoscope and Other related practices is Haram ? The Purpose of the Stars
Abu Dawud reported in his Sahih Hadith that Ibn Abbas (RAA) In al-Bukhari reported that
related that the Prophet (SAW) said: ‘ Qatadah said: “ Allah created the stars
Whoever draws any knowledge from the stars has for three purposes: as ornaments for
committed sorcery;… Shall I tell you what is al- heaven, missiles against devils, and as
adh ( lying by prediction is sorcery) ? It is signs for guidance of travelers. Whoever
conveying false rumours with the purpose of speculates beyond this err and dissipates
spreading evil and ill will.” In The Qur’an, his credit as a scholar , for he would be
Allah (SWT) said: “ They knew too well that transgressing the limits of his own
the buyers of sorcery will have no share in the knowledge.” Abu Musa reported that
Paradise of the hereafter … They believe in al the Prophet said: “ Those that will not
jibt ( sorcery) and al Taghut ( idol worship) [ enter Paradise are three, the habitual
2:102; 4:51]. alcohol drinker, the denier of blood
relation and the believer in sorcery.”
6. Asherath (The Phoenician
The Qur’an and Prophet Muhammad(SAW) strongly condems this worship of Venus[ 2 Kings
ancient occult deception. The Qur’an and the Prophet(SAW) warns 23:4])
people agaisnt relying on astrologers and astrology ( Sorcerrers or
sorcery). Even the Bible prohibited such practices ( Isaiah 47:13,14;
Duet. 4:19; 17:3).
Ancient Astral Gods
Astronomical planets worship was rebeliously
practiced in Israel throughout its history. It was
intimately associated with calf worship (the god
Taurus [2 Kings 17:16] ) Moloch ( a sun
god- Leviticus
Baal worship 18:21)
(Phoenician sun-god
[2 Kings 23:10],
7. Tammuz
(Worship of 7 planets and 12 signs
of Zodiac.
Rephan ( or Saturn [Acts 7:23], New international
Version, --Ezekiel 8
13 - 16 ..Again, he said,
"You will see them
doing things that are
even more
detestable." 14 Then
he brought me to the
entrance to the north
gate of the house of the LORD , and I saw women sitting there, mourning for
Tammuz. 15 He said to me, "Do you see this, son of man? You will see things
that are even more detestable than this." 16 He then brought me into the inner
court of the house of the LORD , and there at the entrance to the temple,
between the portico and the altar, were about twenty-five men. With their backs
toward the temple of the LORD and their faces toward the east, they were
bowing down to the sun in the east.
The Queen of Heavens Science Versus Astrology
Though advocates of
(The Moon [Jeremiah 7:18; astrology strongly contend that
44:19]), and it is an exact science, in reality
does not support their
calculations. Astrology is a
radical perversion and departure
from the scientific study of the
celestial realm known as
astronomy. In fact, not only the
8. Qur’an and Prophets denounced astrology, but numerous scientific merit or credence. Their conclusion was that “none of the influnces
societies have denounced astrology as sceintifically worstless. For alledged by astrologers was verified.” ( Michael Gauquelin, Cosmic
examples: Clocks p. 85)
5. Paul Conderc, An
1. In 1949, The Astronomical Society declared : “ Whatever hides “There is no biological Astronomer at the Paris
behind the title of astrology… is nothing more than a mixture of correlation between Observatory, concluded “
superstition, duplicity, and business.” astrology and the The assets of scientifc astrology
2. In 1975, 18 Nobel prize winners and 186 other prominent discoveries of astro- are equal to zero, as is the case
American scientist spoke out agiants astrology, denouncing the with commercial astrology” ( Paul Conderc, I, Astrologie, Au Sais-je ? p. 89)
pretentions claims of astrological charlatans. And saying that “
there is no scientific basis of facts whatsoever for the assumption that the Does Astro-Physics Prove the Validity of Astrology ?
stars foretell events and influence lives.” Astrologers claim that astrological discoveries of science concerning
3. Bart J. Bok, former President of the American Astromomical the gravititional influence of the sun, moon, and the stars prove the
Society said: ‘ It is deplorable that so many newspaper now print this legitimacy of astrology. They appeal to the documented information that
daily nonsense … At the start, the regular reading is a sort of fun game, albumin increases in human blood during sunspots, osyter open and close
but it often ends up according to the tidal force of the moon, and there is clear gravititional
as a mighty serious and tidal force of the moon upon insects, animals, and even men.
business. The steady (Robert Moorey, Horoscope and The Christians p. 28) For example,
and ready researchers at the University of Miami concluded that “ Outbreaks of murder
availability of may be triggered by the moon tugging on
astronomical biological tides inside the body.” ( L.A.
predictions can over Times, May 5, 1972 Part 1 p. 12)
many years have However, these scietifically
insidious influence on observable phenomena do not
a person’s personal prove astrology’s claim. There is
judgment.” no biological correlation between
astrology and the discoveries of
4. The American Association of Scientific Societies investigated astro-physics. The established
numerous statistical studies by astrology to prove astrology‘s evidence concerning the influences from the sun and the moon reveals
alledged accuracy and conluded that they lack any scientific only wide-ranging influences, while astrology requires a special or
9. particular influence from these heavenly bodies which fatalistically affects sun had absolutely no musical significance. The
an individual entire fate. musicians are born throughout the entire year
on a changeces basis. No Signs of the Zodiac
Astrology’s Statistical Accuracy or fraction of a sign favors or does not favor
Astrologers claim that statistical studies clearly show that an them.” ( Paul Couderc, I, Astrologie,
individual’s horoscope find out that person’s destiny, personality, Wue sais-je ? pp. 86-89). Another study
personality, and probable profession or career. For example, they involving over 2,000 painters and
contend that a person born under the sign of Libra will be artistically musicians found that a correspondence of
prone because Venus, the planet their birth dates with Libra does not
of art and beauty, rules Libra. exists. In fact, chances made the
They likewise challenge that correlation come out negative; that is
because Mars is connected with Libra had fewer that its quota of
hostility and death, it is well- artists.” (Michael Gauguelin,
known in the horoscope of a Cosmic Clocks p. 81) Another
majority of criminals and military researchers examined the
men. Hosroscope of murderers to see
However, extensive if Mars was predominant and
statistical investigations have found Mars was not particularly
been conducted which overwhelmingly disprove astrology’s claim and prominent, he concluded that: “
calculations. In fact, The American Association of Scientific Societies none of the figures differs significantly
investigated the studies put out by from the theoritical numbers expected
astrologers and found that “none of in chance. It is rather dissapointing for the astrological theory.” ( Ibid. p. 85)
the influnces alledged by astrologers was Another study of the prominnece of Mars among military men also
verified.” (Michael Gauguelin, found no evidence of the Mars effect.
Cosmic Clocks p. 85) For
example, after investigating one Astrology of Astrological Predictions
astrologers’s survey concerning Astrologers often bragging of their truthfulness rate in
the horoscope of 2, 817 predicting the future. Popular astrologers such as Jeanne Dixon,
musicians, collected data Linda Goodman, and Nostradamus are often praised for their
concluded that: “The position of the hypothetical success rate. However, in reality the actual disappointment
10. rate of astrological to arrive in time for publications. Not one of the 10,000 readership
prediction in comparison complained of any irrelevance so the editor concluded he could spare
to the success rate is himself the cost of
wretched and is equivalent new horoscope and
to comparing ant hill to repeat the old ones.”
Mount Everest. ( Merrill G. Unger,
Most astrology books Demons in the
only list the success stories, World Today, p. 61)
often in an accurate and
impreci Nostradamus a French physician The
se Nostradamus, (1503-1566),
astrologer's argument
French physician and astrologer
manner who wrote Centuries, a famous that fulfilled predictions provide evidence to astrology, it also logically
, and collection of prophecies published means that unfulfilled predictions disprove astrology. Therefore, the
in 1555. Microsoft ® Encarta ®
never glaring fact that libraries filled with failed astrological predictions offers a
acknowledge their failures. Often, powerful proof against the truthfulness of astrology.
astrological predictions are so absurdly
indistinguishable or comprehensive that Problems with Astrology
almost any plausible situation could be On the following pages, we will
pointed to as a fulfillment. For example, with briefly observe some of the more grave
a general prediction such as “many will weakness facing astrology.
die next year”, countless conceivable
situations could be forced into the context of such prediction. A 1. Missing Planets
classic example of ambiguity and generalization which millions The majority of modern
religiously read is the daily horoscope columns of newspapers. astrologers base their calculations and
The fact that daily newspaper forecast are so hopelessly vague charts upon Ptolemy’s assumption that
that any predictions under any sign would appear to be a fulfillment there are only five planets. When he
was dramatically proven by one newspaper editor who stumbled upon systematized astrology in the second
a short cut to save money. The absurdity (insignificance) of horoscopes century AD, there were only seven
was demonstrated indirectly by the editors of a large daily newspaper heavenly bodies visible to the naked
who was forced to publish an outdated version when the material failed eye: the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter.
11. His calculations concerning the influence of these bodies form the Models of the Universe
basis for the modern day horoscope charts and calculation in the
western world. However, since then, Uranus (1718), Neptune (1816), According to the widely accepted theory of the big bang, the
and Pluto (1930) have been discovered. Furthermore, Copernicus universe
discovery that the sun and planets do not revolve around the earth also undermined originated about
Ptolemy ‘s system. Since astrology stresses that the movement and 14 billion years
positions of these celestial bodies influnce human behavior, these new ago and has
astronomical discoveries undermines the complete fundamentals of been expanding
modern day astrology derivative from Ptolemy. ever since.
Astronomers
2. An Expanding Universe recognize four
Ptolemy’s Zodiac was also based models of possible futures for the universe. According to the closed
upon the erroneous assumption that model, many billions of years from now expansion will slow, stop,
the constelation were rigidly fixed in and the universe will contract back in upon itself. In the flat model,
the heavens. However, science has the universe will not collapse upon itself, but expansion will slow
proven that the constellation are and the universe will approach a stable size. According to the
constatnly shifting and moving away open model, the universe will continue expanding forever. In the
from us at tremendous speeds thus accelerating expansion model, the universe will expand faster
reducing their supposed influnce and faster until even the particles in normal matter are torn away
according to astrology. Over the last from each other. Astronomers currently favor the accelerating
2,000 years, the constellations have shifted about 30% which expansion model
means that the constellation of Virgo in Ptolemy’s day is now in
the Sign of Libra. 3. Tropical Zodiac
Ptolemy also assumed that the earth was flat and that everyone
These facts completely disintegrate present calculations based could see the same stars as he did. He developed the tropical Zodiac
upon Ptolemy’s configuration and renders horoscope which is geographically limited in that it does not work above 60
calculations hopelessly meaningless and erroneous. degrees latitude because no one can see what point of the Zodiac is
ascending. This means that astrology is useless because horoscope
cannot be drawn from those living in the higher latitude such as
Alaska or Holand.
12. the signs of the Zodiac.” (Michael Gauquelin, The Scientific Basis of
Astrology
5. Astral Twins
Since an individual’s
moment of birth is so crucial to
astrology, identical and fraternal
twins should share a analogous Astral
destiny. However, documented Twin
research on the case history of
twins proves this is not so. (W.
Keith Erickson, The Inacurracy of Astrological Research The
4. The Precession of Equinoxes
Humanist pp. 43, 44)
Ptolemy also thought that the earth ‘s axis of rotation was fixed
and always pointed
6. Actual, Personal Experience
to the star Polaris.
This directional
If astrology really worked, history would have verified it to be cause of
heading is an vital
many incredible achievement stories world-wide to those devoted to its
references point for
predictions. For example, Adolf Hitler, who was a zealous follower of
astrologers to begin
astrology, would have won the war according to his astrologers,
calculation.
Ferdinand E. Marcos, a former dictator President of the Philippines
However, science has
vehemently believe predictions and assurances from his astrologers but
found that the
was overthrow through a popular Edsa revolution. Furthermore,
equinox is not fixed
business men and investors would have accumulated vast fortunes by
but constantly moving
following astrological predictions. But, as one Wall Street Broker
backward, in a
commented, “If you want to lose your money, use astrology to pick the
counterclockwise motion,
stocks!.”
thus gradually throwing modern day calculations off by moving the signs of the
Zodiac backward. As one astrological authority noted : “ It is the discovery of
the precession of the equinox that threatens astrology at its very foundation, namely
13. 7. Time of Reckoning forces, external environment forces, and an individual own free will.
Astrology has never provided a logical Confusion
or scientific reason why the time of
one’s birth is supposedly when a As stated earlier, astrology has
person’s destiny is fixed by the stars. consistently suffered from widespread
Why doesn’t the time of conception confusion, disagreement, conflicting
mark the point of the star’s influence? perspective and self contradiction and are
Since all the hereditary factors are deeply divided over which system is more
determined at conception, we musk accurate or realible. Since astrology is so
ask why astrology pinpoints birth as the precise moment of influence. hopelessly divided and confused, the
The only reason is because of Ptolemy’s system of reckoning. inevitable result to its followerrs is
confusion and disagreement as well.
8. DNA and Genetics
The Dangers of Astrology
Astrology offers a purely mystical or Though astrology may be
magical explanation of the reasons for a considered by many to be harmless pursuit, it can result in extremely
person’s unique temperament, character detrimental consequences.
and destiny. Astrology contends that an
individual’s psychological and physical 1. Satanic Exposure
characteristi Occultism is a belief in the efficacy of various practices—
cs are including astrology, alchemy, divination, and magic—regarded as
determined being based on hidden knowledge about the universe and its
solely by the mysterious forces. Since astrology is a branch old occultism ,its
stars. knowledge characteristically depends upon the notion of
However,
correspondences, or postulated relationships that unite all things—
modern
stars, planets, gemstones, colors, or even parts of the human body
science has shown that these result
and life events—to one another and to invisible realities as well.
from an interplay of internal genetic
Those who subscribe to this view believe that they can use occult
14. knowledge to effect healing or to predict the future, for example. govern any aspect of their life by its predictions run the grave
Occultism may also include a belief in beings, such as angels, risk of financial, moral and social ruin.
deities, or spirits, who can be contacted by those who possess the
appropriate knowledge. There are occult practices within nearly all 3. Psychological
traditional civilizations. Western occultism has its roots in ancient Because of its fatalistic
Babylonian and Egyptian lore, especially as recorded and approach to life, it can have
transmitted through Neo-Platonism and the Hermetic books. disastrous psychological
Medieval occult practice included astrology, alchemy, and consequences, and as one
ceremonial magic rites for evoking spiritual beings. Eminent noted psychiatrist commented:
scholars such as 13th-century Italian theologian Saint Thomas “ We can see how dangerous it is by
Aquinas and his contemporary, English philosopher Roger Bacon, the way in which serious psychic
assumed the efficacy of alchemy and other occult arts. disturbances, a fear of life, despair
and disarangment are produced by it
In the late medieval and early modern period (13th century to 15th in intensive people. Astrology paralyzes initiative and the powers of
century), however, occultism came to be increasingly regarded by judgment. “ ( Wm J. Peterson, Those Curious New Cults p. 28)
the church as connected with the worship of Satan.
We have carefully examined the subject of astrology and have
In the 20th century, another rebirth of occultism can be seen in the offered an overwhelming proof that it is a system which is both
counterculture movement of the 1960s, with its interest in astrology, Biblical ( for Christians),
divination, and magic. The New Age movement of the 1980s and Qur’anic and the teaching of the
1990s may be considered another manifestation of occultism. Prophet and scientifically
Though severely criticized by some orthodox religious groups and bankrupt. When weighed in the
mainstream scientists, occultism has remained vital. Astrological balance of truth and reason,
practioners are often unknowingly exposed to dangerous satanic astrology and its claim fall
influences which can subtly lead to demonic oppression, possession, miserably short of the truth.
deception and manipulation. In spite of its
widespread appeal and current
2. Loss or Ruin popularity, it is not an innocent
Since astrology is a confusing and self-contradictory pursuit or harmless pastime. It
system with no scientific or spiritual basis in reality, those who is a practice riddled with