The document discusses plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It covers the life cycles of non-flowering plants like mosses and ferns which have motile sperm that require moist environments. The document also discusses the life cycles of flowering plants, which have evolved relationships with insect pollinators and can live in more diverse environments as a result. Key terms defined include haploid, diploid, mitosis, and meiosis. The alternation of generations in plant life cycles is also explained.

1. Plant Reproduction
By:
Muhammad Iqbal khan
SS Biology
Govt. Higher Secondary School Mochh Distt. Mianwali Pakistan
Email ID: mikhan1313@yahoo.com
Mob: 092313544815
Skype: iqbal8180

2. • Is a seed alive? Is a fruit alive? Answer
as completely as you can on your own
paper. (Hang on to your paper until the
end of class.)
WORK
TOGETHER

3. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is natural
“cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as
leaves or stems, produce roots and
become an independent plant.
• List some benefits and some drawbacks
to asexual reproduction.

4. Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction requires fusion of
male cells in the pollen grain with
female cells in the ovule.
• List some advantages and drawbacks to
sexual reproduction.

5. Terms to know:
• Haploid: having a single set of
chromosomes in each cell.
• Diploid: having two sets of
chromosomes in each cell.
• Mitosis: cell division, which produces
two genetically identical cells.
• Meiosis: reduction division, which
produces four haploid reproductive
cells.

6. Plant Life Cycle

7. Animals vs. Plants
Plant Reproduction Animal Reproduction
Life cycle Alternation of
generations
No alternation of
generations
Gametes Haploid gametes Haploid gametes
Spores Haploid spores No spores
Gametes made
by
Haploid gametophyte,
by mitosis
Diploid organism, by
meiosis
Spores made
by
Diploid sporophyte, by
meiosis No spores

8. Alternation of Generations
• Plants have a double life cycle with two
distinct forms:
• Sporophyte: diploid, produce haploid
spores by meiosis.
• Gametophyte: haploid, produce
gametes by mitosis.

9. Non-flowering plants
• Mosses, ferns, and related plants have
motile, swimming sperm.
• What kind of environmental conditions
would be required for reproduction in
these plants?
• What kinds of limits does external
reproduction impose on these plants?

10. Moss Life Cycle

11. Fern Life Cycle

12. Conifers
• Conifers (also non-flowering plants)
have reduced gametophytes.
• Male gametophyte is contained in a
dry pollen grain.
• Female gametophyte is a few cells
inside of the structures that become
the seed.

13. Conifer life cycle

14. Conifer pollination
• Conifers are wind-pollinated plants.
• Chance allows some pollen to land on the
scales of female cones.
• Pollen germinates, grows a pollen tube
into the egg to allow sperm to fertilize the
egg.
• What are some advantages and
disadvantages to wind pollination?

15. Pollen go-betweens
• Showy flowers are the result of selection
for more efficient pollination strategies.
• Flower parts are modified leaves. Those
that were brightly colored attracted
insects in search of pollen.
• Why would insects search for pollen?
What other rewards do flowers offer?
• What are advantages and disadvantages
to relying on insects as pollinators?

16. Flowers

17. Flower Parts

18. Incomplete flowers
• Flowers are complete if they have all
parts, and perfect if they have both male
and female parts.
• Grass flowers: incomplete, usually
imperfect (separate male and female
flowers)
• A tulip is complete (though the sepals
are the same color as the petals) and
perfect.

19. Imperfect flowers

20. Angiosperm Life Cycle

21. Gametogenesis: Male

22. Gametogenesis: Female

23. Double Fertilization

24. Flower to Fruit

25. Ovule to Seed

26. Seed Anatomy

27. Seed Germination

28. • Use what you have learned about plant
life cycles to explain why most mosses
and ferns live in moist environments, but
flowering plants can live just about
anywhere.
WORK
TOGETHER