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Climate change indices and the use of RClimdex
1. Climate Change Indices
Climate Change and Water Resources (CE74.9002)
Water Engineering and Management (WEM)
School of Engineering and Technology (SET),
Asian institute of Technology (AIT)
2/27/2015 1
I Putu Santikayasa
2. Outlines
1. Introduction
2. What is climate?
3. Climate Indices Project
4. What is Climate indices?
5. R - climdex
6. Case Study
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3. Introduction
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Figure 1. Schematic view of the components of the climate system, their processes
and interactions. (source: IPCC)
5. What is climate?
âą Weather: what is happening in the
atmosphere at any given time
â Air temperature at 7am = 24 deg celcius
âą Climate: the âaverage weatherâ
âą Climate is the status of the climate system
which comprises the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the surface
lithosphere and the biosphere
â Average air temperature on July = 24 deg Celcius
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 5
6. What is climate?
âą Statistical analysis:
â Mean
â Maximum
â Minimum
â Percentile
âą Climate change analysis
â Change in mean, max, min, etc.
âą What about the changes in extremes?
â Number of days where T>90th percentile, etc
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7. Climate indices project
âą Change on the extreme climate events
impacts on nature and society
âą Analyze extreme events is very important
âą The monitoring, detection and attribution of
changes in climate extremes require daily
resolution data
âą However, the compilation and update of a
globally daily dataset is a very difficult task
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8. 2/27/2015 Tutorial class 8
World Meteorological
Organization Commission
for Climatology (CCl)
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
project on Climate Variability and Predictability
(CLIVAR) Expert Team on Climate Change
Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI)
International coordination of the development of a suite of
climate change indices which primarily focus on extremes and
analysis a suite of indices so that individuals, countries, and
regions can calculate the indices in exactly the same way such
that their analyses will fit seamlessly into the global picture
Output: 27 indices were defined and two software packages,
one written in R (RClimDex) and the other written in
FORTRAN (FClimDex), were developed
9. What is Climate indices?
âą What is Climate Indices:
A climate indices is defined as a calculated
value that can be used to describe the state
and the changes in the climate system.
Climate indices allow a statistical study of
variations of the dependent climatological
aspects, such as analysis and comparison of
time series, means, extremes and trends.
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 9
10. Climate Indices
âą 27 indices:
â 16 indices related to the temperature
â 11 indices related to the precipitation
âą Indices are driven from:
â Maximum temperature
â Minimum temperature
â Precipitation
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11. Climate Indices
âą The climate indices can be categorized into
5(five) groups:
1. Percentile-based indices
2. Absolute indices
3. Threshold indices
4. Duration indices
5. Other indices
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 11
12. Percentile-based indices
1. Occurrence of cold nights (TN10p)
2. Occurrence of warm nights (TN90p)
3. Occurrence of cold days (TX10p)
4. Occurrence of warm days (TX90p)
5. Very wet days (R95p)
6. Extremely wet days (R99p).
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13. Absolute indices
âą Represent maximum or minimum values within a
season or year
1. Maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx),
2. Maximum daily minimum temperature (TNx),
3. Minimum daily maximum temperature (TXn),
4. Minimum daily minimum temperature(TNn),
5. Maximum 1-day precipitation amount (RX1day)
6. Maximum 5-day precipitation amount (RX5day)
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14. Threshold indices
âą The number of days on which a temperature or
precipitation value falls above or below a fixed
threshold,
1. Annual occurrence of frost days (FD)
2. Annual occurrence of ice days (ID)
3. Annual occurrence of summer days (SU)
4. Annual occurrence of tropical nights (TR)
5. Number of heavy precipitation days > 10 mm (R10)
6. Number of very heavy precipitation days > 20 mm
(R20)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 14
15. Duration indices
âą Periods of excessive warm, cold, wetness or
dryness or in the case of growing season
length, periods of mildness.
1. Cold spell duration indicator (CSDI)
2. Warm spell duration indicator (WSDI)
3. Growing season length (GSL)
4. Consecutive dry days (CDD)
5. Consecutive wet days (CWD)
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16. Others indices
âą The indices do not fall into any of the above
categories but could have significant societal
impacts.
1. Annual precipitation total (PRCPTOT)
2. Diurnal temperature range (DTR)
3. Simple daily intensity index (SDII)
4. Extreme temperature range (ETR)*
5. Annual contribution from very wet days
(R95pT)
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*) not directly calculated by RClimDex but have been defined for this study as TXxâ
TNn
17. Climate Indices
ID Indicator name Definitions UNITS
FD0 Frost days Annual count when TN(daily minimum)<0ÂșC Days
SU25 Summer days Annual count when TX(daily maximum)>25ÂșC Days
ID0 Ice days Annual count when TX(daily maximum)<0ÂșC Days
TR20 Tropical nights Annual count when TN(daily minimum)>20ÂșC Days
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 17
18. Climate Indices
GSL
Growing season
Length
Annual (1st Jan to 31st Dec in NH, 1st July to 30th
June in SH) count between first span of at least 6
days with TG>5ÂșC and first span after July 1
(January 1 in SH) of 6 days with TG<5ÂșC
Days
TXx Max Tmax Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temp ÂșC
TNx Max Tmin Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temp ÂșC
TXn Min Tmax Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temp ÂșC
TNn Min Tmin Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temp ÂșC
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 18
19. Climate Indices
TN10p Cool nights Percentage of days when TN<10th percentile Days
TX10p Cool days Percentage of days when TX<10th percentile Days
TN90p Warm nights Percentage of days when TN>90th percentile Days
TX90p Warm days Percentage of days when TX>90th percentile Days
WSDI
Warm spell
duration indicator
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive
days when TX>90th percentile
Days
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20. Climate Indices
CSDI
Cold spell duration
indicator
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive
days when TN<10th percentile
Days
DTR
Diurnal
temperature range
Monthly mean difference between TX and TN ÂșC
RX1day
Max 1-day
precipitation
amount
Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation Mm
Rx5day
Max 5-day
precipitation
amount
Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation Mm
SDII
Simple daily
intensity index
Annual total precipitation divided by the number of
wet days (defined as PRCP>=1.0mm) in the year
Mm/d
ay
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 20
21. Climate Indices
R10
Number of heavy
precipitation days
Annual count of days when PRCP>=10mm Days
R20
Number of very
heavy precipitation
days
Annual count of days when PRCP>=20mm Days
Rnn
Number of days
above nn mm
Annual count of days when PRCP>=nn mm, nn is user
defined threshold
Days
CDD
Consecutive dry
days
Maximum number of consecutive days with
RR<1mm
Days
CWD
Consecutive wet
days
Maximum number of consecutive days with
RR>=1mm
Days
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22. Climate Indices
R95p Very wet days Annual total PRCP when RR>95th percentile Mm
R99p Extremely wet days Annual total PRCP when RR>99th percentile mm
PRCPTOT Annual total wet-
day precipitation
Annual total PRCP in wet days (RR>=1mm) mm
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23. Software for index calculation
âą RClimDex: The RClimDex provides a friendly graphical
user interface to compute all 27 core indices . It also
conducts simple quality control on the input daily data.
It has been developed and maintained by Xuebin Zhang
and Yang Feng at Climate Research Division. The
software was used first at the South Africa Workshop in
Cape Town, South Africa, in June 2004
âą FClimDex: The FClimDex is a FORTRAN program that
conducts data quality control and computes all the
indices. Note that a FORTRAN 90 compiler is required
to use this program.
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24. Software for index calculation
âą ClimDex: An older MicroSoft Excel based
indices software ClimDex, developed by Byron
Gleason of the U.S. National Climatic Data
Centre is still available. This software was used
at the Caribbean Regional Climate Change
workshop was held in Kingston, Jamaica in
January 2001. Note that this software does
not include recent improvements
recommended by ET and is not supported
anymore.
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25. Climdex and RClimdex
Climdex
âą Ms. Excel
platform
âą Running under
Window
âą Difficult to fix the
bug
RClimdex
âą R platform
âą Free
âą Powerfull for
statistical
analysis
âą Running under
window and unix
âą Relatively easy to
fix the bug
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26. Rclimdex ver. 1.3
âą Can be used to calculate 27 core indices (as
recommended by the CCl/CLIVAR )
âą Developed under R 1.84 or higher
âą Limitation:
â Simple data quality control
â Not include Data homogenization
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27. Rclimdex ver. 1.3
1. Not all indices are calculated on a monthly basis.
2. Monthly indices are calculated if no more than 3
days are missing in a month, while annual values
are calculated if no more than 15 days are
missing in a year.
3. No annual value will be calculated if any one
monthâs data are missing.
4. For threshold indices, a threshold is calculated if
at least cover of 70% of data
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28. âą Software and user manual can be downloaded
from :
http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/ETCCDMI/software.shtml
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29. Rclimdex Quickguide
âą The R software must be installed before run
Rclimdex
âą R software can be downloaded from:
http://www.r-project.org
Select the R software based on the OS
(Microsoft Window or UNIX)
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30. Rclimdex Quickguide
Data Preparation:
1. Data must be formatted as ASCII text file
2. Columns as following sequences: Year, Month,
Day, PRCP, TMAX, TMIN. (NOTE: PRCP units =
millimeters and Temperature units= degrees
Celsius)
3. The format as described above must be space
delimited
4. Missing data must be coded as -99.9; data
records must be in calendar date order. (Missing
dates are allowed)
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31. Rclimdex Quickguide
âą Sample data:
Year
Month
Day
Precipitation
(mm)
TMax
(oC)
TMin
(oC)
Missing data
Calendar date order â missing dates are allowed
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33. 1. Within the R consol prompt â>â, enter
source(ârclimdex.râ). This will load RClimDex
into R environment
Type: source (ârclimdex pathâ)
â source("C:climateindicesrclimdex.r")
â source (âhttp://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/ETCCDMI/RClimDex/rclimdex.râ)
2. Choose the âFileâ from the RGui menu, and
then select âSource R codeâ (recommended)
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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35. âą Data Quality Control is a prerequisite for indices
calculations
âą The RClimDex QC performs the following procedure:
â Replace all missing values (currently coded as -99.9) into an
internal format that R recognizes (i.e. NA, not available)
â Replace all unreasonable values into NA
âą Unreasonable values include s
â Daily precipitation amounts less than zero
â Daily maximum temperature less than daily minimum
temperature.
âą QC also identifies outliers in daily maximum and minimum
temperature. The outliers are daily values outside a region
defined by the user
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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36. âą Select âLoad Data and Run QCâ from the
RClimDex Menu to open a window
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37. QC result
1. ____tempQC.csvï unreasonable temperature
2. ____prcpQC.csvï unreasonable precipitation
3. ____tepstdQC.csvï all possible outliers in daily
temperature with the dates on which those outliers occur
4. ____indcal.csvï QCâd data and will be used for the
indices calculation
Note:
The indices are computed from the QCâd data. If a user
modifies the original data file to correct some of the
problematic values, the Load Data and Run QC procedure
needs to be performed again before continue to the next
steps
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38. âą RClimDex computes 27 core climate indices
âą Parameters input:
â First and last year of base period for the threshold
calculation
â Station Latitude (South hemisphere (-))
â Daily precipitation threshold, P (in mm)
â Upper and Limit of Day High
â Upper and Limit of Day Low
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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41. âą Selection of indices
âą Outputs are stored as the excel and jpeg files
(folder)
âą Jpeg file format: trends computed by linear
least square (solid line) and locally weighted
linear regression (dashed line)
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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46. Accessing climate data from NOAA
data center
âą Go to http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
âą Select Data Access > Land Base station
âą Select Climate data Online (CDO)
âą Select Search Tool
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47. âą Fill the form and click âSEARCHâ
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48. âą Select âView Full detailâ
âą Select âsee station list
belowâ
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