... lecture handouts, summamry of cardiovascular system

1. COLLEGE OF NURSING – ARAULLO UNIVERSITY
Cabanatuan City
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY HANDOUTS
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2 divisions: Lymphatic
return the tissue fluid to the blood stream; filter the tissue fluid
no pump
thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
Blood circulatory system
The Heart
major structure in circulatory system
pump for the blood
located in the thoracic cavity within the “mediastinum”
enclosed by sac called pericardium:
parietal – fibrous
visceral or epicardium – attached closely to the cardiac muscle or myocardium
endocardium – the heart’s lining; an endothelial tissue continuous with the blood vessels lining
atrium – thin walled chamber, smallest
ventricle – thicker wall, with irregular surface called the papillary muscles
chordae tendinae – the structure that prevent the heart valves to turn inside out during ventricular contraction
Blood Circulation/Flow:
Superior / Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid or
Mitral
Right Ventricle LEFT
VENTRICLE
`Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary capillaries Pulmonary vein
- oxygenation of blood
Aorta Systemic circulation
Heart Sounds:
luv – due to the closure of the AV (atrio-ventricular) valves (tricuspid and mitral valves); 1st heart sound
duv – due to the closure of the semilunar valves (Pulmonary and aortic valves); 2nd heart sound
abnormal heart sounds / cardiac murmur – indicate the presence of a valvular pathology (valvular heart disease)
Blood/ Nerve Supply of the Heart:
coronary arteries:
circumflex
ascending aorta – left coronary artery & right coronary artery
blood flow only during relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
efferent fibers to the heart is coming from the cardiac center of the brain’s medulla
Vagus nerve – parasympathetic; slows the heart rate
Branches of sympathetic – increases the heart rate
Conduction system of the heart:
cause the rhythmic contraction of the heart, regular beating
starts from the SA (sinoatrial) node >>> AV (atrioventricular) node >>> Bundle of His (His-Purkinje fibers) >>> to the
right and left side of the ventricles (myocardium)
Cardiac Cycle:
Ventricular Systole – contraction of the heart, AV valves close (1st heart sound); blood flow out from the ventricle to
open the semilunar valves

2. Ventricular Diastole – relaxation; AV valves open and the ventricles will be filled with blood; blood in the pulmonary
artery flow back to the ventricle; semilunar valves close (2nd heart sound)
Electrical Changes during Cardiac Cycle:
Electrocardiogram (ECG/ or EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart as P-QRS-T waves
P wave – cause by atrial depolarization
QRS wave – due to ventricular depolarization/ contraction
T wave – vemtricular repolarization/ relaxation
U wave – not commonly recorded in ECG, due to atrial repolarization
Arterial Circulation:
carries blood from the heart to the capillaries
capillaries are the microscopic connections between arterioles and venules
veins – thin walled and will collapse when cut and severe
supplies blood to the different areas/ structures of the body
pulmonary circulation – for blood oxygenation; starts from the pulmonary artery to the capillary network around the
alveoli (gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide) to the pulmonary vein and brought the oxygenated blood to the
left atrium
systemic circulation – from the aorta gives the 3 main branches:
left common carotid
left subclavian a.
innominate or brachiocephalic – gives the right common carotid and
right subclavian a.
ligamentum arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) – blood flow from the pulmonary artery into the aorta and bypassing the
pulmonary circulation during the fetal life
DISEASES OF THE CVS
Diagnostics:
ECG/EKG, phonocardiogram, echocardiography, doppler, arteriography, cardiac catheterization, radionucleide
History and physical examination
Diseases:
Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis
thickening and hardening of the arteries caused by the deposition of the fatty substance on the walls of the arteries
Hypertension (HTN/HPN)
increase in the BP above 139 mmHg systolic BP and 89 mmHg diastolic BP
cause by the increase in the peripheral resistance
can be essential (i.e. no known cause)
can be secondary (cardiovascular, renal or endocrine pathology)
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
caused by the decrease in the blood supply to the heart
maybe due to a decrease blood flow or decrease supply due to either increased peripheral resistance or narrowing or
blockage of the coronary artery
Dysrythmias or Cardiac arrhythmia
irregular cardiac rhythm due to either pathology in the conduction system of the heart or contractility of the heart
Valvular Heart Disease (VHD)
problem on the either of the different valves (AV or semilunar valves), resulting to either narrowing or tightening of
the different valves
may cause stenosis (tight) or regurgitation (looses) of the valves
maybe caused by either an inborn defect or due to a connective tissue disease (i.e. Rheumatic Heart Disease/RHD)
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
an inborn defect on either of the different structures of the heart
maybe a defect on the septum or partition between the atrium (Atrial septal defect/ ASD) or between the ventricle
(Ventricular septal defect/ VSD); may also present as valvular pathology; conduction problem; or pathology on the
areas of the great blood vessels, the aorta or pulmonary vessels (i.e. Tetralogy of Fallot)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
the failing heart
maybe caused by either an increase in the peripheral resistance, contraction and/or arrhythmia,

3. Peripheral Arterial disease
Arterial aneurysm
Varicose veins
Blood Cell Diseases: Anemia; Polycythemia vera; Hemorrhagic diseases
RONALD S. MAGBITANG, M.D