Sustainable Development Goals

2. SUBSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
2016 to 2030
Billion to Trillion

3. FROM BILLIONS TO TRILLIONS:
MDB Contributions to Financing for Development
In 2015, the international community is due to agree on a new set of comprehensive and universal sustainable
development goals (SDGs) that bring together economic, social and environmental priorities. These goals are
ambitious, and they demand equal ambition in using the “billions” in ODA and in available development resources to
attract, leverage, and mobilize “trillions” in investments of all kinds: public and private, national and global, in both capital
and capacity. This will require making the best possible use of each dollar from every source, drawing in and increasing
available public resources as well as private sector finance and investment. In every country, regionally and at the global
level, we must work together to generate the resources needed to realize the transformative vision of the proposed
SDGs.
In April 2015, the African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (AsDB), European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), European Investment Bank (EIB), Inter- American Development Bank Group
(IDBG), and the World Bank Group (WBG), together known as the MDBs, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
presented a joint vision of what we can do, within our respective institutional mandates, to support and finance
achievement of the SDGs. We are now demonstrating what that vision means in practice as the MDBs and the IMF,
collectively and individually, are committed to build upon and scale up financial support, technical assistance and policy
advice to enhance the total contribution that we can make to global development.
IDEAS TO ACTION: Through collective and individual actions, initiatives and additional steps to enhance extensive
work already underway in our organizations, the MDBs and the IMF will help countries, partners, investors, and the
global community move from billions to trillions as we take up the challenge of achieving the SDGs

4. From Billions to Trillions: Transforming Development Finance
To meet the investment needs of the Sustainable Development Goals, the global community
needs to move the discussion from “Billions” in ODA to “Trillions” in investments of all
kinds: public and private, national and global, in both capital and capacity.
Globally, achieving the proposed SDGs will require the best possible use of each grant
dollar, beginning with some US$ 135 billion in ODA. Yet flows for development include
philanthropy, remittances, South-South flows and other official assistance, and foreign
direct investment—together these sources amount to nearly US$ 1 trillion that needs to be
used just as effectively.
The most substantial development spending happens at the national level in the form of
public resources, while the largest potential is from private sector business, finance and
investment. This is the trajectory from billions to trillions, which each country and the
global community must support together to finance and achieve the transformative vision of
the SDGs.
“Billions to trillions” is shorthand for the realization that achieving the SDGs will require
more than money. It needs a global change of mindsets, approaches and accountabilities to
reflect and transform the new reality of a developing world with highly varied country
contexts.

5. THE MDBS AND THE IMF ARE ENGINES OF FINANCING FOR DEVELOPMENT
As financial institutions, the MDBs and the IMF multiply the capital, subscriptions and contributions invested with us to
provide a range of financial support and products to our partner countries. On average, when our shareholders invest 1
dollar once, MDBs are able to commit 2-5 dollars in new financing every year.
During the 15-year effort to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), MDB support has grown from $50 billion
to $127 billion annually in grants, concessional and non-concessional loans, risk-sharing instruments, guarantees and
equity investment. As public institutions with a mandate to support development over the medium and long term, we
also play a critical countercyclical role. At the peak of the most recent global economic crisis, the MDBs and the IMF
were able to quickly ramp up our annual financial support by 30-50%.
Going forward, the MDBs are working to continue increasing the level of financing available to support our partner
country efforts to achieve the SDGs. During the first three years of the SDG period (2016 to 2018), the MDBs plan
financial support of over $400 billion. Beyond these three-year plans, we aim to continue to use capital and resources at
our disposal as efficiently as possible. We are also ready to put any additional resources allocated to us to multiply MDB
efforts even further.
Catalyzing, mobilizing and crowding in: Even more important than the direct financial assistance provided by MDBs is
how this assistance is used to catalyze, mobilize and crowd in both public and private sources of funds for development.
Through policy advice, technical assistance and capacity building, MDBs and the IMF support government efforts to
increase available resources and spend them effectively; through MDB policy support loans and IMF-supported
programs, the institutions help countries meet budgetary and balance of payments needs, supporting macroeconomic
stability and growth. This includes domestic public resource mobilization, deepening of local financial and capital
markets, and creating a conducive climate for private investment, both local and international. MDB investments and
IMF loans also directly catalyze private sector flows.
The multiplier effect of MDB financing on domestic public resource mobilization is significant but difficult to measure.
With respect to direct private sector investment, for every 1 dollar invested directly by MDBs in private sector operations,
some 2-5 dollars are mobilized in additional private investment. This adds an estimated $40 to $100 billion to
development flows every year.
.

7. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• GOAL 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture
• GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages
• GOAL 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning
• opportunities for all
• GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• GOAL 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• GOAL 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
• GOAL 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
• GOAL 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
• GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
• GOAL 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
• GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts*
• GOAL 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development
• GOAL 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use
of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• GOAL 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for
all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
• GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development

8. SDGs) bring together economic, social and environmental priorities
Economic, Social and Environmental priorities goals are ambitious. These goals demand equal ambition in using the
“billions” in ODA and in available development resources to attract, leverage, and mobilize “trillions” in investments of all
kinds: public, private, national and global.
What is Development?
Development means so much, both for the world and for the individual human being. Development is a life in peace.
Development is a life without poverty and without inequalities. Development is respect of human rights, and the belief in
governance and in good and strong institutions. So in this world today, there is no peace without development. There is no
development without peace, and none of the above without respect of human rights. So what we need to understand is that
we have to bring all factors together at the same time and realize that we have a common agenda across peace,
development, and human rights. And if we attach ourselves to that philosophy then we can make a difference. That's what
we have to do now, this period of 2015 to 2030.
What is Financing Development?
This story begins 15 years ago in 2000 when the eight millennium development goals, or MDGs, were adopted. Countries
and development institutions and NGOs increased the focus of their efforts on reaching the MDGs, and part of the
financing for development response was then that the world created a number of MDG specific funds for education, for the
environment, especially for health. Three of the MDGs relate to health.
The New Framework for Financing Development
• Eradicate poverty by 2030
• Create millions of jobs.
• Create the conditions for the private sector and the public sector to work hand-in-hand in finance development?

11. Sustainable agriculture
Overview
Persistently high levels of hunger and malnutrition – 795 million chronically hungry people in the world in
2014–2016 – and unsustainable human activity on the earth’s carrying capacity present a major challenge
for agriculture. To meet the growing food demand of the over nine billion people who will exist by 2050 and
the expected dietary changes, agriculture will need to produce 60 percent more food globally and 100
percent more in the developing countries. At the same time, roughly one-third of food produced – 1.3
billion tonnes per year – is lost or wasted globally throughout the supply chain, with enormous financial and
environmental costs.
A striking link exists between growth in agriculture and the eradication of hunger and poverty. Agriculture
broadly understood –crop and livestock production, fisheries, and forestry – provides income, jobs, food
and other goods and services for the majority of people now living in poverty. As a result, overall GDP
growth originating in agriculture is, on average, at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth
generated in non-agriculture sectors, and up to five times more effective than other sectors in resource-
poor low-income countries.
Key challenges
The current trajectory of growth in agricultural production is unsustainable because of its negative impacts
on natural resources and the environment. One-third of farm land is degraded, up to 75 percent of crop
genetic diversity
Overview
Persistently high levels of hunger and malnutrition – 795 million chronically hungry people in the world in
2014–2016 – and unsustainable human activity on the earth’s carrying capacity present a major challenge
for agriculture. To meet the growing food demand of the over nine billion people who will exist by 2050 and
the expected dietary changes, agriculture will need to produce 60 percent more food globally and 100
percent more in the developing countries. At the same time, roughly one-third of food produced – 1.3
billion tonnes per year – is lost or wasted globally throughout the supply chain, with enormous financial and
environmental costs.
A striking link exists between growth in agriculture and the eradication of hunger and poverty. Agriculture
broadly understood –crop and livestock production, fisheries, and forestry – provides income, jobs, food
and other goods and services for the majority of people now living in poverty. As a result, overall GDP
growth originating in agriculture is, on average, at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth
generated in non-agriculture sectors, and up to five times more effective than other sectors in resource-
poor low-income countries.
Key challenges
The current trajectory of growth in agricultural production is unsustainable because of its negative impacts
on natural resources and the environment. One-third of farm land is degraded, up to 75 percent of crop
genetic diversity

12. Production systems and the policies and institutions that underpin global food security are
increasingly inadequate.
■ Sustainable agriculture must nurture healthy ecosystems and support the sustainable
management of land, water and natural resources, while ensuring world food security.
■ To be sustainable, agriculture must meet the needs of present and future generations for its
products and services, while ensuring profitability, environmental health and social and
economic equity.
■ The global transition to sustainable food and agriculture will require major improvements in
the efficiency of resource use, in environmental protection and in systems resilience.
■ Sustainable agriculture requires a system of global governance that promotes food security
concerns in trade regimes and trade policies, and revisits agricultural policies to promote local
and regional agricultural markets.
Production systems and the policies and institutions that underpin global food security are
increasingly inadequate.
■ Sustainable agriculture must nurture healthy ecosystems and support the sustainable
management of land, water and natural resources, while ensuring world food security.
■ To be sustainable, agriculture must meet the needs of present and future generations for its
products and services, while ensuring profitability, environmental health and social and
economic equity.
■ The global transition to sustainable food and agriculture will require major improvements in
the efficiency of resource use, in environmental protection and in systems resilience.
■ Sustainable agriculture requires a system of global governance that promotes food security
concerns in trade regimes and trade policies, and revisits agricultural policies to promote local
and regional agricultural markets.
Sustainable agricultureSustainable agriculture

13. Innovative Finance for Development Solutions
What is Innovative Finance?
Innovative Finance can mean different things to different people. At the World Bank Group, we
include under this heading any financing approach that helps to:
• Generate additional development funds by tapping new funding
sources (that is, by looking beyond conventional mechanisms such as budget outlays from
established donors and bonds from traditional international financial institutions) or by engaging
new partners (such as emerging donors and actors in the private sector).
• Enhance the efficiency of financial flows, by reducing delivery time and/or costs, especially
for emergency needs and in crisis situations.
• Make financial flows more results-oriented, by explicitly linking
funding flows to measurable performance on the ground. Most Innovative Finance involves
combining available financial instruments into a new package or using them in a new context or
setting, such as a new sector, country, or region. In some cases, the driving force behind the
new financial mechanism is two-fold:
INNOVATIVE FINANCE For Development Solutions
INITIATIVES OF THE WORLD BANK GROUP

14. Linking funds to results
• Results-Based Financing
• Advance Market Commitments
Making funds more efficient
• Local-currency bonds
• Frontloading of development aid
• Index-based risk financing
• Partial Risk Guarantees
Generating additional funds
• Emerging donors
• Socially responsible investing
• Solidarity taxes
• Carbon finance
Roles of Innovative Finance Instruments:
Some Key Examples
INNOVATIVE FINANCE For Development Solutions
INITIATIVES OF THE WORLD BANK GROUP

15. The Role of Public Sector Financing in Development
Reducing Illicit Financial Flows
By: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
A study shows that up to $50 to 60 billion in enlisted financial flows, leave the continent. We followed it up in
Nigeria by commissioning a study with the help of the African development bank, that has just been completed,
to also look at our own particular situation in terms of . . . what is the size, what are the sources. And it shows that
to lose about a billion dollars a year in these illicit flows. What's the main source? Straight mis-pricing on their
invoicing and over invoicing. And therefore this is an area that we all need to do a critical amount of work.
There's also of course . . . this in means of tax evasion, exporting capital illegally and so on. But I want to
commend the work that is now being done under the auspices of OECD on base erosion and profit shifting.
Because that will certainly help us. One of the problems that developing countries have is the . . . what I'll call an
asymmetry of knowledge. Because large corporations and those who evade taxes have a lot of expertise, that
enables them to do these practices. Sometimes they just exploit gaps in the tax laws of the countries because
they have the expertise to do that. That's so, that's legal but it still shifts profits out of the... and erodes the tax
base in the country.
They have the legal flows, you know where, with a lot of clever help, the ways and means can be found . . . loop
holes to export capital and evade taxes. So I think we really need to do that. Then you have the stolen assets
out of countries. Where I think, much more progress needs to be made by receiving countries to help developing
countries get their monies back. The pace is still too slow. I think Nigeria has been one of those countries that
has been quite successful in getting money back over the past years. But it's taking 14 to 20 years to be able to
get resources back from countries that have held this in Europe, and in various other jurisdictions.
I think that for developing countries, when you have sources of finance of that magnitude lying outside, it would
behoove the international community to do so much more, to keep the sender's resources back or keep them
from escaping. Because, in many cases, they are more than equal to the aid received by many of these
countries.

16. Sources of Development Finance
A. Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization and Public Expenditures
• For most countries, DRM is the largest resource available to fund their national development
plans. A country’s ability to mobilize domestic resources and spend them effectively—at the national,
sub-national and municipal levels—lies at the crux of financing for development.
 Countries must lead in mobilizing and spending their domestic resources. Effective domestic
public policy helps increase equity (including gender) through poverty eradication, providing public
goods and services, and, at the national level, managing macroeconomic stability. It also reinforces a
country’s ownership of public policies, reduces aid dependency and can raise creditworthiness.
However, measures to improve DRM and public expenditures can vary across countries, and their
implementation may be beset by political economy constraints.
• Experience has shown that the combination of technical assistance and increased financing for
capacity building can play a vital role in strengthening DRM and increase public expenditure efficiency
and effectiveness. As countries commit to strengthening their efforts in these areas, it is important that
the MDBs and the IMF, in line with their differing expertise and experience, be in a position to support
them. Key engagement tools include policy lending and technical advice, institutional capacity building,
coordination and research.
Sources of Development Finance
A. Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization and Public Expenditures
• For most countries, DRM is the largest resource available to fund their national development
plans. A country’s ability to mobilize domestic resources and spend them effectively—at the national,
sub-national and municipal levels—lies at the crux of financing for development.
 Countries must lead in mobilizing and spending their domestic resources. Effective domestic
public policy helps increase equity (including gender) through poverty eradication, providing public
goods and services, and, at the national level, managing macroeconomic stability. It also reinforces a
country’s ownership of public policies, reduces aid dependency and can raise creditworthiness.
However, measures to improve DRM and public expenditures can vary across countries, and their
implementation may be beset by political economy constraints.
• Experience has shown that the combination of technical assistance and increased financing for
capacity building can play a vital role in strengthening DRM and increase public expenditure efficiency
and effectiveness. As countries commit to strengthening their efforts in these areas, it is important that
the MDBs and the IMF, in line with their differing expertise and experience, be in a position to support
them. Key engagement tools include policy lending and technical advice, institutional capacity building,
coordination and research.

17. Engaging and Incentivizing Private Finance
• The private sector will play a pivotal role in financing the post-2015 development agenda. As
recognized in the Monterrey Consensus, private investment underpins economic growth, know-how
and technology transfer, job creation, and productivity gains. Ultimately, functioning, self-sustaining
private sector markets that respond to economic demands are central to the sustainability of
development gains.
• The drivers of private finance are distinctly different from the motivations of domestic public
finance. Private sector firms seek investment opportunities based on risk-return considerations. To be
effective, public sector measures to encourage private investment need either to decrease perceived risk or
increase anticipated returns. Governments play a critical role in providing a conducive investment climate
through supportive governance structures, competition policy, hard and soft infrastructure and instruments
that foster healthy, commercially sustainable markets.
• At the same time, businesses realize that unmet societal needs, not just economic needs, define
markets. Consequently, business success occurs alongside societal progress. Risk-return
considerations increasingly take into account, for instance, the need to ensure sustainability throughout
supply chains, and the benefits of increasing the customer base to include unserved customers at the base of
the pyramid. More and more examples of business solutions to development challenges are
• The private sector will play a pivotal role in financing the post-2015 development agenda. As
recognized in the Monterrey Consensus, private investment underpins economic growth, know-how
and technology transfer, job creation, and productivity gains. Ultimately, functioning, self-sustaining
private sector markets that respond to economic demands are central to the sustainability of
development gains.
• The drivers of private finance are distinctly different from the motivations of domestic public
finance. Private sector firms seek investment opportunities based on risk-return considerations. To be
effective, public sector measures to encourage private investment need either to decrease perceived risk or
increase anticipated returns. Governments play a critical role in providing a conducive investment climate
through supportive governance structures, competition policy, hard and soft infrastructure and instruments
that foster healthy, commercially sustainable markets.
• At the same time, businesses realize that unmet societal needs, not just economic needs, define
markets. Consequently, business success occurs alongside societal progress. Risk-return
considerations increasingly take into account, for instance, the need to ensure sustainability throughout
supply chains, and the benefits of increasing the customer base to include unserved customers at the base of
the pyramid. More and more examples of business solutions to development challenges are

18. Financial leverage: The financial structure and financing capabilities of the MDBs and the
IMF enable them to leverage their capital to provide finance in many forms (from grants to
“blended” concessional finance to loans to guarantees to equity investment) and purposes. The non
concessional institutions/windows of the MDBs are funded efficiently by small amounts of paid in capital, in many
cases backed by callable capital. 3 Leveraging these amounts, the banking model of the MDBs mobilizes
substantial resources from the capital markets at interest rates reflecting their strong financial structure and high
ratings. In addition, grant and concessional funding from shareholders and other development partners supports
concessional financing for the poorest, fragile and conflict-affected states. The MDBs received inflows from their
shareholders of around US$ 38 billion in 2012.4 These flows allowed the MDBs to make public and private
disbursements of US$ 99 billion in developing countries in 2013, and to approve new commitments for US$ 173
billion.5
Private finance and investment: Private resources move in directions determined by risk-reward
considerations, which in turn are driven by public policies in both host and source countries. Shifting the
allocation of investable funds to better meet development needs is thus an issue of “getting policies right” –
whether at the national or international level. Much of the work of the MDBs engaged in policy-based lending, and
of the IMF in its country engagement, focuses on getting domestic policies right. In addition, MDBs are
innovators, intermediaries and co-investors, acting as honest brokers between public and private actors and able
to leverage and crowd in essential private finance and investment and to support the efforts of governments to
strengthen
investment climates. Several MDBs have specific mandates focused on private sector engagement, others have
private sector “windows” and work streams that demonstrate that private investments in developing economies
can be profitable, and that incentivize and build market solutions. MDB investment and financing attracts and
mobilizes private capital to invest alongside the MDBs
The MDBs and the IMF will work with clients and development partners to help translate
the SDGs into country level targets, policies and programs and to finance their implementation,
committing to: 1) Explore increasing available financial resources: Each of the MDBs can explore how to
make best use of its specific financial model and circumstances to increase available funds, including by
supplementing scarce concessional assistance to the Lower Middle Income Countries (LMICs) with additional
development financing at non-concessional terms. MDBs can explore new or different uses of their balance
sheets, such as leveraging the concessional windows in innovative ways; assessing whether any existing
financial capacity could be re-deployed; freeing up financial capacity by mitigating risks (including increasing
analysis of concentration risks and how they are managed); or adjusting or exchanging existing exposure to
increase “headroom” capacity for countries where lending is currently limited. In due course and in response to
client demand, additional capital would allow these institutions to do more.

21. Challenges. Many of the challenges developing countries face in boosting
revenues are long established.
These include: compliance problems in dealing with the hard-to-tax (not only small businesses but also,
for instance, professionals); reduced tariff revenues due to trade liberalization, including regional
integration; weak revenue administrations, low taxpayer morale and poor governance (corruption
indicators are strongly associated with low revenue); and shallow use of financial institutions, potentially
a valuable source of tax-relevant information.
20. Another set of challenges—far from new, but now more widely recognized—is posed by tax avoidance
activities of international corporations. These are the subject of the ambitious G20-OECD
Action Plan on ‘Base Erosion and Profit Shifting’ (BEPS), which is intended to bolster the international tax
system. These challenges are no less important for developing countries than for advanced economies:
the former are, if anything, more reliant on CIT revenue (Figure 4). Single tax cases can represent a
significant proportion of all tax revenue; and the evidence points to the importance of spillovers from tax
policy measures in other countries.13 It is critical that the avenues now being developed by the OECD
and others for the direct participation of developing countries in the BEPS process are fully exploited, and
that the shaping of the international tax system is sensitive to their particular circumstances and
capacities. Finally, even a successful outcome to the BEPS process, in terms of addressing some of the
most egregious forms of tax avoidance, may not address the deeper challenges to revenue collection
posed by international tax competition.
Challenges. Many of the challenges developing countries face in boosting
revenues are long established.
These include: compliance problems in dealing with the hard-to-tax (not only small businesses but also,
for instance, professionals); reduced tariff revenues due to trade liberalization, including regional
integration; weak revenue administrations, low taxpayer morale and poor governance (corruption
indicators are strongly associated with low revenue); and shallow use of financial institutions, potentially
a valuable source of tax-relevant information.
20. Another set of challenges—far from new, but now more widely recognized—is posed by tax avoidance
activities of international corporations. These are the subject of the ambitious G20-OECD
Action Plan on ‘Base Erosion and Profit Shifting’ (BEPS), which is intended to bolster the international tax
system. These challenges are no less important for developing countries than for advanced economies:
the former are, if anything, more reliant on CIT revenue (Figure 4). Single tax cases can represent a
significant proportion of all tax revenue; and the evidence points to the importance of spillovers from tax
policy measures in other countries.13 It is critical that the avenues now being developed by the OECD
and others for the direct participation of developing countries in the BEPS process are fully exploited, and
that the shaping of the international tax system is sensitive to their particular circumstances and
capacities. Finally, even a successful outcome to the BEPS process, in terms of addressing some of the
most egregious forms of tax avoidance, may not address the deeper challenges to revenue collection
posed by international tax competition.

22. The Way Ahead. Reform efforts should follow key principles, including a) using targeted
rather than across-the-board spending cuts, and b) for social spending, replacing generalized
transfers (e.g., price subsidies) with targeted income transfers, accompanied by improvements
in the core area of budget execution. This includes cash and treasury management to avoid
cash bottlenecks and lower funding costs. Other important areas include:
 Developing evidence-based public programs, policies and public sector performance metrics
(and investing in country data and national statistical systems);
 Enhancing public investment management capacity;
 Reducing and eliminating energy subsidies, and setting prices that internalize the
environmental harm of energy use;
 Strengthening independent oversight arrangements, including in the areas of citizen
participation, supreme audit institutions and parliaments;
 Strengthening public sector pay, performance and ethics;
 Developing nationwide fiscal responsibility laws that address inter alia frameworks for
sustainable sub-national borrowing (relevant to section 3 on subnational finance); and
 Improving gender targeting of public expenditures.
The Way Ahead. Reform efforts should follow key principles, including a) using targeted
rather than across-the-board spending cuts, and b) for social spending, replacing generalized
transfers (e.g., price subsidies) with targeted income transfers, accompanied by improvements
in the core area of budget execution. This includes cash and treasury management to avoid
cash bottlenecks and lower funding costs. Other important areas include:
 Developing evidence-based public programs, policies and public sector performance metrics
(and investing in country data and national statistical systems);
 Enhancing public investment management capacity;
 Reducing and eliminating energy subsidies, and setting prices that internalize the
environmental harm of energy use;
 Strengthening independent oversight arrangements, including in the areas of citizen
participation, supreme audit institutions and parliaments;
 Strengthening public sector pay, performance and ethics;
 Developing nationwide fiscal responsibility laws that address inter alia frameworks for
sustainable sub-national borrowing (relevant to section 3 on subnational finance); and
 Improving gender targeting of public expenditures.

23. Providing new and expanded channels to enhance private sector flows and expertise towards development
The private sector can be a source of significant financial flows and expertise that MDBs can
help channel towards development goals. MDBs also have a range of investment, advisory and
convening capabilities that make them a strong partner for leveraging the private sector. They are
increasing resources and efforts to promote development through private sector channels. Looking
ahead, there are a number of opportunities for MDBs to enhance their support:
 Building upon substantial MDB direct private sector investments - Direct private sector
investments in developing countries by MDBs have more than doubled over the last ten years, to
over US$ 30 billion in 2013 (not including syndications and other mobilization);
 MDBs strategy to expand their support for the private sector - The MDBs have or are putting in
place strategies to expand their focus on the private sector, and are in the process of strengthening
their capabilities both to provide investment climate advice and interventions (including technical
assistance at the client level), and to invest directly in the private sector;
 Enhancing MDBs capabilities and operating model for greater impact - The MDBs are changing
the way they do business and the structure of their operations in order to focus more on the private
sector and to enhance the integration of public and private approaches for greater development
impact; and
 Playing an honest public-private broker role at the country-level and on the global stage – MDBs
are well positioned to design public-private investment solutions.

29. CLIMATE CHANGE

30. INNOVATION
Power saving & Environment :Smart motor
New innovation, new design a new way to moveNew innovation, new design a new way to move
http://tridenttricar.com/

31. OECD DAC Definition of ODA at http://www.oecd.org/dac/OECD%20DAC%20HLM%20Communique.pdf
Sustanableddevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal
Post-2015 and SDGS nourishing people, nurturing the planet on pdf dated May 2015
www.coursea.com
www.aidflow.org
www.worldbank.org
DC2015-0002 April 2, 2015 DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (Joint Ministerial Committee of the
Boards of Governors of the Bank and the Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries)
From Billions to Trillions: MDB Contributions to Financing for Development July 2015
Coursea_Videos

32. THE ENDTHE END