II Konferencja Naukowa : Nauka o informacji (informacja naukowa) w okresie zmian, Warszawa, 15-16.04.2013 r. Instytut Informacji Naukowej i Studiów Bibliologicznych, Uniwersytet Warszawski
The 2nd Scientific Conference : Information Science in an Age of Change, April 15-16, 2013. Institute of Information and Book Studies, University of Warsaw
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Digitization for Access and Preservation: The Evolving Debate in the Cultural Heritage Community / Krystyna Matusiak
1. Digitization for Access and Preservation:
The Evolving Debate in the Cultural
Heritage Community
The 2nd Scientific Conference
Information Science in an Age of Change
Warsaw, April 15, 2013
Krystyna K. Matusiak, Ph.D.
Library & Information Science Program
Morgridge College of Education
University of Denver
krystyna.matusiak@du.edu
3. Conceptual Distinction
I. Digitization as a preservation strategy
Conversion of analog materials to create high quality digital
copies for preservation purposes
To capture the content of deteriorating analog materials
II. Digital preservation
New and increasingly important area of preservation
concerns
The inherent tension between the nature of digital information and
preservation
Digitization creates new resources that need to be preserved
Long-term maintenance to ensure that digital master files remain
accessible, authentic, and intact
Digitization and Preservation
3
4. • Interrelation of digitization and preservation
Two complementary and sometimes confused goals of
digitization
Access
Preservation
May exist within the same digitization initiative
• The benefits of access
Extending the reach of libraries
“Digitization is access – lots of it” (Smith, 1999)
Expanded access to primary sources
Search capabilities of digital text
The ability to bring together scattered research materials
Making available a new body of research materials
Access and Preservation
4
7. Film-Based Collections
Access and Preservation
Characters in Tibetan dance drama 'Milarepa' or 'devil dance' at Labrang Monastery, 1937
The Harrison Forman Collection. American Geographical Society Library, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries. http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/ref/collection/tibet/id/647
9. • Can digitization be considered a preservation strategy?
“Digitization is not preservation – at least not yet”
(Smith, 1999)
“Digitization is NOT preservation”
(Gertz, 2007)
• The preference for the well-established preservation
methods
Paper facsimiles
Microfilm
Photo and film duplication
The assisting role of digitization
Digitization as a Preservation Strategy?
The Early Approach
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“Digitization can provide a form of insurance for
preserving content, even though digital surrogates cannot
replace physical originals” (Lynch, 2006)
10. • The concerns of the preservation community
Digital media is not as durable as paper and other analog
materials
Uncertainty about long-term access and retrieval of digitized data
Integrity and authenticity of digital objects
Loss of data and data corruption
Stability of digital formats
Stability of digital storage
Technological obsolescence
Hardware and software to read and display data
Systems for access and retrieval of digital collections
Digitization as a Preservation Strategy?
The Early Approach
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11. The Endorsement of Digitization as a
Preservation Strategy
• The Association of Research Libraries endorses digitization as
a preservation reformatting strategy (2004)
Digital conversion as one of the viable preservation options
Each preservation approach has limitations and strengths
The concerns of the preservation community are
addressed by emphasizing
The progress in standardization of file formats
The development of digitization standards and best practices
The commitment of the cultural heritage institutions to digital
stewardship and the preservation of digital objects
A growing experience in refreshing and migration of digital data.
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12. Digitization as a Preservation Strategy:
Gaining Acceptance
• Digitization as means of preservation when other
preservation methods are not available
The Endangered Archive Programme (EAP) at the
British Library http://eap.bl.uk/
Established preservation methods such as microfilming or photo
duplication are not feasible
The lack of preservation methods in developing countries
Digitization projects undertaken primarily for preservation of
archival materials and manuscripts that are in danger of
destruction or physical deterioration
The EAP’s guidelines emphasize the quality of digital images and
standardized formats to facilitate long-term preservation of
digitized objects
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13. Digitization as a Preservation Strategy:
Gaining Acceptance
• Library of Congress (LC) lists digitization as a preservation method
for at-risk archival materials among other options
Digitization as a method for preservation of film and audio
recorded on unstable media (Marcum, 2007)
National Audio-Visual Conservation Center
Dedicated to the preservation of audiovisual heritage in USA
Incorporates a variety of preservation workflows, including digital
conversion
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14. Digitization as a Preservation Strategy:
The Shift in the Debate
• The shift from the emphasis on reformatting to the issues of
usefulness and quality of preserved items
Digitization for preservation defined as “activities that
result in the creation of digital products worthy of long-
term preservation ” (Conway, 2010)
• The dual nature of preservation
1. Slowing down the deterioration of archival materials
2. Restoring their usefulness as an information source
• Digitization as a preservation approach
Protects fragile and rare items
Captures and represents the content of deteriorating materials
Enhances the usefulness of digitized materials through aggregation,
item-level metadata, contextual information, and digital presentation
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17. II DIGITAL PRESERVATION
17
“Developing long-term strategies for preserving
digital resources presents challenges associated
with the uncertainties of technological change.
*….+
Technology advances, while sure to present
new challenges will also provide new solutions
for preserving digital content” (Arms, 2000).
19. Digital Curation
• A set of policies and techniques to ensure that digital
data are available and usable now and in the future
• Creating high quality digital objects of enduring value
Focus on managing digital objects from their creation
Enhancing the usefulness through valued-added
functions and preservation of digital objects
• Digital preservation represents an important aspect of
digital curation
19
Digital curation involves maintaining, preserving and
adding value to digital research data throughout its
lifecycle.
Digital Curation Centre (DCC): http://www.dcc.ac.uk/digital-
curation/what-digital-curation
20. 20
• Creating digital objects of enduring value
Supporting current intended use and likely future use
The use-neutral approach with the notion of digital masters
and derivatives for immediate access
Adhering to digitization standards and best practices
Use of open, non-proprietary formats
Authenticating digital objects in regard to
Origin
Digital format
Providing item-level descriptive metadata and contextual
information
Developing an institutional approach to digital preservation
Setting up a policy for data backup, refreshment, and
migration
Establishing an infrastructure for digital preservation
Recording preservation metadata
Practicing responsible custody of digitized materials
Digital preservation needs to be active, dynamic, and ongoing
Digital Curation in the Context of Digitization
21. Dimensions of Digital Preservation
• Technological
“A range of managed activities to support the long-term
maintenance of bit streams to make sure that digital objects
are usable” (Rieger, 2008).
• Key issues
Preserving the media on which digital files (bit-stream) are recorded
Preserving the means of interpreting, reading, and utilizing the bit-
stream
• Digital preservation strategies
Refreshing
Migration
Emulation
• Infrastructure
Institutional or shared repositories
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22. 22
A repository whose mission is to provide reliable, long-term
access to managed digital resources to its designated community,
now and in the future (RLG/OCLC, 2002)
Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model
Trusted Digital Repositories
23. Dimensions of Digital Preservation
• Contextual
“Digital preservation is about more than keeping the bits, those
streams of 1s and 0s that we use to represent information. It is
about maintaining the semantic meaning of the digital object and
its content, about maintaining its provenance and authenticity,
about retaining its ‘interrelatedness,’, and about securing
information about the context of its creation and use” (Ross,
2012).
• The lack of contextual information turns digital data into “a digital
cemetery”
Users have to be able to understand and interpret the bits to turn them into
useful information
• A new area of research
Users and contextual information in building digital preservation systems
(Chowdhury, 2010)
A Framework for Contextual Metadata Used in the Digital Preservation of
Cultural Objects (Beaudoin, 2012)
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24. Conclusion
• Digitization can be considered a viable preservation strategy if
Original materials are fragile, damaged, or recorded on unstable analog
media
There is no other preservation method available
• It should be part of a comprehensive approach to access and preservation
Conservation efforts need to be applied to maintain original items
High-quality digital representations of deteriorating materials
• A renewed attention to preservation efforts, especially in the
area of visual resources, audio, and video
• Digitization should be undertaken as part of a larger digital
curation framework
Focus on enhancing the research value of digitized materials
Practice active digital preservation
Address multiple dimensions of digital preservation
• New directions in research on digital preservation 24
25. Conclusion
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“To fail to embrace digitization for
preservation of collections, either locally or in
collaboration with others, is to risk
organizational obsolescence”
Conway, P. (2010). Preservation in the age of Google: Digitization, digital
preservation, and dilemmas. Library Quarterly, 80(1), 61-79.
26. 26
• Arms, C. R. (2000). Keeping memory alive: Practices for pressing
digital content at the National Digital Library Program of the Library
of Congress. RLG DIgiNews, 4 (3).
http://webdoc.gwdg.de/edoc/aw/rlgdn/preserv/diginews/diginews4-3.html
• Arthur, K. et al., for the Association of Research Libraries (2004).
Recognizing digitization as a preservation reformatting method.
Microform and Imaging Review , 33 (4).
• Beaudoin, J. E. (2012). A Framework for Contextual Metadata Used in
the Digital Preservation of Cultural Objects. D-Lib Magazine,
18(11/12), 3.
http://dlib.org/dlib/november12/beaudoin/11beaudoin1.print.html
• Chowdhury, G. (2010). From digital libraries to preservation research:
the importance of users and context. Journal of Documentation,
66(2), 207-223.
• Conway, P. (2007). The Relevance of Preservation in a Digital World.
NDCC.
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/6Reformatting/04Relevanc
eOfPreservation.php
• Conway, P. (2010). Preservation in the age of Google: Digitization,
digital preservation, and dilemmas. Library Quarterly, 80(1), 61-79.
References
27. 27
• Gertz, J. (2007). Preservation and Selection for Digitization. NDCC.
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/6Reformatting/06PreservationAn
dSelection.php
• Lynch, C. (2006). Mass Digitization: Implications for Information
Policy. http://www.lib.umich.edu/mdp/symposium/NCLIS-report.pdf
• Marcum, D. B. (2007). Digitizing for access and preservation:
Strategies of the Library of Congress. First Monday, 12(7), 1.
• Rieger, O. (2008). Preservation in the Age of Large-Scale Digitization:
A White Paper, CLIR Publication 141 (Washington, D.C.: Council on
Library and Information.
• RLG/OCLC (2002). Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and
Responsibilities.
https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/activities/trustedrep/re
positories.pdf
• Ross, S. (2012). Digital preservation, archival science and
methodological foundations for digital libraries. New Review Of
Information Networking, 17(1), 43-68.
• Smith, A. (1999). Why digitize? Council on Library and Information
Resources. www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html
References
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Dziękuję
Thank you
Contact:
Krystyna K. Matusiak, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Library & Information Science Program
Morgridge College of Education
University of Denver
e-mail: krystyna.matusiak@du.edu
Questions?