This document provides an overview of basic implant surgery procedures. It discusses preoperative planning and patient preparation, sterile surgical techniques, flap design options, bone preparation using drills and taps, implant placement, cover screw installation, post-operative care, and recent advances like computer-guided surgery. Successful implant placement requires thorough planning, training on the selected implant system, and meticulous sterile technique to ensure predictable, long-lasting results.
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Basic dental implant surgery/ cosmetic dentistry training
1. Basic implant surgery
Basic implant
surgery
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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3. INTRODUCTION
Successful implant surgery is largely dependent upon good
planning and meticulous technique.
The planning requires an appreciation of the restorative
requirements and visualization of the desired end result
of treatment.
The meticulous technique requires adequate surgical
training and experience of the selected implant system.
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4. The essential pre-requisites before proceeding to
implant surgery are:
The patient should be medically fit to undergo the
surgery. Placement of one or two implants is equivalent
to relatively minor oral surgery whereas placement of
five or six implants increases the magnitude significantly.
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8. INFORMED CONSENT
1. The patient should understand the procedure and be
warned of any complications.
2. They should have agreed the treatment plan, treatment
schedule, costings, and given their consent.
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9. The diagnostic set-up surgical stent and relevant
radiographs should be available.
The surgeon should have a clear idea of the number,
size and planned location of the implants. They should
be trained in the procedure and able to cope with any
unforeseen circumstances.
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10. GENERAL MEDICAL CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Age
2. Current medications
3. Metabolic disorders
4. Hematologic disorders
5. Cardiac and circulatory disorders
6. Osseous metabolic disorders
7. Pregnancy
8. Heart valve prosthesis or bacterial endocarditis
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11. INTRAORAL CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Unfavorable bone quality and quantity
2. Problematic occlusal and functional relationship
3. Pathologic conditions in alveolar bone
4. Radiation therapy in jaw region
5. Pathologic alteration of oral mucosa
6. Xerostomia
7. Poor oral hygiene
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13. ANAESTHESIA
Most implant surgery can be carried out under local
anaesthesia, although some patients will require
sedation or general anaesthesia.
For extremely anxious patients benzodiazepine 5-
20 mg 1 hour before operation.
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14. STERILE TECHNIQUE
Every effort should be
made to conduct implant
surgery under sterile
operating conditions.
Chlorhexidine 0.2% is
used as a pre-operative
mouthwash and skin
preparation circumorally
using broad spectrum
microbicide ex: betadine.
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21. Disposable plastic sleeve for motor and cord. Avoids
repeated autoclaving
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22. High speed hand piece to run at high torque with a speed
of 1500 to 2000 RPMs, and the slow speed hand piece at
high torque with speed of approximately 15 to 20 RPMs
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23. Drills used for bone preparation include: guide drill, 2 mm
twist drill, pilot drill, the 3 mm twist drill, and countersink
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24. Irrigation unit is used to deliver an even, steady flow of
sterile water to the surgical site at all times during high and
low speed preparation
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25. Surgical guide stent is placed in the area to project the
future position of the fixture
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26. FLAP DESIGN
There are many different flap designs for implant
surgery. practically in all situations a mid-crestal incision
can be employed.
Access and elevation of the flaps can usually be
improved by the additional use of vertical relieving
incisions
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37. Single tooth implant – periodontal surgery type
incision technique
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38. Single tooth implant – maxillofacial surgery type incision
technique
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39. Stage I Surgery is the procedure for installing implants
into bone. This procedure demands exacting, non-
traumatic preparation of the recipient site and a specific
insertion protocol. Variations in this procedure mainly
depends on the quality and quantity of bone and also on
the load demands on the final prosthesis
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40. Guide drill is the first drill used in the bone preparation
process. It is designed to penetrate the cortical layer of the
bone
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41. Initial penetration using surgical guide stent, is initiated
using high speed guide drill at 1500 RPM. Copious saline
irrigation used at all times
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42. 2 mm twist drill is used second in the sequence to prepare
the site to 2mm in diameter
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43. Site is progressively enlarged to 2mm with a 2mm twist drill
at 1500 RPM
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44. Pilot drill is used next. Inferior portion of the drill is to
engage the 2mm prepared site and superior portion begins
the enlargement of the site
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45. Final orientation and inclination of the implant is done by
using the pilot drill at high speed, high torque. It has an
2mm non-cutting edge and a 3mm cutting edge
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46. 3 mm twist drill is fourth drill in bone preparation. Its used to
prepare bone to its final destination
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47. Implant site is prepared to final length and width utilizing a
3mm twist drill operating at high speed
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48. Countersink is the final drill used in the high speed drilling
process. It is used to create a shelf in the prepared bony
site
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49. Crestal bone carefully prepared using countersink. Allows
superior aspect of implant to be placed crestally or sub-
crestally.
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50. Bone tap is the first in the series of slow speed bone
preparation. Made of titanium and used to thread the bone
prior to implant placement
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51. Receptor site is tapped utilizing a titanium tap operating at
15 to 20 RPMs along with copious irrigation
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52. Implants are composed of commercially pure titanium and
range in length from 7 to 20 mm and width of range 3.75
and 4.0 mm
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53. Fixture mount is connected to the implant
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54. Connection to handpiece is used to connect the fixture
mount to the handpiece
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55. Implant is connected to the handpiece, and inserted to the
pre-tapped site at 15 to 20 RPMs
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65. Stage II surgery
Uncovering of implants
may be after 3 to 4
months of healing in
mandible and 5 to 6
months in case of
maxillae
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86. Post-operative care
After implant surgery, patients should be warned to
expect:
1. Some swelling and possibly bruising
2. Some discomfort which can usually be controlled with
oral analgesics
3. Some transitory disturbance in sensation if surgery has
been close to a nerve.
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87. They should be advised:
1. In most circumstances, not to wear dentures over the
surgical area for at least 1 week (possibly 2 weeks) to
avoid loading the implants and the possibility of
disrupting the sutures
2. To use analgesics and ice packs to reduce swelling and
pain
3. To keep the area clean by using chlorhexidine
mouthwash 0.2% for 1 minute twice daily
4. Not to smoke.
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88. ANTIBIOTIC COVER
The original protocols recommended an antibiotic such
as amoxicillin 250 mg 8 hourly for 5 to 7 days, unless the
patient is allergic where a suitable alternative should be
prescribed.
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89. Recent advances :
Computer Guided Implant Surgery
Computer Guided Implant Surgery SIM/Plant is the
recent advance in implant treatment planning. It is an
interactive 3D computer imaging system that guides us
in implant surgery.
With SIM/Plant we can visualize the placement of
simulated implants and it gives us detailed knowledge of
the anatomy of the jaw in all three dimensions. It helps
us locate important internal structures and also helps us
measure bone quality directly from images.
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90. Wand's computer controlled local anesthetic injection
system:
• It doesn't feel like a syringe. We know that some patients
get more nervous than others at the mere site of a
needle and syringe.
• That's why this performs injection with a revolutionary
system called the Wand, a computer controlled local
anesthetic injection system.
• The microprocessor inside the Wand automatically
ensures a steady flow rate regardless of tissue density.
The flow of anesthetic into your tissue is the source of
discomfort for most injections-not the needle.
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91. Conclusion
Implant surgery is highly technique sensitive and
requires adequate training and an understanding of the
restorative requirements of the proposed treatment.
However, control of these factors can produce a highly
predictable, aesthetic and long-lasting result.
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92. References
1. Atlas of oral implantology – A.Norman Cranin
2. Contemporary implant dentistry – Carl.E.misch
3. Implants in clinical dentistry – Richard.M.Palmer
4. Color atlas of dental implantology – Hubertius
spiekermann
5. Implant prosthodontics – Stevens Friedrickson
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93. 6. Atlas of tooth and implant supported prosthodontics –
Lawrence.A.Weinberg
7. Principles and Practice of Implant Dentistry: Adam Weiss and
Charles M.Weiss
8. Richard palmer, paul palmer and peter Floyd. Basic implant
surgery. British dental journal 1999, vol 187, no 8, page 415.
9. Effect of surgical techniques on primary implant stability and
periimplant bone. J Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2007, 65, 2487.
10. A surgical guide for dental implant placement . J Prosthet
Dent 2006; 96; 129.
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94. Thank you
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