The Human Genome Project aimed to determine the complete human DNA sequence and identify all human genes. Started in 1984 and completed in 2003, it sequenced 95% of the human genome and identified over 22,000 protein-coding genes. DNA mapping techniques can help locate genes on chromosomes and are used to study disease genes, identify traits, solve crimes and legal disputes, and check organ compatibility.

1. Human Genome Project (HGP):
HGP is a scientific project with a goal to determine the whole nucleotide composition of human
DNA and identify the whole genes. The idea of sequencing the complete human DNA was
started in 1984 by the Goevrnment of USA but launched in 1990. It was declared complete in
2003. Although it was declared complete, it sequenced only the euchromatic region of DNA
(95% of the whole DNA), The heterochromatic region and telomere sequences were not yet
sequenced.
Map based sequencing or vector based sequencing was used to sequence the human DNA. The
vector primarily used is Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). the DNA was fragmented into
pieces, clone into vector, prepared DNA library and then sequenced.
Approximately 22,300 protein coding genes were identified. Most of the human DNA contained
repititive DNA. It predicted more than 1800 disease genes.The bioinformatic tools created to
sequence human DNA are used to sequence many other organisms. approximately 350
biotechnology based products are under clinical trials based on HGP.
DNA mapping:;
It is a technique to identify the genes on a chromosome and find the relative distance between the
genes and estimating the frequency of recombination and crossing over. The distance is
expressed in Morgan units or centiMorgans.
It can be used in identifying the genes responsible for diseases like cancer or even hereditary
diseases. It identifies the genes responsible for particular characteristics or traits. Used to identify
the suspectsthrough DNA evidence available at crime scene. Used to solve paternity or maternity
issues and family relatonships. Used to identify endangered species. Also used to check the
compatibility of organ during organ transplantation.
Solution
Human Genome Project (HGP):
HGP is a scientific project with a goal to determine the whole nucleotide composition of human
DNA and identify the whole genes. The idea of sequencing the complete human DNA was
started in 1984 by the Goevrnment of USA but launched in 1990. It was declared complete in
2003. Although it was declared complete, it sequenced only the euchromatic region of DNA
(95% of the whole DNA), The heterochromatic region and telomere sequences were not yet
sequenced.
Map based sequencing or vector based sequencing was used to sequence the human DNA. The
vector primarily used is Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). the DNA was fragmented into

2. pieces, clone into vector, prepared DNA library and then sequenced.
Approximately 22,300 protein coding genes were identified. Most of the human DNA contained
repititive DNA. It predicted more than 1800 disease genes.The bioinformatic tools created to
sequence human DNA are used to sequence many other organisms. approximately 350
biotechnology based products are under clinical trials based on HGP.
DNA mapping:;
It is a technique to identify the genes on a chromosome and find the relative distance between the
genes and estimating the frequency of recombination and crossing over. The distance is
expressed in Morgan units or centiMorgans.
It can be used in identifying the genes responsible for diseases like cancer or even hereditary
diseases. It identifies the genes responsible for particular characteristics or traits. Used to identify
the suspectsthrough DNA evidence available at crime scene. Used to solve paternity or maternity
issues and family relatonships. Used to identify endangered species. Also used to check the
compatibility of organ during organ transplantation.