1. CHAPTER 1
SANITARY APPLIANCES
Understand the design requirements for
sanitary appliance used in all types of
building.

2. Sanitary Appliances
Sanitary appliances are divided
into two main groups:
 “Waste” appliances
 “Soil” appliances

3. DESIGN REQUIREMENT
 A sanitary appliance should be designed so that its
fouling area is reduced to the minimum and should
have durable, easily cleaned and non-absorbent
surface.
 Before starting to design the floor plan of any
structure, the designer needs to know the following
information:-
a. Types of buildings :
i. Residential Building
ii. Public Building / Commercial / Office Building
b. Consumer

4. TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES
 Fitting used for cleansing and disposing of waste
product, most sanitary appliances fall into two
groups:-
i. Waste appliances ( bidets, wash basins, sinks,
showers / baths tubs , drinking fountains )
ii. Soil appliances ( water closet, urinal ).
 All sanitary appliances are made of non-absorbent,
non-corroding, smooth and easily cleaned material and
usually made from ceramic ware, vitreous enameled
cast iron, vitreous enameled pressed steel, stainless
steel or plastics (thermosetting and thermoplastic).

5. WATER CLOSET
 This is the most common type of plumbing appliance
and also known as a toilet.
 Water closet are usually subdivided according to
where they are mounted (floor mounted and wall
mounted ) and how they are flushed (tank type and
flush valve type ).
 The most widely used pattern is the “wash-down”, in
which the contents of the pan are removed by gravity
water flush.

6. WATER CLOSET
 The pan shape has been developed from the earlier
long and short hopper types, to provide the minimum
of fouling area. They are designed to maintain a 50
mm minimum water seal.
 The outlet may be obtained left or right hand and also
‘P’ or ‘S’ as shown; it may be flushed from a high or
low level flushing cistern.
 The high-level cistern provides a more effective flush
compare to low level cistern.

7. WATER CLOSET


8. WATER CLOSET

9. FLUSHING CISTERN
Function :
Used to flush away the contents of
soil fitting to the drain.
Specification:
Fixed 2m and 0.6 m above floor level.
Capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters (popular : 9 liter)

10. PISTON FLUSHING CISTERN
The piston type flushing cistern,
operates as follows:
•When the lever is depressed
sharply, the piston is lifted, which
displaces water over the siphon.
•Water discharging down the flush
pipe takes some air with it and creates
a partial vacuum in the siphon.
•The greater air pressure acting
upon the water in the cistern forces
water through the siphon until air is
admitted under the piston, which
breaks the siphon action.

11. AUTOMATIC FLUSHING
CISTERN
Automatic flushing cistern designed
to discharge its contents of water at regular
intervals into a urinal.
The rate at which the water will flush
depends upon the rate at which the water is
fed into the cistern and for a single
installation this should not exceed ten liters
per hour .
These flush water automatically
once in 10 – 15 minutes.
To prevent wastage of water from
these cistern, at times when the cistern is
not used such as at weekends, an
Automatic Flow Cut Off Device should be
fitted.

12. Bell-Type Flushing
Cistern
• The bell-type flushing cistern is
rather noisy but may be used in
factories and schools.
• The cistern is operated by the
chain being pulled down which
also lifts the bell.
• When the chain is released the
bell falls thus displacing water
under the bell down the stand
pipe.
• Siphonic action is then created
which empties the cistern.

13. URINAL
 They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid human
wastes only.
 The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and bowl
type.
 The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does not
provide the same degree of privacy.
 The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which have less
fouling area then the slab and stall urinals.

14. SLAB URINAL STALL URINAL

15. BOWL URINAL

16. BIDET
 A sanitary appliance primarily
designed to wash the excretory
organs and may also be used as
footbath.
 The hot and cold water supplies are
13 mm internal diameter and hot
water may be supplied to the rim.
 Bidets which are fitted to main
supply must be of a design which is
not equipped with a submersible
ascending spray, but must be of the
over-rim type, i.e. pillar taps.

18. WASH BASIN
Many wash basin designs are
available, ranging from surgeon’s basin to
small hand basin.
They can be obtained to fit into a corner of
the room and may be supported on
brackets, a pedestal or by a ‘built in’ corbel.

19. SINK
 Sinks of all types are in wide use in a multitude of
different applications.
 Such as Surgeon’s scrub sinks, service sinks,
lavatories sinks, bar sinks, kitchen sink are just a few
of the more common ones used in plumbing
systems.
 Sinks can be made of porcelain, stainless steel,
plastic, fiberglass or any other nonporous material.
 Sinks can be wall mounted, floor mounted, set into
countertop or free standing with legs.

20. SINKS

21. BATHTUBS
 A sanitary appliance in which the human body can be immersed and
cleansed.
 Bath tubs are available in enameled cast iron, pressed steel or in
various types of plastics and acrylics.
 Bath tub should be fixed as low as possible to assist getting in and
out. The standard length of a rectangular bath tub is 1.7 m.
 The water supply may be pillar tabs or by a special fitting
incorporating a diverter and a shower.
 For domestic installations, the taps and supply pipes are 19 mm
internal diameter, but for institutions these are sometimes enlarge to
25 mm, to increase the speed of filling.

22. BATHTUBS

23. SHOWER
 A shower is a device for washing, typically
consisting of an enclosed area and an overhead
nozzle.
To use a shower a human stands in the
enclosed area while the nozzle sprays water down
on the body.
Showers are primarily used for hygiene and
washing purposes and are often installed in
bathrooms.

24. SHOWER TRAY
 A preformed tray that creates a hob in the
shower recess area.
 Size of shower tray :-
i. 915 mm x 915 mm x 178 mm
ii. 760 mm x 760 mm x 178 mm
iii. 610 mm x 610 mm x 178 mm

25. MATERIALS
 The materials from which appliances are
manufactured are depend upon the type
of fitment and the use of building into
which it is to be installed.
 In
general terms the material must be
non – corroding, non-absorbent and
easily cleaned.

26. MATERIALS
Materials Description
Ceramics Popular material for such appliances as WCs, wash basins, urinals, sinks, and
shower trays. The term ceramic means a substance made by firing clay. The
strength and degree of impermeability of the materials depends upon the
composition of the clay mixture and temperature at which they are fired.
Glaze earthenware This produces appliances of good colour, lends itself well to formation of
complicated shapes and relatively cheap. It is used mainly for sinks and W.C .
pans
Glazed fireclay This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard wear.
Fireclay appliances such as urinals, sinks and W.C. pans are often used in
schools and factories.
Glazed stoneware This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard wear, but,
unlike earthenware and fireclay, the material is non-absorbent even when it is
unglazed. It is mainly used for channels, sinks and urinal stalls.
Vitreous China This lends itself to fine detail and good finish, but is not as strong as fireclay and
is therefore unsuitable for buildings where hard wear is expected, such as
schools and factories. It is, however used extensively in houses and hotels. The
material does not absorb water even when the glaze is broken, can be used to
manufacture almost all types of appliances, in various colours.

27. MATERIALS
Materials Description
Acrylic plastic This is produced in many colours, it is light in weight and
(Perspex)
relatively cheap. It takes a hard gloss finish and has an
excellent appearance. Hot water however, tends to soften the
material and baths made from it must be supported with metal
cradles.
Glass-Reinforced This material is more expensive than acrylic plastic , but is
Polyster
much stronger. A good gel coat finish is essential to protect the
reinforcing fibres and various colours may be obtained.