This document describes the design and implementation of an infrared remote controlled AC fan regulator. The regulator uses various electronic components like an IR sensor, monostable multi vibrator, decade counter, transformer, comparator, opto-isolator and TRIAC. It allows users to control an AC fan using any infrared remote control. When a button on the remote is pressed, it transmits an infrared light signal that is received by the IR sensor. The fan speed then increases smoothly through 10 different speed levels. The circuit was simulated and experimentally tested, and worked satisfactorily to remotely control the fan speed.
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Figure-1: System block diagram
2. Description of Circuit Components
This project is circuit based project. For this reason the
project has a big circuit diagram [4]. This circuit diagram
contains some circuit components these are Transformer,
Diode, Capacitor, Resistor, Transistor, LED, Zener diode, IC,
TRIAC, ICs etc. Which are described below.
2.1. Resistor
A resistor isan electrical component that limits or regulates
the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.
Resistorscan alsobe used toprovide a specificvoltageforan
active device suchasa transistor. Resistorscan be fabricated
in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic
devicesand systemsisthe carbon-composition resistor.Fine
granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and
hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of
carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance
[5].
Figure-2: Resistor
If some potential difference isapplied between the endsof a
rod copper and a rod ofwood, verydifferentcurrentsresult.
The characteristics of the conductor that inters here is its
resistance we define the resistance of a conductor (often
called a resistor) between twopointsbyapplyinga potential
difference V between those points, measuring the current I
and dividing. In mathematically it is expressed as,
R=V/I, Where R= Resistance of the conductor. If V is in volts
and I is in amperes, the resistance R will be in ohms,
according to the German physicist ohm (1787-1854).A
conductor said to have a resistance of one ohm if it permits
one ampere current to flow through it when a voltage of one
volt is impressed across its terminal .in mathematically it is
expressed as
1 ohm=1 volt/ 1 ampere
For insulatorswhose resistance are veryhigh a much bigger
unitisused i.e. kilo-ohmor mega ohmare used .On the other
hand, in the case of very small resistance, smaller units like
mili-ohmor micro-ohmare used. Itisdenoted by.Depending
on the physical properties of the material each conductor
will have a differentresistance fromwhichitisitslengthand
cross-sectional area and other factors. The resistance of
conductor isdirectlyproportional toitslengthand inversely
proportional to its cross sectional area, it depends on the
nature of the conductor and depends on the temperature of
the conductor. Mathematicallywe can write R= ρl/A. Where
R is the resistance of the conductor, l is the length of the
conductor;Ais the cross-sectional area ofthe conductorand
is the specific resistance of the conductor is also known as
receptivity. When l=1meter and cross-sectional area A=1
meter2, then we can write from the above equation R= p
Therefore, specificresistance ofa conductor isdefinedasthe
resistance between the opposite faces of ammeter cube of
that conductor. The unit of specific resistance is ohm meter
(Ω-m) [5] [6].
2.1.1. Types of Resistor
The first major categories into which the different types of
resistor can be fitted is into whether they are fixed or
variable. These differentresistor typesare used for different
applications:
Fixed resistors: Fixed resistors are by far the most widely
used type of resistor. Theyare used in electronics circuits to
set the right conditions in a circuit. Their values are
determined during the design phase of the circuit, and they
should never need to be changed to "adjust" the circuit.
There are manydifferenttypesofresistor whichcan beused
in different circumstances and these different types of
resistor are described in further detail below.
Variable resistors: These resistors consist of a fixed
resistor element and a slider which taps onto the main
resistor element. This gives three connections to the
component: two connected to the fixed element, and the
third is the slider. In this way the component acts as a
variable potential divider ifall three connectionsare used.It
is possible to connect to the slider and one end to provide a
resistor with variable resistance [7].
Figure-3: Symbol of fixed resistor & variable Resistor
2.1.2. Methods of Making Resistors
There are two main methods that are used to make
resistors.
The mostcommon isto just have a bunch ofwire wound
up inside that little cylinder.
Known as wire- resistors, they wound depend on the
fact that a certain length of a certain piece of wire will
have a certain resistance.
These resistors tend to be very reliable (with low
tolerances), butcost more because ofthe price ofmetals
used in them and the machineryneeded to carefully cut
and wind the wire.
The other type of resistor is made of a piece of carbon.
Known as a composition resistor, they depend on the
size of the piece of carbon, and the fact that carbon is a
metalloid (has some metal-like properties) that does
conduct electricity.
Because theyare made fromcheap carbon, composition
resistors can cost much less than similar wire-wound
resistors. The drawback is that
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The carbon can be cracked while making them, or
become cracked in use. They have higher tolerances
because of the uncertainty in cutting the carbon.
In some cases it is necessary to have a circuit with
resistors that you can adjust.
These resistorsare known aspotentiometersorvariable
resistors.
Often they are just a modified version of a wire-wound
resistor, although newer versions use advanced
electronics instead.
You’ve used one ifyou’ve ever used a dimmer switchfor
lights in a room, or played with an electric race car set.
Mostvariable resistorsare designed sothat by turninga
dial or sliding a switch, you change the amount of
conducting material the current has to go through.
The more conducting material the current has to go
through, the higher the resistance… less material and
the resistance is less.
Figure-4: Practical Resistor use in circuits.
2.1.3 Measurement of Resistance
Each color corresponds to a certain digit, progressing from
darker to lighter colors, as shown in the chart below.
Table-1: Color code calculated table.
A. Theory for series circuit:
Where some havingthe resistance R1, R2, R3, respectivelyare
joined end to the end as shown in fig. they are said to be
connected in series [7]. It can be proved that the equivalent
resistance or total resistance between points A and D is
equal tothe sumof their individual resistance. Beinga series
circuit it should be remembered that 1. Current is the same
through all the three conductor 2.But voltage drop across
each is different due to the different resistance and is given
by ohm’s law 3. Sum of the three voltage drop is equal to the
applied voltage across the three conductors
Figure-5: Simple Circuit for Ohm’s law
Figure-6: Several resistors in series connection.
B. Theory for parallel circuit:
The parallel circuitissaid tobe parallel ifthe one terminalof
the resistor are joined in a common pointand other isjoined
in other common point as shown in fig. Three resistances as
joined in fig are said to connect in parallel. In case 1.
Potential difference across all resistances is the same .2.
Current in each resistor is different and is given by ohm’s
law .3. The total current is the sum of the three separate
current. Here equivalent resistance is
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Figure-7: Several resistors in parallel connection.
The parallel equivalent resistance can be represented in
equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry) as a
simplified notation. Occasionally two slashes "//" are used
instead of "||", in case the keyboard or font lacks the vertical
line symbol [8]. For the case of two resistors in parallel, this
can be calculated using:
As a special case, the resistance of N resistors connected in
parallel, each of the same resistance R, is given by R/N .
2.2. Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive
two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in
an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one
common construction consists of metal foils separated by a
thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as
partsofelectrical circuitsin manycommon electricaldevices
[9].
Figure-8: Some typical capacitor
Figure-9: Solid-body, resin-dipped 10 μF 35 V
tantalum capacitors. The + sign indicates the positive
lead.
The property of a capacitor to “store electricity” may be
called its capacitance. The capacitance of a capacitor is
defined as “the amount of charge required creating a unit
p.d. between itsplates. Suppose we give Qcoulombofcharge
to one of the two plates of capacitor and if p.d. of V volts is
established the two, then its capacitance is
C = Q/V = charge/potential difference
Hence, capacitance is the charge required per unit potential
difference. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad (F).
1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt
One farad isactuallytoolarge for practical purposes. Hence,
much smaller units like
1 µF = 10-6 F, 1 nF = 10-9 F, 1 µµF or pF = 10-12 F.
2.2.1. Capacitance in series connection
Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the
separation distance, not the plate area, adds up. The
capacitorseachstore instantaneouscharge build-upequalto
that of every other capacitor in the series. The total voltage
difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor
according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series
acts as a capacitor smaller than any of its components.
Figure-10: Several capacitors in series
Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher
working voltage, for example for smoothing a high voltage
power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate
separation, add up, if capacitance and leakage currents for
each capacitor are identical. In such an application, on
occasion series strings are connected in parallel, forming a
matrix [10]. The goal is to maximize the energy storage of
the network without overloading any capacitor. For high-
energy storage with capacitors in series, some safety
considerations must be applied to ensure one capacitor
failingand leakingcurrentwill notapplytoomuch voltageto
the other series capacitors.
2.2.2. Capacitance in parallel connection
Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same
applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Charge is
apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic
diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each
capacitor contributes to the total surface area [11].
Figure-11: Several capacitors in parallel.
2.2.3. Types of Capacitor
Fixed capacitors are divided into the following groups:
Fixed Capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitor and
Variable Capacitor
(a) (b) (c)
Figure-12: Symbol of (a) Fixed Capacitor, (b)
Electrolytic Capacitor and (c) Variable Capacitor.
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Figure-12 shows the schematic symbols for both fixed and
variable capacitors. The fixed capacitor is used to store
electric charge, block dc and pass ac. The electrolytic
capacitor has large capacitance. The symbol for an
electrolytic capacitor indicates that polarity must be
observed when connecting it into a circuit for fixed values
only. I use fixed and electrolytic capacitors in this project
[12].
2.2.4. Dielectric materials
Figure-13: Capacitor materials (From left): multilayer
ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer polyester film,
tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metalized polyester
film, aluminum electrolytic. Major scale divisions are
in centimeters.
2.2.5. Theory of operation
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-
conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the
dielectric. In simpler terms,the dielectricisjust an electrical
insulator. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper,
vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region
chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is
assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net
electric charge and no influence from any external electric
field [13]. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite
charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops
an electricfield. In SIunits,a capacitance ofone farad means
that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a
voltage of one volt across the device.
Figure-14: Charge separation in a parallel-plate
capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric
(orange) reduces the field and increases the
capacitance.
The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric
fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly
characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the
ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V
between them,
Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor
mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case,
capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes,
2.2.6. Energy of electric field
Work must be done by an external influence to "move"
charge between the conductors in a capacitor. When the
external influence isremoved, the charge separationpersists
in the electric field and energy isstored to be released when
the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium position
[14]. The work done in establishing the electric field, and
hence the amount of energy stored is,
Here Q is the charge stored in the capacitor, V is the voltage
acrossthe capacitor, and C isthe capacitance. In the case ofa
fluctuatingvoltage V(t), the stored energyalsofluctuatesand
hence power must flow into or out of the capacitor. This
power can be found by taking the time derivative of the
stored energy,
2.2.7. Current - voltage relation
The currentI(t) throughanycomponentin an electriccircuit
isdefined asthe rate offlow ofa charge Q(t) passingthrough
it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the
dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, an electron
accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves
the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and
consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal
and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the
other [15]. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the
integral of the current aswell asproportional to the voltage,
as discussed above. As with anyantderivative, a constant of
integration is added to represent the initial voltage V (t0).
This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:
Taking the derivative of this and multiplying by C yields the
derivative form:
The dual ofthe capacitor isthe inductor, whichstoresenergy
in a magnetic field rather than an electric field. Its current-
voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and
voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing C with the
inductance L. Followingimportantfacts can bededucedfrom
the above relations:
dv=(i/C)dt Integrating the above equation, we get, dv =
(1/C)i.dt or v = (1/C) i dt.
2.3. P-N Junction Diode
A diode is an electronic component which allows current to
flow throughitone direction butnotthe other. Adiode main
function is to change an ac voltage into a dc voltage. There
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are different types of diode. The most frequently diodes are
1) Semiconductor diode 2) Zener diode. Both diodes are
used in this project [16].
Anode Cathode
Figure-15: PN-Junction Diode
Figure-16: Symbol of Zener diode
2.3.1. Diode Symbol
Itshould be noted that the arrow in the semiconductordiode
symbol points in the same direction as the conventional
currentflow in the forward biascondition. Fig-17 showsthe
symbol of the semiconductor diode [17].
Figure-17: Symbol of Diode
2.3.2. Diode Fabrication
The P-N junction may be produced by any one of the
following methods:-
1. Grown junction 2. Alloy junction 3. Diffused junction 4.
Epitaxial growth 5. Point contact junction.
2.3.3. Characteristics of Semiconductor Diode (V/I
Characteristic):
The staticvoltage-currentcharacteristicfor a low powerP-N
junction diode is shown in Fig: 18
Figure-18: Forward & Reverse Characteristics of diode
2.4. BC548 Transistor
The BC548 transistor is a semiconductor that works to
switch electronic signals, and in some cases amplify them.
Transistors are one of the most important circuit board
components, and replaced vacuum tubes in the mid-20th
century, allowingfor the true miniaturization ofelectronics.
To the untrained eye, a circuit board simply looks like a
green piece of plastic with innumerable small electronic
chips,wiresand other parts.In realityeachcomponentplays
a vital role in making a circuit, and electronic devices as a
whole, work. BC548 transistors are mainly used in Europe.
Theyare fairlycommon there, used typicallyin lower power
household electronics such as notebook processors and
plasma televisions.In the United Statesand Canada,asimilar
transistor isnamed 2N3904 [18]. Japan'snear-equivalent is
the 2SC1815. The BC548 can be replaced with similar BC
transistors without the danger of burning out or failing.
Figure-19: BC548 transistor
2.5. Light - Emitting Diode
Alight-emitting diode (LED) isa semiconductor lightsource.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical
electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-
intensityred light, but modern versionsare available across
the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness.
Figure-20: A light-emitting diode and its symbol
2.6. Transformer
A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of
which electric power in one circuit is transformed into
electric power in the same frequency in another circuit. It
can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a
correspondingdecrease or increase in current. The physical
basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two
circuits linked by common magnetic fluxes. One of the main
applications of transformer is to step up or step down an ac
voltage. Transformer cannot step up or step down a dc
voltage [19]. Fig (20) shows the schematic symbol for
transformer. In brief, a transformer is a device transfer’s
electric power from one circuit to another.
Figure-21: Schematic symbol for transformer
Figure-22: Basic Transformer construction
P
N
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In transformer the primary and secondary voltage and
current are related by the equation,
V1/V2=I2/I1=N1/N2=K ………………….. (1)
Where, V1= primary voltage
V2= secondary voltage, I1= primary current, I2= secondary
current, N1= number of turns in primary winding, N2=
number of turns in secondary winding.
2.6.1. Theory of an Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is one that has no winding resistance,
No leakage flux i.e. the same flux linksboth the windings, No
iron lossesi.e. eddycurrentand hysteresislossesin thecore,
Consider an ideal transformer on no load i.e. secondary is
open circuited as shown in Fig-21 .Under such conditions;
the primary is simply a coil of pure inductance. When an
alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, it draws a
small magnetizing current I which lags behind the applied
voltage by 90°.This alternating current I produces an
alternating flux φwhich is proportional to and a phase with
it. The alternatingflux φlinksboththe windingsandinduces
e.m.f. E1 in the primary and e.m.f. E2 in the secondary. The
primary e.m.f.E1 at every instant, equal to and in opposite
V1.Both e.m.f. E1 and E2 lag behind flux φ by
90°.Hoewer,their magnitudes depend open the number of
primary and secondary turns [20].
2.6.2. Types of Transformer:
According to voltage, there are two types of transformer a)
step up transformer b) step down transformer
From equation (1), we get a constant K. This constant K is
known as voltage transformation ratio.
A. If N1>N2 i.e. K>1, then transformer is called step-down
transformer.
B. If N2<N1 i.e. K<1, then transformer is called step-up
transformer.
In this project, step down transformers is used.
2.7. Integrated Circuit
An IC is a complete electronics circuit in which both the
active and passive components are fabricated on an
extremely tiny single chip of silicon.
2.7.1. IC Component
Active component: Active components are those which
have the ability to produce gain. Examples are: Transistor,
FET’s
Passive component: Passive components or devices are
those which do not have this Ability. Examples are resistor,
capacitor, and inductors.
2.7.2. Scale of integration
A. SSI(Small scaleintrogression): The numberofcircuits
contained in one IC package is less than 30(or number of
components is less than 50) [21].
B. MSI (medium scale integration): Number of circuits
per package isbetween30 and 100(or number ofcomponent
is 50 and 500) [21].
C. LSI (large scale integration): Circuit density is
between 100 and 100,000(or componentdensity is500 and
300,000).
D. VLSI (very large scale integration): VLSI is a major
electronics system constructed on a silicon containing
circuits in excess of 100,000 [21].
2.8. Voltage Regulator IC
The 7809 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit(IC) which
iswidelyused in electroniccircuits.Voltage regulator circuit
can be manuallybuiltusingpartsavailable in the marketbut
it will take a lot of time to assemble those parts on a PCB.
Secondly, the cost of those parts is almost equal to the price
of 7809 itself so professionals usually prefer to use 7809 IC
instead of making a voltage regulator circuit from scratch
[22]. Before start using7809, it will need to know about the
pin structure of IC 7809. Apparently, it looks like a
transistor. It has three pins. For a better understanding. An
image of 7809 is shown in the Figure- 22.
Figure-23: A 7809 IC
2.9. The 555 Timer IC
The 555 timer ICwasintroduced in the year 1970 bysignetic
corporation and gave the name SE/NE 555 timer [23]. It is
basically a monolithic timing circuit that produces accurate
and highly stable time delays or oscillation.
The 555 Timer IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin
mini DIP (dual-in-package) or a 14-pin DIP. The pin
configuration is shown in the figure - 24 and the block
diagram is shown in the figure – 25.
Figure-24: Pin Configuration of a 555 Timer
Figure-25: Block Diagram of a 555 Timer
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This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors.
The block diagram of a 555 timer is shown in the above
figure. A555 timer hastwocomparators,whichare basically
2 op-amps), an R-S flip-flop, two transistors and a resistive
network. Resistive network consistsofthree equal resistors
and acts as a voltage divider. Comparator 1 compares
threshold voltage with a reference voltage + 2/3VCC volts.
Comparator 2 comparesthe trigger voltage witha reference
voltage + 1/3 VCC volts.
2.10. The CD4017 IC
Let us now introduce you a new IC named IC 4017. It is a
CMOS decade counter cum decoder circuit which can work
out of the box for most of our low range counting
applications.Itcan countfromzerototen and itsoutputsare
decoded. Thissavesa lotofboard space and time requiredto
build our circuits when our application demands using a
counter followed by a decoder IC. This IC also simplifies the
design and makes debugging easy [23].
Figure-26: Pin Configuration of a CD4017 Timer
2.11. IR receiver (TSOP1738)
The Infrared signalsare widelyused in wide range ofremote
control applications so it is worthy to know about the
transmission and receiving the IR signals [12]. Here the
above circuit was a simple Infrared receiver circuit
constructed usingIC555 and TSOP1738.The TSOP1738was
nothingbuta simple IRdetector used widelyand here itwas
used for the same detectingpurpose and then the signal was
fed into the IC 555 which was wired as monostable
multivibrator. Let’s move in to the working of the above
circuit.
Figure-27: IR receiver (TSOP1738)
2.12. Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or
photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated
switching circuits [23].
Figure-28: Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
2.13. BT 136 TRIAC
TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a generic
trademark for a three terminal electronic component that
conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its
formal name is bidirectional triode thermistor or bilateral
triode thermistor [13]. A thermistor is analogous to a relay
in thata small voltage and currentcan control a muchlarger
voltage and current. The illustration on the right shows the
circuit symbol for a TRIACwhere A1 is Anode 1, A2 isAnode
2, and G is Gate. Anode 1 and Anode 2 are normally termed
Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2)
respectively.
Figure-29: BT 136 TRIAC
3. Circuit Design and Operation
Figure-30: Block diagram of Remote Controlled Fan
Regulator
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Figure-31: Circuit diagram of Remote Controlled Fan Regulator
3.1. Circuit Operation
Using this circuit, you can change the speed of the fan from
your couch or bed. Infrared receiver module TSOP1738 is
used to receive the infrared signal transmitted by remote
control. The circuit is powered by regulated 9V. The AC
mains are stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a
secondary output of 12V-0-12V. The transformer output is
rectified byfull-wave rectifier comprisingdiodesD1 andD2,
filtered by capacitor C9 and regulated by 7809 regulator to
provide 9V regulated output any button on the remote can
be used for controlling the speed of the fan. Pulses from the
IR receiver module are applied as a trigger signal to timer
NE555 (IC1) via LED1 and resistor R4. IC1 is wired as a
monostable multivibrator todelaythe clock given todecade
counter-cum-driver ICCD4017 (IC2). Out of the ten outputs
of decade counter IC2 (Q0 through Q9), only five (Q0
through Q4) are used to control the fan. Q5 output is not
used, while Q6 output is used to reset the counter. Another
NE555 timer (IC3) is also wired as a monostable
multivibrator. Combination of one of the resistors R5
through R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width. The
output from IC CD4017 (IC2) is applied to resistors R5
through R9. If Q0 is high capacitor C5 is charged through
resistor R5, if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through
resistor R6, and soon. Optcoupler MCT2E(IC5) iswired asa
zero-crossing detector that supplies trigger pulses to
monostable multivibrator IC3 during zero crossing. Opto-
isolator MOC3021 (IC4) drives triac BT136. Resistor R13
(47- ohm) and capacitor C7 (0.01μF) combination isused as
snubber network for triac1 (BT136) [24]. Asthe widthofthe
pulse decreases, firingangle ofthe triacincreasesand speed
of the fan alsoincreases.Thus the speed of the fan increases
when we press any button on the remote control. Assemble
the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and house it in a small
case such that the infrared sensor can easily receive the
signal from the remote transmitter.
4. Result and Discussion
To complete the Remote Controlled Fan Regulator project
many problem has been experienced. At first when the
transformer is connected to the circuit and output is taken
from secondary side of the transformer is not accurate for
disconnection. Secondly the filter circuit is not act as
complete filtering for mismatching RC circuit. These
problemsare solved bycalculatingmathematical expression
for the good matching of RC circuit. Original circuit
components are not so easy for making a good project. For
thisreasonsthe equivalentcomponentsare chosen fromthe
market. The circuit operation is very easy when we test this
project in the laboratory. When any button of the remote is
pressed [25], the IRisemits and the IRreceiver isreceivedit.
The red lightindicatesthe attendance ofIR. After receivethis
signal, the 555 timer create a pulse and send it to 13 no pin
of CD1738 IC. After the operation of 4017 IC the output is
send to the LDR circuit in which a LED is attend. The
intensity of LED is varying the resistance of LDR. For this
reason the output op the AC voltage is varies. As a result the
speed of the fan is varies [26].
The Overall Monitor & Control System View
11. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33484 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2020 Page 675
BIOGRAPHY
Sujit Kumar Mondal was born in
Satkhira, Khulna, Bangladesh. He
completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering from
UniversityofRajshahi, Bangladesh. He isa
Professor in Islamic University, Kushtia-
7003, Bangladesh.
Md. Alamgir Hossain was born in
Kushtia, Bangladesh. He completed his
B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Computer Science and
Engineering from Islamic University,
Bangladesh. He is an Assistant Professor
in Islamic University, Kushtia-7003,
Bangladesh.
Md. Ariful Islam was born in Mirpur,
Kushtia, Bangladesh. He completed his
B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from Islamic University,
Bangladesh. He is a Lecturer in Rabindra
Maitree University, Kushtia-7000,
Bangladesh.
Abdullah Al Zubaer was born in Kushtia,
Bangladesh. He completed his B.Sc. and
M.Sc. in Computer Science and
Engineering from Islamic University,
Bangladesh. He is a Lecturer in Rabindra
Maitree University, Kushtia-7000,
Bangladesh.
Md. Habibur Rahman was born in
Chourhash, Kushtia, Bangladesh. He
completed his Diploma in Electrical
Engineering from Bangladesh Technical
Education Board (BTEB) in 2015. Now He
isa student(EEEDepartment) in Rabindra
Maitree University, Kushtia-7000,
Bangladesh.
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 6, September-October 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33484 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2020 Page 665
IoT Based Infrared Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulator
Abdullah Al Zubaer*1a, Md. Ariful Islam*1b, Md. Habibur Rahman*2,
Md. Alamgir Hossain*3a, Sujit Kumar Mondal*3b
*1aLecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
*1bLecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
*2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
*3aAssistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
*3bProfessor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design and implementation of an infrared remote
controlled ac fan regulator. The regulator consists of IR sensor, monostable
multi vibrator, decade counter, transformer, comparator, opto-isolator and
TRIAC. The user will be able tooperate the regulator with any remote control
used for TV, VCR, Air-Conditioner, DVD player etc. The remote transmits a
beam of light and this light is picked and decoded by the receiver unit. The
receiver onlyactivateswhen itreceivesthe beamoflight. Everytimewhenthe
button is pressed, the speed of the fan is increased smoothly up to ten
different speed levels. The fan regulator has been simulated and
experimentally tested. Itis found that the systemworks satisfactorily and the
experimental resultsare almostsame. Detailsofeachunitare describedinthe
paper.
KEYWORDS: Resistance, Capacitor, Dielectric, Diode, LED, Transformer, IC, 555
Timer, P-N junction
How to cite this paper: Abdullah Al
Zubaer | Md. Ariful Islam | Md. Habibur
Rahman | Md. Alamgir Hossain | Sujit
Kumar Mondal "IoT Based Infrared
Remote Controlled AC Fan Regulator"
Published in
International Journal
of Trend in Scientific
Research and
Development(ijtsrd),
ISSN: 2456-6470,
Volume-4 | Issue-6,
October 2020,
pp.665-675, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33484.pdf
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
International Journal ofTrend in Scientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
CommonsAttribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
1. INTRODUCTION
Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators
around the home or office from a distance. It provides a
system that is simple to understand and also to operate, a
system that would be cheap and affordable, a reliable and
easy to maintain system of remote control and durable
system irrespective of usage. It adds more comfort to
everydayliving by removing the inconvenience of having to
move around to operate a fan regulator [1]. The system
seeks to develop a system that is cost effective while not
under mining the need for efficiency. The first remote
control, called “lazybones” wasdeveloped in 1950 byZenith
Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio
Corporation). The device was developed quickly, and it was
called “Zenith space command”, the remote went into
production in the fall of 1956, becoming the first practical
wireless remote control device. Today, remote control is a
standard on other consumer electronic products, including
VCRs,cable and satellite boxes,digital videodiscplayersand
home audioplayers.And the mostsophisticated TVsetshave
remote with asmanyas50 buttons. In year 2000, more than
99 percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD
playerssold are equipped withremote controls.Theaverage
individual these days probably picks up a remote control at
least once or twice a day. Basically, a remote control works
in the following manner [2]. A button is pressed. This
completes a specific connection which produces a Morse
code line signal specific to that button. The transistor
amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates
the signal into infrared light. The sensor on the appliance
detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately. The
remote control’s function is to wait for the user to press a
keyand then translate thatintoinfrared lightsignalsthatare
received bythe receivingappliance. The carrier frequencyof
suchinfrared signalsistypicallyaround 36 kHz. Usually, the
transmitter part is constructed so that the transmitter
oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be
turned on/offbyapplyinga TTL(transistor-transistor logic)
voltage on the modulation controlled input. On the receiver
side, a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals
[3]. The approachused in thiswork isthe modular approach
where the overall design was broken into functional block
diagrams, where each block in the diagram represents a
section of the circuit that carries out a specific function. The
system was designed using8 functional blocks, as shown in
the block diagram Figure-1
IJTSRD33484](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/119iotbasedinfraredremotecontrolledacfanregulator-201124045417/85/IoT-Based-Infrared-Remote-Controlled-AC-Fan-Regulator-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33484 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2020 Page 666
Figure-1: System block diagram
2. Description of Circuit Components
This project is circuit based project. For this reason the
project has a big circuit diagram [4]. This circuit diagram
contains some circuit components these are Transformer,
Diode, Capacitor, Resistor, Transistor, LED, Zener diode, IC,
TRIAC, ICs etc. Which are described below.
2.1. Resistor
A resistor isan electrical component that limits or regulates
the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.
Resistorscan alsobe used toprovide a specificvoltageforan
active device suchasa transistor. Resistorscan be fabricated
in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic
devicesand systemsisthe carbon-composition resistor.Fine
granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and
hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of
carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance
[5].
Figure-2: Resistor
If some potential difference isapplied between the endsof a
rod copper and a rod ofwood, verydifferentcurrentsresult.
The characteristics of the conductor that inters here is its
resistance we define the resistance of a conductor (often
called a resistor) between twopointsbyapplyinga potential
difference V between those points, measuring the current I
and dividing. In mathematically it is expressed as,
R=V/I, Where R= Resistance of the conductor. If V is in volts
and I is in amperes, the resistance R will be in ohms,
according to the German physicist ohm (1787-1854).A
conductor said to have a resistance of one ohm if it permits
one ampere current to flow through it when a voltage of one
volt is impressed across its terminal .in mathematically it is
expressed as
1 ohm=1 volt/ 1 ampere
For insulatorswhose resistance are veryhigh a much bigger
unitisused i.e. kilo-ohmor mega ohmare used .On the other
hand, in the case of very small resistance, smaller units like
mili-ohmor micro-ohmare used. Itisdenoted by.Depending
on the physical properties of the material each conductor
will have a differentresistance fromwhichitisitslengthand
cross-sectional area and other factors. The resistance of
conductor isdirectlyproportional toitslengthand inversely
proportional to its cross sectional area, it depends on the
nature of the conductor and depends on the temperature of
the conductor. Mathematicallywe can write R= ρl/A. Where
R is the resistance of the conductor, l is the length of the
conductor;Ais the cross-sectional area ofthe conductorand
is the specific resistance of the conductor is also known as
receptivity. When l=1meter and cross-sectional area A=1
meter2, then we can write from the above equation R= p
Therefore, specificresistance ofa conductor isdefinedasthe
resistance between the opposite faces of ammeter cube of
that conductor. The unit of specific resistance is ohm meter
(Ω-m) [5] [6].
2.1.1. Types of Resistor
The first major categories into which the different types of
resistor can be fitted is into whether they are fixed or
variable. These differentresistor typesare used for different
applications:
Fixed resistors: Fixed resistors are by far the most widely
used type of resistor. Theyare used in electronics circuits to
set the right conditions in a circuit. Their values are
determined during the design phase of the circuit, and they
should never need to be changed to "adjust" the circuit.
There are manydifferenttypesofresistor whichcan beused
in different circumstances and these different types of
resistor are described in further detail below.
Variable resistors: These resistors consist of a fixed
resistor element and a slider which taps onto the main
resistor element. This gives three connections to the
component: two connected to the fixed element, and the
third is the slider. In this way the component acts as a
variable potential divider ifall three connectionsare used.It
is possible to connect to the slider and one end to provide a
resistor with variable resistance [7].
Figure-3: Symbol of fixed resistor & variable Resistor
2.1.2. Methods of Making Resistors
There are two main methods that are used to make
resistors.
The mostcommon isto just have a bunch ofwire wound
up inside that little cylinder.
Known as wire- resistors, they wound depend on the
fact that a certain length of a certain piece of wire will
have a certain resistance.
These resistors tend to be very reliable (with low
tolerances), butcost more because ofthe price ofmetals
used in them and the machineryneeded to carefully cut
and wind the wire.
The other type of resistor is made of a piece of carbon.
Known as a composition resistor, they depend on the
size of the piece of carbon, and the fact that carbon is a
metalloid (has some metal-like properties) that does
conduct electricity.
Because theyare made fromcheap carbon, composition
resistors can cost much less than similar wire-wound
resistors. The drawback is that](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)