2. Objectives
• Explain the pathophysiology of angina and
congestive heart failure
• Discuss the kinetics, pharmacologic
actions, dosage, and interactions of
– Anti anginal drugs
– Heart failure drugs
!2
5. Types of Heart Failure:
Left-sided HF vs Right-sided HF
Systolic HF vs Diastolic HF (Heart failure with low
EF vs Heart failure with preserved EF)
Acute HF vs Chronic heart failure
Low-output HF vs High-output HF
!5
6. Etiologies of Left-sided and
Right-sided Heart Failure
Left-sided Heart Failure Right-sided Failure
LV end diastolic
Left-sided heart failure
pressure (MI, CAD,
dilated cardiomyopathy,
RV systolic overload
valvular heart disease, AI,
(cor pulmonale, 1° PHPN,
AS, hypertension) congenital HD with shunt
anomaly)
↑ LA pressure (MS)
↑ RA pressure (TS, TR)
Fluid overload (renal failure,
iatrogenic)
!6
29. g
rlin
nk
- St
a
Ventricular
a
Fr
end-diastolic
SV volume Atrial
La
Pressur CHF
Pl e
ac
e Ventricular
mass
!29
30. Decreased BP
Sympa NS
R-A system
ADH
Contractility
HR
Vasoconstriction
Circulating vol
Arteriolar Venous
Maintain
BP Venous return to
heart ( preload)
(+)
C.O. (-) Pulmonary
(+) congestion
S.V. !30
31. NYHA Classification of CHF:
Functional Description General Guide
Class
I Dyspnea occurs with Climbs ≥ 2 flights of
greater than ordinary stairs with ease
physical activity.
II Dyspnea occurs with Can climb 2 flights of
ordinary physical stairs but with difficulty
activity.
III Dyspnea occurs with Can climb ≤ 1 flight of
less than ordinary stairs
physical activity.
IV Dyspnea may be Dyspnea at rest
present even at rest.
!31
32. Signs and symptoms of Left-sided and
Right-sided Heart Failure:
Symptoms of Left HF:
Easy fatigability
Exertional dyspnea
Confusion
Orthopnea
PND
Cough
Signs of Left HF:
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Rales
S3/4 Gallop
Wheezes
!32
33. Signs and symptoms of Left-sided and
Right-sided Heart Failure:
Symptoms of Right HF:
Easy fatigability
Early satiety
RUQ discomfort
Signs of Right HF:
Elevated JVP
Hepatomegaly
Ascites
Lower extremity edema
!33
44. 3. Assess which of the following
contributes to a decrease in cardiac
output and must be corrected:
a. Increase in afterload
b. Increase in preload
c. Decrease in contractility
d. Increase in heart rate
!44
45. 4. If poor response to medical
treatment:
a. Maximize medical treatment.
b. Consider a surgical option
!45
47. Usual Progression of Symptoms in
Left-sided HF
• Dyspnea upon exertion
• PND
– Cardiac type: occurs 2-4 hrs after sleep
– Pulmonary type: variable onset
• Orthopnea
– Cardiac type: occurs after 5 mins
– Pulmonary type: immediate onset
• Dyspnea at rest
• Lower extremity edema
!47
48. Clinical Manifestations Based on Severity
of Heart Failure:
• Early CHF (NYHA Class I):
– May be asymptomatic
• Mild to Moderate CHF (NYHA Class II-III):
– Mild, non-specific symptoms
– PE may be normal
• Severe CHF (NYHA Class IV):
– Signs and symptoms are obvious
– Patients in marked distress: (orthopneic with distended
neck veins)
!48
49. Usual Cause of Death in Patients with CHF:
• Fatal ventricular arrhythmia
(sudden cardiac death)
• Refractory heart failure
• Pulmonary embolism
!49
53. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs used in
Heart Failure
• Digitalis
– Purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
– Digoxin is the prototype
– 65-80% absorbed after oral administration
– Widely distributed in tissues
– 2/3 is excreted unexchanged in the kidneys
– Half life is 36-40 hours
!53
54. Digitalis
• Inhibits Na+, K+, ATPase pump, or the
sodium pump
• Increases contraction of the sarcomere by
increasing free calcium concentration
• Done by: increase of intracellular sodium
via Na+, K+, ATPase inhibition, second,
relative reduction in calcium expulsion
!54
55. Digitalis
• Net effect is a distinctive increase in
cardiac contractility
• Useful in dilated cardiomyopathy
• Given at a slow loading dose of 0.125
-0.25 mg per day or rapid loading of 0.5
mg-0.75 mg q 8 hours for three doses
• Digoxin has no net effect on mortality but
reduces hospitalization
!55
57. Effects in other organs
• Since cardiac glycosides affect all
excitable tissues, smooth muscle and CNS
effects are notable.
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
– Disorientation, hallucinations, visual
disturbances
!57
58. Interactions with K+, Ca++, Mg++
• Potassium and digitalis inhibit each other’s
binding to Na+, K+, ATPase; therefore
hyperkalemia reduces the enzyme binding
of cardiac glycosides, where are
hypokalemia reduces its actions.
• Hyperkalemia can precipitate bradycardia
and hypokalemia can limit the effects of
digitalis
!58
59. Interactions with K+, Ca++, Mg++
• Ca facilitates the effects of digitalis by
overloading of intracellular calcium stores.
• Digitalis-induced abnormal automaticity
!59
60. Positive Inotropics
• Bipyridines
– Milrinone is a phosphodiestarase isoenzyme 3
inhibitor (PDE 3 inhibitor)
– Increase myocardial contractility by increasing
calcium influx in the cardiac muscle during the
action potential.
– Compared to inamrinone, milrinone is less
likely to cause arrhythmias and can be used in
acute heart failure or severe exacerbation of
chronic heart failure.
!60
61. Positive Inotropics
• Beta adrenoceptor stimulants
– Dobutamine
– Selective B1 agonist
– Increases cardiac output by decreasing
ventricular filling pressure
– Produce angina or arrhythmia
– Given in mcg/kg BW
– Maximum dose is 20 mcg/kg BW
!61
62. Positive Inotropics
• Dopamine
– May also be used in acute heart failure where
there is a need to increase the BP
– It stimulates dopaminergic, beta, alpha effects
at different doses
– Given in mcg/kg BW, max 20 mcg/Kg BW
!62
64. Diuretics
• Prototype: Furosemide
• Mainstay of heart failure
• No direct effect on cardiac contractility
• Major action is to reduce venous pressure
and ventricular preload
• Reduction in salt and water retention
• Concomitant hypokalemia may develop
• Usual dose: 40 mg IV or PO dose,
increased until signs of heart failure
improve
!64
65. Diuretics
• Thiazide type diuretics
– Hydrochlorothiazide
– May result to hyponatremia secondary to
potassium excretion
– Usual dose 12.5 mg to 25 mg OD, in
combination with ARBs or ACEi
• K+ sparing diuretics
– Spironolactone or eplerenone
– Aldosterone antagonist
– Usual dose: 25-50 mg OD PO
!65
66. ACE Inhibitors
• Blockade of RAAs
• Given to patients with LV dysfunction
• Reduction of preload (reduce salt & water
retention) and afterload (reduce peripheral
resistance)
• Slow the progression of ventricular dilatation
• Decrease long term remodeling of the heart
and vessels
!66
67. ACE Inhibitors
• Prototype: captopril
• Most commonly used: enalapril
• Patient may benefit from asymptomatic to
severe heart failure
• Usual dose: captopril 25 mg q 6, enalapril
10 mg OD,
!67
68. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
• Produce similar benefits as ACEi
• Given to patients who are incessant to
cough.
• Prototype: losartan
• Usual dose: losartan 50 mg OD, eposartan
600 mg OD, candesartan 8 mg OD,
irbesartan 150 mg OD, telmisartan 40 mg
OD, olmesartan 20 mg OD
!68
69. Vasodilators
• Nesiritide
• Endogenous peptide (brain natriuretic
peptide) or BNP
• Increases cGMP in smooth muscle cells
and reduces venous & arteriolar tone
• Causes diuresis
• Preload reducing agent
!69
70. Beta Blockers
• Bisoprolol, carvedilol & metoprolol
• Attenuate the high concentrations of
circulating cathecolamines
• Decreasing heart rate, decrease
remodeling by reduction of the mitogenic
activity of cathecolamines
!70
76. Determinants of Coronary Blood Flow &
Myocardial Oxygen Supply
• Coronary blood flow is directly related to:
– perfusion pressure (aortic diastolic pressure)
– Duration of diastole (vs tachycardia)
• Coronary blood flow is inversely
proportional to the coronary vascular bed
resistance
!76
77. Determinants of Vascular Tone
• Increasing cGMP (dephosphorylation of
myosin light chains)
– Nitric oxide
• Decreasing intracellular Ca2+ (calcium
channel blockers which cause vasodilatation,
decrease heart rate)
• Stabilizing or preventing depolarization of
vascular smooth muscle cell membrane
(increase the permeability of K+ channels
• Increasing cAMP (inactivation of myosin light
chain kinase which causes vasodilatation)
this mechanism is caused by beta blockers.
!77
79. Nitrates & Nitrites
• Nitroglycerin
– Prototype
– Causes activation of guanylyl cyclase and an
increase in cGMP, the first step in smooth
muscle relaxation
– Oral bioavailability is low
– Sublingual dose eliminated first pass effect
!79
80. Nitrates
• No effect on skeletal muscles
• Direct effect of NTG is increased venous
capacitance and decreased ventricular
preload
• Decreases platelet aggregation
• Oral controlled release tablets, sublingual
tablets, buccal spray, transdermal patch & IV
• Must NOT be taken with ED meds
!80
81. Nitrates
• IV may be started at 0.5 mg/hr up to 5 mg/
hr
• Oral preparations can be given 30 mg to
60 mg OD
!81
83. Calcium Channel Blockers
• L-type calcium channel blocker
• Dihydropyridines vs non dihydrophyridines
• Reduces the frequency of opening in
smooth muscle content this gives
decreased transmembrane content
• Decreased heart rate via dec sinus node
pacemaker rate
!83
85. Beta blockers
• Effects are due to dec HR, dec BP, dec
contractility
• Effect would be decreased oxygen
demand at rest and exercise
• Longer diastolic perfusion time
!85
86. Beta blockers
• Contraindicated with:
– Asthma
– Severe bradycardia, AV dysfunction
– Severe LV dysfunction
– CHF NYHA IV
!86
87. Partial Fatty acid Oxidation (pFOX)
• Trimetazidine
• metabolic mediators, inhibit the fatty
oxidation pathway in the myocardium
!87
88. Ivabradine
• Activation of the If channel or the funny
bone channel
• Decreases the heart rate without the effect
of hypotension
!88