Gary Lanigan | Agricultural Greenhouse Gases – Emissions Intensity, Key Uncertainties and Mitigation
1. Agricultural Greenhouse Gases – Emissions Intensity, key uncertainties and Mitigation Dr. Gary J. Lanigan, Teagasc, Soils Environment & Land-Use Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
7. Fertilizer Concentrates Other inputs Energy Soils Livestock Pasture Excreta U P S T R E M O N F A R M Milk Meat Processed products Processed products Down- stream Methane: Enteric Fermentation, Manure Management N2O: Manure Landspreading, Mineral fert., Pasture Excretion CO2 emissons : Fuel and liming CO2 uptake : Pasture Sequestration & C input from manure CO 2 Energy & transport N 2 O & CO 2 (Production & transport) Silage Manure management Housing Landspreading Fertilizer Concentrates Other inputs Energy Generated outside the State Farm gate analysis IPCC-based LCA Full LCA
8. A comparison of published analyses of GHG emissions from beef production systems (LCA and systems analysis) Crosson et al. 2011 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Williams et al. (2006) - English national Williams et al. (2006) - English organic Williams et al. (2006) - English suckler Williams et al. (2006) - English lowland Williams et al. (2006) - English upland Pelletier et al. (2010) - American feedlot Pelletier et al. (2010) - American store to feedlot Pelletier et al. (2010) - American grass finished Peters et al. (2010) - Australia grass finished Peters et al. (2010) - Australia grain finished Beauchemin et al. (2010) - Canada crop/livestock Casey and Holden (2006c) - Ireland national Casey and Holden (2006d) - Ireland conventional Casey and Holden (2006d) - Ireland extensive Casey and Holden (2006d) - Ireland organic Cederberg and Stadig (2003) - Sweden Phetteplace et al. (2001) - American cow-calf Phetteplace et al. (2001) - American stocker Phetteplace et al. (2001) - American feedlot Phetteplace et al. (2001) - American cow-calf to feedlot White et al. (2010) - New Zealand lowland White et al. (2010) - New Zealand hill Veysset et al. (2010) - France cow-calf Veysset et al. (2010) - France cow-calf to beef Cederberg (2009) – Brazil beef Subak (1999) - African pasture Foley et al. (2010) - Ireland national Foley et al. (2010) - Ireland research farm GHG emissions (kg CO2e/kg carcass)
9. A comparison of published analyses of GHG emissions from milk production systems (LCA and systems analysis) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Williams et al. (2006) - England, conventional Williams et al. (2006) - England, high maize Williams et al. (2006) - England, split-calving Casey and Holden (2006b) - Ireland, average Casey and Holden (2005a) - Ireland, conventional Thomassen et al. (2008) - Netherlands organic Haas et al. (2001) - Germany extensive Basset-Mens et al. (2009) - New Zealand national Basset-Mens et al. (2009) - New Zealand intensive N Gerber et al. (2010) - Global average Gerber et al. (2010) - North America Lovett et al. (2006) - Ireland low genetic merit Lovett et al. (2006) - Ireland high genetic merit Lovett et al. (2006) - Ireland medium concentrate Lovett et al. (2008) - Ireland free draining soils Olesen et al. (2006) - European conventional Schils et al. (2005) - Netherlands grass/fert N Beukes et al. (2010) - New Zealand O'Brien et al. (2010) - Ireland high fertility O'Brien et al. (2010) - Ireland moderate stocking rate O'Brien et al. (2010) - Ireland high concentrate GHG emissions (kg CO2e/kg milk) Crosson et al. 2011
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12. N 2 O (indirect) N 2 O (soils) Manure management Enteric Fermentation Kg CO 2 -eq kg -1 product System Beef IPCC boundaries O’Brien et al. 2010 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Grass Concentrate Dairy
13. Kg CO 2 -eq kg -1 product Dairy Beef Full LCA Foley et al. 2010 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Grass Concentrate 0 6 12 18 24 NFS Steer MSR Energy Concentrate production Fertiliser manufacture N 2 O (indirect) N 2 O (soils) Manure management Enteric Fermentation
14. LCA of Tillage Kg CO 2 -eq kg -1 product Absolute emissions: 3.2 tCO 2 ha -1 winter wheat 2.8 tCO 2 ha -1 spring barley Lanigan et al. 2011
15. LCA of Tillage including SOC loss Kg CO 2 -eq kg -1 product Absolute emissions: 5.8 tCO 2 ha -1 winter wheat 6.5 tCO 2 ha -1 spring barley Lanigan et al. 2011
16. Effect of C sequestration inclusion No sequestration With sequestration
17. Duration of slurry in tanks B o & MCF (15 – 30%) Key Uncertainties : Methane Dry matter intake (15-30%) Effect of breed/animal selection (unknown) Silage Manure management Housing Landspreading Soils Livestock Pasture Excreta
18. Key Uncertainties : N 2 O Soils Livestock Pasture Excreta EF 3 Leached & volatilised N Fertiliser EF 1 EF 4 & 5 Frac GRAZ F SN F AM EF uncertainty >100% Volatilised N Frac GASM N ex Silage Manure management Housing Landspreading
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Notas do Editor
Nevertheless, it is inevitable that agriculture will be expected to reduce its emissions further While further reductions are possible, we should do so with great care: there is a “right way” and a “wrong way” of reducing emissions: If we try to reduce emissions by capping productivity (e.g. reducing livestock numbers), then this may inadvertently lead to an increase in emissions at global scale: Demand for food in the world is increasing (CLICK ANIMATION 1) , not decreasing. Not only are population numbers increasing, but also consumption per capita. In this light, as we have seen from today’s presentations, if we reduce our food production in Ireland in an attempt to reduce total GHG emissions, it is inevitable that other countries will compensate for this reduction by increasing their production. This may lead to a scenario where our own Carbon-efficient production systems are replaced by less efficient systems in other parts of the world. CLICK ANIMATION 2: these are figures from an FAO report, published in the last two months, which compares the C-emissions per kg milk for contrasting production systems around the world. The green circle represents the grass-based temperate dairy production systems we operate in Ireland: the FAO finds that these have the lowest C-footprint in the world.
