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A review on phase change materials & their applications
1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCED RESEARCH IN International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) IJARET ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December (2012), pp. 214-225 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp ©IAEME Journal Impact Factor (2012): 2.7078 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com A REVIEW ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS & THEIR APPLICATIONS Ajeet Kumar RAI, Ashish KUMAR* Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSET, SHIATS-DU Allahabad-211007, India *Email id: raiajeet@rediffmail.com ashish.05408@gmail.com ABSTRACT The objective of present work is to gather the information from the previous works on the phase change materials and latent heat storage systems. The use of latent heat storage system incorporating phase change material is very attractive because of its high energy storage density with small temperature swing. There are varieties of phase change materials that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperature making them suitable for number of applications. The different applications in which the phase change method of heat storage can be applied are also reviewed in this paper. Keywords- phase change materials, latent heat storage system, solar energy 1. INTRODUCTION Fast depletion of conventional energy sources and high rise of demand of energy have increased the problem with high rise of environmental concern due to green house effect. Scientists all over the world are in search for new & renewable energy source to deal with. Solar thermal energy is the most available renewable source of energy and is available as direct and indirect forms [1]. The sun consists of hot gases and has a diameter of 1.39 × 109 m; it has an effective blackbody temperature of 5762 K [2], the temperature in its central region ranges between 8× 106 and 40 × 106 K [3]. The Sun emits energy at a rate of 3.8 × 1023 kW, of which, approximately 1.8 × 1014 kW is transmitted to the earth; only 60% of this amount reaches the earth’s surface. The other 40% is reflected back and absorbed by the atmosphere. If 0.1% of this energy is converted with efficiency of 10%, then it can generate amount of energy equivalent to four times of the world’s total generated electricity. Moreover, the total annual solar radiation falling on the earth is more than 7500 times of the world’s total annual primary energy consumption that is 450 EJ. There is 3,400,000 EJ, approximately, of total annual solar radiation reaches the surface of the earth which is greater than all the estimated conventional energy sources [2]. Since these sources of energy are less intensified, unpredictable and intermittent in nature, this requires efficient thermal energy storage so that the surplus heat collected may be stored for later use. Similar 214
2.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME problem arises in heat recovery systems where the waste heat, availability and utilization periods are different, requires some thermal energy storage. The energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s left a fervent question which was later answered by the concept of PCM as given in 1940s by Dr Telkes. This concept has given an access to a new gateway for energy storage devices. However, the first ever known application of PCM is documented by Dr Telkes [4] for heating and cooling of buildings. Lane [5] has also worked in the same direction. Telkes et. al [6] published the idea of using PCMs in walls known as Trombe walls. Thermal energy can be stored as a change in internal energy of a material as sensible heat , latent heat or combination of these two. In sensible heat storage (SHS), thermal energy is stored by raising the temperature of a solid or liquid. SHS utilizes the heat capacity and the change in temperature of the material during the process of charging and discharging. The amount of heat stored depends on the specific heat of the medium, the temperature change and the amount of storage material [7]. ் Q=ܶ݀ܥ݉ ் (1) =݉ܥሺ݂ܶ − ܶ݅ሻ (2) LHS is based on the heat absorption or release when a storage material undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid or liquid to gas or vice versa. The storage capacity of the LHS system with a pcm medium [7] is given by- ் ் Q=∆݉ܽ݉ + ݐ݀ܥ݉ ℎ݉ + ݐ݀ܥ݉ ் ் (3) Q=݉[ݏܥሺܶ݉ − ܶ݅ሻ + ܽ݉∆ℎ݉ + ݈ܥሺ݂ܶ − ܶ݉ሻ] (4) 2. PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS Materials that can store latent heat during the phase transition are known as phase change materials. Due to the compactness of PCMs the latent heat is much higher than the sensible heat. These materials are still a point of interest for researchers. Lorsch et. al. [8], Lane et. al. [9] and Humphries and Griggs [10] have suggested a wide range of PCMs that can be selected as a storage media keeping following attributes under consideration[11]. In order to select the best qualified PCM as a storage media some criterias are also mentioned by Furbo and Svendsen [15]. 1. High latent heat of fusion per unit volume so that a lesser amount of material stores a given amount of energy. 2. High specific heat that provides additional sensible heat storage effect and also avoid sub-cooling. 3. High thermal conductivity so that the temperature gradient required for charging the storage material is small. 4. High density so that a smaller container volume holds the material. 5. A melting point is desired operating temperature range. 6. The PCM should be non-poisonous, non-flammable and non-explosive 7. No chemical decomposition so that the system life is assured. 8. No corrosiveness to construction material. 9. PCM should exhibit little or no sub-cooling during freezing. 10. Also, it should be economically viable to make the system cost effective. 215
3.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME 2.1. Working of PCMs Any material can dwell into three basic forms viz solid, liquid and gas. A material changes its state on the expenses of its latent heat. Kuznik et. al [12] has given a good explanation of how PCM stores and releases latent heat. The external heat supplied to a PCM is spent in breaking the internal bonds of lattice and thereby it absorbs a huge amount of latent heat at phase temperature. Now, when the PCM cools down, temperature goes below phase change temperature (known as sub-cooling or under-cooling) to overcome the energy barrier required for nucleation of second phase. Once phase reversal starts, temperature of P.C.M. rises (due to release of latent heat) and subsequent phase reversal takes place at phase change temperature by releasing back the latent heat to environment. Requirement of sub-cooling or under-cooling for phase reversal is an important property of P.C.M. governing its applicability in particular application. Latent heat of P.C.M. is many orders higher than the specific heat of materials. Therefore P.C.M. can share 2-3 times more heat or cold per volume or per mass as can be stored as sensible heat in water in a temperature interval of 20oC. As heat exchange takes place in narrow band of temperature the phenomenon can be used for temperature smoothening also. 2.2. PCM classification Abhat et.al.[13] has given a detailed classification of PCMs along with their properties. Lane [5], Dinser and Rosen [14] have also exercised the same. A large number of phase change materials (organic, inorganic and eutectic) are available in any required temperature range. A classification of PCMs is given in Fig.1. Figure 1: Classification of Phase Change (Latent Heat Storage) Materials 2.2.1. Organic phase change materials Organic materials are categorized as paraffin and non-paraffin materials. These materials include congruent melting, means melt and freeze repeatedly without phase segregation and consequent degradation of their latent heat of fusion. 216
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME Latent Latent Melting Heat Melting Heat Material point (oC) (kJ/kg) Category Material point (oC) (kJ/kg) Category n-Dodecane -12 n.a. P. N-Pentacosane 53.7 164 P. n-Tridecane -6 n.a. P. Myristic acid 54 199 N.p. n-Tetradecane 5.5 226 P. Oxolate 54.3 178 N.p. Formic acid 7.8 247 N.p. Tristearin 54.5 191 N.p. O-Xylene N-Pentadecane 10 205 P. dichloride 55 121 N.p. Oleic acid 13.5-16.3 n.a. N.p. n-Hexacosane 56 257 P. Acetic acid 16.7 273 N.p. β Chloroacetic acid 56 147 N.p. N-Hexadecane 16.7 237 P. N-hexaacosane 56.3 255 P. n-Heptadecane 22 215 P. Nitro naphthalene 56.7 103 N.p. D-Lactic acid 26 184 N.p. α Chloracetic acid 61.2 130 N.p. n-Octadecance 28.2 245 P. N-Octacosane 61.4 134 P. n-Nonadecane 31.9 222 P. Palmitic acid 61.8 164 N.p. Paraffin wax 32 251 P. Bees wax 61.8 177 N.p. Capric acid 32 152.7 N.p. Glyolic acid 63 109 N.p. n-Eicosane 37 247 P. P-Bromophenol 63.5 86 N.p. Caprilone 40 260 N.p. Azobenzene 67.1 121 N.p. Docasyle bromide 40 201 N.p. Acrylic acid 68 115 N.p. N-henicosane 40.5 161 P. Stearic acid 69 202.5 N.p. Phenol 41 120 N.p. Dintro toluene(2,4) 70 111 N.p. N-Lauric acid 43 183 N.p. n-Tritricontane 71 189 P. P-Joluidine 43.3 167 N.p. Phenylacetic acid 76.7 102 N.p. Cynamide 44 209 N.p. Thiosinamine 77 140 N.p. N-Docosane 44.5 157 P. Benzylamine 78 174 N.p. N-Tricosane 47.6 130 P. Acetamide 81 241 N.p. Hydrocinnamic acid 48 118 N.p. Alpha napthol 96 163 N.p. Cetyl alcohol 49.3 141 N.p. Quinone 115 171 N.p. O-Nitroaniline 50 93 N.p. Succinic anhydride 119 204 N.p. Camphene 50 239 N.p. Benzoic acid 121.7 142.8 N.p. Diphenyle amine 52.9 107 N.p. Benzamide 127.2 169.4 N.p. P-Dicchlorobenzene 53.1 121 N.p. Alpha glucose 141 174 N.p. P. Paraffin N.P. Non paraffin n.a. Not available Table 1: List of Organic Materials [7] [11] [13] [17] [18] 217
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME Paraffin are chemically known as hydrocarbons which are generally found to be as wax at room temperature whereas non-paraffin encompasses fatty acids, glycols, esters and alcohols etc. Paraffin consists of a mixture of mostly straight chain n-alkanes CH3–(CH2)–CH3. The crystallization of the (CH3)- chain release a large amount of latent heat. Both, the melting point and latent heat of fusion, increase with chain length. Paraffin qualifies as heat of fusion storage materials due to their availability in a large temperature range. System-using paraffin usually has very long freeze–melt cycle. Apart from some several favorable characteristic of paraffin, such as congruent melting and good nucleating properties, they show some undesirable properties such as: (i) low thermal conductivity, (ii) non- compatible with the plastic container and (iii) moderately flammable. All these undesirable effects can be partly eliminated by slightly modifying the wax and the storage unit. Non-paraffin materials are flammable and should not be exposed to excessively high temperature, flames or oxidizing agents. Some of the features of these organic materials are as follows: (i) high heat of fusion, (ii) inflammability, (iii) low thermal conductivity, (iv) low flash points, (v) varying level of toxicity, and (vi) instability at high temperatures. Fatty acids have high heat of fusion values comparable to that of paraffin’s. Fatty acids also show reproducible melting and freezing behavior and freeze with no supercooling. The general formula describing all the fatty acid is given by CH3(CH2)2n COOH Their major drawback, however, is their cost, which are 2–2.5 times greater than that of technical grade paraffin’s. They are also mild corrosive. Some fatty acids are of interest to low temperature latent heat thermal energy storage applications. 2.2.2. Inorganic phase change materials Inorganic materials are further classified as salt hydrate and metallics. These PCMs do not super cool appreciably and their heats of fusion do not degrade with cycling. 218
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME Latent Latent Melting Melting Name Heat Name Heat point (0C) point (0C) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) POCl3 1 85 FeBr3.6H2O 27 105 D2O 3.7 318 Cs 28.3 15 SbCl5 4 33 CaCl2.6H2O 29-30 170-192 LiClO3.3H2O 8 253 Ga 30 80 H2SO4 10.4 100 AsBr3 30 38 NH4Cl.Na2SO4.10H2O 11 163 BI3 31.8 10 K2HO4.6H2O 14 108 TiBr4 38.2 23 MOF6 17 50 H4P2O6 55 213 NaCl.Na2SO4.10H2O 18 286 SbCl3 73.4 25 KF.4H2O 18 330 NaNO3 307 17-199 K2HO4.4H2O 18.5 231 KNO3 333-380 116-266 P4O3 23.7 64 KOH 380 149 Mn(NO3)2.6H2O 25 148 MgCl2 714-800 452-492 LiBO2.8H2O 25.7 289 KF 857 452 H3PO4 26 147 K2CO3 897 235 Table 2: List of Inroganic Materials [7] [11] [13] [17] [18] Salt hydrates may be regarded as alloys of inorganic salts and water forming a typical crystalline solid of general formula M.nH2O. The solid–liquid transformation of salt hydrates is actually a dehydration of hydration of the salt, although this process resembles melting or freezing thermodynamically. A salt hydrates usually melts to either to a salt hydrate with fewer moles of water, i.e. M.nH2O M.mH2O + (n - m) H2 O (5) or to its anhydrous form M.nH2O M+ nH2O (6) At the melting point the hydrate crystals breakup into anhydrous salt and water, or into a lower hydrate and water. One problem with most salt hydrates is that of incongruent melting caused by the fact that the released water of crystallization is not sufficient to dissolve all the solid phase present. Due to density difference, the lower hydrate (or anhydrous salt) settles down at the bottom of the container. The most attractive properties of salt hydrates are: (i) high latent heat of fusion per unit volume, (ii) relatively high thermal conductivity (almost double of the paraffin’s), and (iii) Small volume changes on melting. They are not very corrosive, compatible with plastics and only slightly toxic. Many salt hydrates are sufficiently inexpensive for the use in storage. 219
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Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME Disadvantages: (i) Incongruent melting (ii) Irreversible melting-freezing cycle (iii) Poor nucleating properties (iv) Supercooling. (v) Phase segregation Metallic includes the low melting metals and metal eutectics. Because of its larger weight, metallic’s are not of prime importance However, when volume is a consideration, they are likely candidates because of the high heat of fusion per unit volume. They have high thermal conductivities. A major difference between the metallics and other PCMs is their high thermal conductivity. A list of some selected materials is listed in table 2. Some of the features of these materials are as follows: (i) low heat of fusion per unit weight (ii) high heat of fusion per unit volume, (iii) high thermal conductivity, (iv) low specific heat and (v) relatively low vapor pressure 2.2.3. Eutectics A eutectic is a minimum-melting composition of two or more components, each of which melts and freeze congruently forming a mixture of the component crystals during crystallization. Eutectic always melts and freezes without segregation since they freeze to an intimate mixture of crystals, leaving little opportunity for the components to separate. On melting both components liquefy simultaneously, again with separation unlikely. Latent Latent Heat Heat Melting Melting Name Composition of Name Composition of Point Point Fusion Fusion (kj/kg) (kj/kg) Mg(NO3)2.6H2O + Na2SO4+NaCl+KCl+H2O 31+13+16+40 4 234 NH4 NO3 61.5+38.4 52 125.5 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O + Na2SO4+NaCl+NH4Cl+H2O 32+14+12+42 11 n.a. MgCl2.6H2O 58.7+41.3 59 132.2 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O + C5H5C6H5+ (C6H5)2O 26.5+73.5 12 97.9 Al(NO3)2.9H2O 53+47 61 148 Mg(NO3)2.6H2O + Na2SO4+NaCl+H2O 37+17+46 18 n.a. MgBr2.6H2O 59+41 66 168 Ca(NO)3.4H2O + Napthalene + Mg(NO)3.6H2O 47+53 30 136 Benzoic Acid 67.1+ 32.9 67 123.4 NH2CONH2 + NH4 NO3 n.a. 46 95 AlCl3+NaCl+ZrCl2 79+17+4 68 234 n.a. Not available Table 3: Melting point and latent heat of some Eutectics material. [7] [11] [13] [17] [18] Some segregation PCM compositions have sometimes been incorrectly called eutectics, since they are minimum melting. Because of the components undergoes a peritectic reaction during phase transition, 220
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME however, they should more properly be termed peritectics. Th eutectic point of laboratory grade hexadecane– tetradecane mixture occurs at approximately 91.67% of tetradecane. 3. SOLUTION TO GENERAL PROBLEM RELATED WITH PCMS Various drawbacks associated with different classes of PCM necessitate some preventive measures. Various scholars Bauer and Wirtz [19], Mehling et. al. [20], py et. al [21] Stark [22] and Morcos [23] etc. have remarkable contribution in this field. Few of such techniques are discussed as under: The problem of incongruent melting can be tackled by one of the following means: (i) by mechanical stirring, (ii) by encapsulating the PCM to reduce separation, (iii) by adding of the thickening agents which prevent setting of the solid salts by holding it in suspension, (iv) by use of excess of water so that melted crystals do not produce supersaturated solution, (v) by modifying the chemical composition of the system and making incongruent material congruent . To overcome the problem of phase segregation and supercooling of salt hydrates, scientists of General Electric Co., NY suggested a rolling cylinder heat storage system. The system consists of a cylindrical vessel mounted horizontally with two sets of rollers. A rotation rate of 3 rpm produced sufficient motion of the solid content (i) to create effective chemical equilibrium, (ii) to prevent nucleation of solid crystals on the walls, and (iii) to assume rapid attainment of axial equilibrium in long cylinders. Some of the advantages of the rolling cylinder method are: (i) complete phase change, (ii) Melting point and latent heat of fusion: salt hydrates latent heat released was in the range of 90–100% of the theoretical latent heat, (iii) Repeatable performance over 200 cycles, (iv) high internal heat transfer rates, (v) Freezing occurred uniformly. As a single PCM cannot have all the desired properties viz thermophysical, chemical, kinetics, and at the same time economical, one has to go for designing a suitable system to compensate for the aforementioned inadequacy [16]. For example metallic fins can be used to compensate the poor thermal conductivity of PCMs, supercooling may be suppressed by introducing a nucleating agent or a ‘cold finger’ in the storage material and thickness of the PCM can be optimized to compensate the poor melt- freeze cycle of the material. In general inorganic compounds have almost double volumetric latent heat storage capacity (250–400 kg/dm3) than the organic compounds (128–200 kg/dm3). For their very different thermal and chemical behavior, the properties of each subgroup which affects the design of latent heat thermal energy storage systems using PCMs of that subgroup are discussed in detail below. 221
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Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME 4. APPLICATIONS Ravankar [24] presented a new testing method for satellite power using latent heat storage. PCM becomes liquid under high temperature, which then freezes during hours of cold darkness and released its latent heat. The released heat can used to generate electricity by driving thermoelectric units. John et al. [25] designed a novel ventilation nighttime cooling system (a novel combination of PCM and heat pipes) as an alternative to air conditioning. The system offers substantial benefits in terms of reducing or eliminating the need for air conditioning. Microencapsulated PCMs can be included within textile fibers; composites and clothing to provide greatly enhanced thermal protection in both hot and cold environments [26]. Cabeza et al. [27] reported that the PCM can be used for transporting temperature sensitive medications and food because the PCMs capability to store heat and cold in a range of several degrees. Several companies are engaged in the research of transporting temperature sensitive PCMs for various applications [28-32]. Vasiliev et al. [33] developed the latent heat storage module for motor vehicle because the heat is stored when the engine stopped, and can be used to preheat the engine on a new start. It is possible to reach an optimized working temperature within the engine in a much shorter time using the heat storage than without heat storage. Pal and Joshi [34] [35] recommended the PCM to restrict the maximum temperature of electronic components. Tan et al. [36] conducted an experimental study on the cooling of mobile electronic devices, and computers, using a heat storage unit (HSU) filled with the phase change material (PCM) of n-eicosane inside the device. The high latent heat of n-eicosane in the HSU absorbs the heat dissipation from the chips and can maintain the chip temperature below the allowable service temperature of 50 OC for 2 h of transient operations of the PDA. Climator [37] has developed a cooling vest for the athletes for reducing the body temperature. PCMs also proposed for cooling the newborn baby [38]. Koschenz et al. [39] developed a thermally activated ceiling panel for incorporation in lightweight and retrofitted buildings. It was demonstrated, by means of simulation calculations and laboratory tests, that a 5 cm layer of microencapsulated PCM (25% by weight) and gypsum surface to maintain a comfortable room temperature in standard office buildings. Heptadecance were tried as PCM in this prototype set-up. Naim et al. [40] constructed a novel continuous single-stage solar still with PCM. They reported that the productivity of a solar still can be greatly enhanced by the use of a PCM integrated to the still. Huang et al. [41] used PCMs for thermal regulation of building-integrated photovoltaic. Depending on ambient conditions, a PV/PCM system may enable the PV to operate near its characterizing temperature (25 OC). They developed PV/PCM simulation model and validated with experimental results. The improvement in the thermal performance achieved by using metal fins in the PCM container is significant. The fins enable a more uniform temperature distribution within the PV/PCM system to be maintained. An extensive experimental test has been undertaken on the thermal behavior of a phase change material, when used to moderate the temperature rise of PV in a PV/PCM system [42] [43] [44[ Use of PCM with photovoltaic (PV) panels and thermoelectric modules (TEMs) in the design of a portable vaccine refrigerator for remote villages with no grid electricity was proposed by Tavaranan et al. [45]. TEMs, which transfer heat from electrical energy via the Peltier effect, represent good alternatives for environmentally friendly cooling applications, especially for relatively low cooling loads and when size is a key factor. Thermoelectric refrigeration systems employing latent heat storage have been investigated experimentally by Omer et al. [46]. Duffy and Trelles [47] proposed a numerical simulation of a porous latent heat thermal energy storage device for thermoelectric cooling under different porosities of the aluminum matrix. They used a porous aluminum matrix as a way of improving the performance of the system, enhancing heat conduction without reducing significantly the stored energy. Weinlader et al. [48] used PCM in double-glazing façade panel for day lighting and room heating. A facade panel with PCM shows about 30% less heat losses in south oriented facades. Solar heat gains are 222
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME also reduced by about 50%. Facade panels with PCM improve thermal comfort considerably in winter, especially during evenings. In summer, such systems show low heat gains, which reduces peak cooling loads during the day. Additional heat gains in the evening can be drawn off by nighttime ventilation. If a PCM with a low melting temperature of up to 300C is used, thermal comfort in summer will also improve during the day, compared to double glazing without or with inner sun protection. Ying et al. [49] developed the test standards for PCM fabrics. Three indices have been proposed to characterize the thermal functional performance of PCM fabrics. The index of thermal regulating capability can described the thermal regulating performance of PCM fabrics, and is strongly dependent on amount of PCM. Khateeb et al. [50] designed a lithium-ion battery employing a novel phase change material (PCM) for thermal management system in electric scooter. Developed Li-ion battery was suggested in order to replace the existing lead–acid battery in the electric scooter with the Li-ion battery without introducing any mechanical changes in the battery compartment. 5. SUMMARY This entire discussion leads to a promising solution for the problem of depleting fuel resources in the form of latent heat storage materials. As discussed in preceding chapters, an outcome can be drawn to focus more onto the storing the immensely available energy sources, i.e. solar radiation. This can be stored into the various phase change materials as stated and suggested into the previous discussion. Latent heat storage materials can store 5 to 14 times more energy as compared to other conventional methods. This leads to a higher efficiency and considerable cost reduction in overall setup. Such materials can store energy isothermally with minimum volume and mass which turns out into the biggest achievement in the field of energy storage REFERENCES 1. Thirugnanasambandam Mirunalini, Iniyan S., and Goic Ranko, “A Review of Solar Thermal Technologies’’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, pp 312–322 (2010). 2. Kreith F.; Kreider J.F; Principles of solar engineering, McGraw-Hill, Newyork (1978). 3. Kalogirou Soteris A., “Solar Thermal Collectors and Applications’’, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 30, pp 231-295, (2004). 4. Telkes, M. Thermal storage for solar heating and cooling. Proceedings of the workshop on solar energy storage subsystems for the heating and cooling of buildings. Charlottesville, Virginia, USA (1975). 5. Lane G.A. Solar heat storage-Latent Heat Materials, vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc; (1983) 6. Telkes, M, Trombe wall with phase change storage material. Proceedings of the 2nd national passive solar conference. Philadelphia, PA, USA (1978) 7. Zalba Belen, Jose M Marin, Lusia F. Cabeza, Harald Mehling, Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23, 251-283, (2003). 8. Lorsch HG, Kauffman KW, Denton JC, “Thermal Energy Storage for Heating and Air Conditioning, Future energy production system”. Heat Mass Transfer Processes; 1: pp 69-85 (1976). 9. Lane GA, Glew DN, Clark EC, Rossow HE, Quigley SW, Drake SS, et al. “Heat of fusion system for solar energy storage subsystems for the heating and cooling of building”. Chalottesville, Virginia, USA, 1975. 10. Humphries WR, Griggs EI. “ A designing handbook for phase change thermal control and energy storage devices.” NASA Technical Paper, p. 1074, (1977). 11. Sharma S.D.; Sagara Kazunobu; “Latent Heat Storage Materials And Systems: A Review”, International Journal of Green Energy, 2, pp 1-36, (2005) 223
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Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 2, July-December (2012), © IAEME 12. Kuznik F., Virgone, J. and Noel, J.: Optimization of a phase change material wallboard for building use. Applied Thermal Engineering 28 (2008), 1291-1298. 13. A. Abhat, Low temperature latent heat thermal energy storage: heat storage materials, Solar Energy 30, pp 313-332 (1983). 14. Dincer I., Rosen M.A. , Thermal energy storage, Systems and Applications John Willey and Sons Chichester (England), 2002. 15. Simon Fubro, Sven Svendsen; Heat storage in a solar heating system using salt hydrates. Thermal insulation laboratory of Technical University of Denmark (1977). 16. Sharma A.; Tyagi V.V.; Chen C.R.; Buddhi D.; “Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviwes, 13, pp 318-345 (2009)." 17. Farid, M.M., Khudhair, A.M., Razack, S.A.K., and Al-Hakkaj,, S., “ Areview on phase change energy storage:materials and applications”, Energy Conversion and Management”45, pp 1597-1615 (2004). 18. Buddhi. , D. and Sawhney, R. L. “ Proc: Thermal energy storage and energy conversion”, School of Energy and Environment Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India (1994). 19. Bauer C, Writz R, “ Thermal characteristics of a compact, passive thermal energy storage device” In: proc ASME IMECE, Orlando, USA (2000). 20. Mehling H., Hiebler S, Ziegler F. “Latent heat storage using a pcm-graphite composite material: advantages and potential applications” In: proc of the 4th workshop of IEA ECES IA Annes 10, Bendiktebeuern, Germany (1999). 21. Py X, Olives S, Mauran S. Paraffin/porous graphite matrix composite as a high and constant power thermal storage material” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer pp 442-450 (1976). 22. Stark P. “PCM-impregnated polymer microcomposites for thermal energy storage”. SAE (Soc Automotive Eng.) Trans, 99, pp 517-524 (1997). 23. Morcos VH. “Investigation of a latent heat thermal energy storage” Solar Wind Technol, 7, pp 197- 202 (1990). 24. Revankar, S., 2001, Purdue University News Bulletin <http://news.uns.purdue.edu>. 25. John, T., David, E. and David, R. , 2000, "A novel ventilation system for reducing air conditioning in buildings: Testing and theoretical modeling", Applied Thermal Engg., 20, 1019 - 37. 26. Colvin, D.P. and Bryant,Y.G., 1998, " Protective clothing containing encapsulated phase change materials", Proceedings of the 1998 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA, 23–32. 27. Cabeza, L.F., Roca, J., Nogues, M., Zalba, B., Marın, J.M., 2002, "Transportation and conservation of temperature sensitive materials with phase change materials: state of the art", IEA ECES IA Annex 17 2nd Workshop,Ljubljana (Slovenia). 28. Available from <www.va-q-tec.de> 29. Available from <www.rubitherm.de> 30. Available from <www.sogrigam.com 31. Available from <www.tcpreliable.com> 32. Available from <www.pcm-solutions.com> 33. Vasiliev, L.L., Burak, V.S., Kulakov, A.G., Mishkinis, D.A., Bohan, P.V., 2000, "Latent heat storage modules for preheating internal combustion engines: application to a bus petrol engine", Appl. Thermal Eng., 20, 913 - 923. 34. Pal,D., Joshi,Y., 1996, "Application of phase change materials for passive thermal control of plastic quad flat packages: a computational study", Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A .30,19 - 34. 35. Pal, D., Joshi, Y.,1997, "Application of phase change materials to thermal control of electronic modules: a computation study", Trans. ASME, 119, 40 - 50. 36. Tan, F.L. and Tso, C.P., 2004, "Cooling of mobile electronics devices using phase change materials", Applied Thermal Engineering, 24, 159 - 169. 224
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