1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
306
DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF RURAL ROAD IN VADDESWARAM
D.Satish Chandra1
, Arjun Chhetri2
, Sonam Wangchen3
, Sri.Harsha Yadagani4
1
(Civil department, KL university, Vaddeswaram, India)
2
(Civil department, KL university, Vaddeswaram, India)
3
(Civil department, KL university, Vaddeswaram, India)
4
(Civil department, KL university, Vaddeswaram, India)
ABSTRACT
Rural road is basically defined as the road connecting rural areas with population less
than 500 or population between 500 to 1000 or between 1000 to 1500.In India ‘Pradhan
Mantra Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) provides rural connectivity to all habitations under the
Ministry of Rural Development. The objective of this project is to design and estimate the
total cost of construction of the rural road in vaddesearam. For which we have conducted soil
survey in the study area (vaddeswaram).The experiments conducted on soil are dry sieve
analysis, CBR test, plastic limit, liquid limit and standard Procter test.Designing the road
based on IRC SP 20.Design include designing thickness of layers, camber design, design
speed, roadway width and carriage way width selection. After the completion of design we
have selected appropriate materials and layers (base course-WMM, surfacing-Single coat
surface dressing with bitumen). Finally we projected the estimated quantities of materials
required, cost of materials, labour charges and cost of hiring for the construction.
Keywords: rural road, soil survey, design, design speed, camber design, roadway width,
WMM, surface dressing, estimation, cost of material.
1. INTRODUCTION
Rural roads play very important role in social economic development and poverty
reduction in rural areas. Rural road construction helps in increasing agricultural output,
economic growth and poverty reduction. [2] It brings development by creating opportunities
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2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
307
to access goods and services located in nearby villages (or) major towns. Rural road provides
alternative sources of income to the poor people and help them to increase their income,
improve their living standards.
The rural roads in India are in poor condition therefore Indian government has
lunched pradhan mantra gram sadak yojana, December 2000 for the development of the rural
roads[1]. It provides connectivity to rural areas have population between 500 to 1000 and
between 1000 to 1500.Public private partnership is another option for construction of rural
roads, in this type of construction private and government invest together for road
construction. Here the privates sector is attracted by giving some long term profit on
investment. [3]
For this paper designing of rural road is done following IRC-SP-20 code. We have
provided an estimation of the cost of construction the rates could vary for different places.
2. STUDY AREA
Vaddeswaram
Fig 1 study area
Road details
Existing road - earth road of length -1.5 km, No proper maintenance provided .The road is 6
yrs old per the villagers.
The common type of soil found in this area is black cotton. Average annual rainfall -1030
mm
Highest summer temperature-47 °C, lowest summer temperature-28 °, winter temperature-30
°C
Lowest winter temperature-15°C.Locally available low grade materials which can be used for
road construction are: River gravels,Pit gravel, Laterite, Moorum and Soft stone/sand stone.
Rocks available for road construction in the area are: Lime stone, Sand stone, quartzite and
granite.

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
308
3. OBJECTIVE
The objective of our project is to design the rural road following IRC-SP-20 code
book, selecting appropriate layers and materials. Estimating the materials required, estimating
the total cost of construction of the road including labour charges and machinery hiring
charges.
4. METHODOLOGY
The design of rural roads is done based on the rural road code book which is IRC SP
20. The sequence for designing the rural road is first we have to conduct the soil survey under
which experiments are conducted on the soil sample of the area where the road is to be
constructed. After the soil survey is done we get CBR values of the soil using which we can
design the road layer thickness requirement. Camber design, design speed, roadway width
and carriage way width is also design as per the recommendation in the code book.
5. RESULTS OF THE TEST CONDUCTED ON THE SOIL
5.1 Standard Procter compaction test
Fig 2 graph showing the optimum moisture content
Results: 1.optimum moisture content: 10%
2. Maximum dry density of soil: 2.169

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
309
5.2 Dry sieve analysis
Fig 3.grain size distribution chart for road soil
Results:
• The soil is coarse grain soil as the percentage of fine is less the 50%
• Coarse grain sand - 43.6 %
• Medium grain sand -30.1%
• Fine grained sand -23.9 %
• Clay and slit -2.4%
D60 =2.7 D30 =0.78 D10=0.25
Coefficient of uniformity Cu =D60/D10 =10.8, Coefficient of curvature Cc= (D30)2
/D60*D10
=0.9
Criteria for well graded soil: Cu > 4 & 1 < Cc < 3 (sand)
As Cc is less than 1 it is not a well graded soil, it is poorly graded soil
5.3 Liquid limit
Fig 4.graph for water content Vs no. of blows

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
310
Results: Graph= (IF) = (W1-W2)/ (logN2/N1)
(11.11-33)/ (log 9/36)
= (-4.89/-0.60)=36%
Liquid limit=17%
5.4 Plastic limit
LL=17 %
Plastic limit =14.5%
Plasticity index=LL-PL=2.5%
Now from plasticity chart we found out that the soil is OL (organic low plasticity) or ML (slit
low plasticity).
5.6 CBR Test on soil samples
CBR value for 2.5mm compression:
(Calculated load at 2.5mm compression)/ (design load at 2.5mm compression)*100
CBR value for 5mm compression:
(Calculated load at 5mm compression)/ (design load at 5mm compression)*100
Road soil for 2.5 mm=5.5*5*6.1=167.75, (167.75/1344)*100=12.48%
Road soil for 5mm=12*5*6.1=366, (366/2016)*100=18.15%
CBR = 18.15%
6. DESIGN FOR THE STUDY AREA BASED ON IRC-SP-20
Design for the study area based on IRC-SP-20
Details of the study area.
1. Average annual rainfall -1030 mm
2. Number of commercial vehicle per day-20
3. Temperature of the area maximum-470
C minimum-150
C
6.1 Calculating the thickness of layers to be provided for the road
CBR value of soil is 18.5%,Which is more then 15 % there is no need to provide sub
base base layer can be directly layed.For our study area the number of commercial vehicles
per day is 20.
As per the IRC SP 20:
• A base layer thickness of 150 mm and single coat surface dressing.
Fig 5 showing the thickness required as per IRC-SP-20

6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
311
• Base layer of -150mm and surfacing is required.
• Road width - 6m as the number of vehicle per day is less than 100.
• Carriageway width -3m.
• Camber- 3.5 %.
• Design speed of -40 km/hr
Fig. 6 showing the road cross section.
7. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE LAYERS FOR THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
1. Base layer – wet mix macadam (150mm)
2. Surface coating-single coat surface dressing using bitumen
7.1 Base layer –wet mix macadam layer
WMM layer is a layer made out of crushed aggregates and water premixed at a wet mix
plant.. Thickness of single compacted Wet Mix Macadam layer shall not be less than 75 mm.
Composition of aggregates -40MM -35%, 20MM -20%, 10MM 20% and Stone dust 25%.
7.2 Surface dressing – Single coat surface dressing using bitumen
It is a layer consisting of thin layer of bitumen sprayed on top of base layer, on which
stone chips are spread and are roller compacted.
Advantages of using surface dressing:Provides good sealing coat to the road surface, Provides
high resistance to skidding hence accident hazards reduces, Less expensive and durable
pavement.
7.3 Materials
Bitumen which is less viscous is used such as 80/100. For easy and uniform spraying.
This ensures proper coating and embedment of aggregate sprayed on it.
Type of construction Nominal size of stone chips Specification
Single coat surface dressing 13.2 mm 100% passing through 22.4
mm
Sieve and retaining on 11.2
mm sieve.
Table 1 showing the aggregate specification for single coat surface dressing

7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
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8. ESTIMATION AND COSTING FOR LAYING THE ROAD
Quantity estimation
S.N DESCRIPTION L B D QTY UNITS
1 WET MIX MACADAM 1500 3 0.15 675 Cum
2
SINGLE COAT SURFACE
DRESSING USING BITUMEN 1500 3 4500 SQM
3 SITE CLEARANCE 1500 6 9000 SQM
8.1 Detailed estimation
S.N DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT
1
Preparation of the area for base
layer includes watering , rolling with
vibrator roller and clearance of
vegetations if any present
SQM 9000 4 36000
2
Providing stone aggregate to WET
MIX Macadam specification
including cost, of all materials and
premixing the material with water at
OMC in mechanical mix plant
carriage of mixed material by tipper
to site as directed by the Engineer-in-
charge. Cum 675 728.6 491805
3
Laying, spreading and compacting
graded crushed stone aggregate to
WET MIX Macadam specification
laying in uniform layers with paver
in base courses on well prepared
surface and compacting with
vibratory roller to achieve the
desired density etc. as directed by the
Engineer in-charge Cum 1350 170 229500
4
Single coat surface dressing using
bitumen (13 mm nominal size chips) SQM 4500 27 121500
total amount Rs.878805

8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
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8.2 Labour and hire charges
• for laying wet mix macadam
S.N PARTICULARS QTY RATE AMOUNT
1
Mazdoor(beldar) for road clearance
and road preparation for laying base
layer 4 nos. 260.00 per day
2
Mazdoor(beldar) for laying and
spreading the wet mix layer 5 nos. 260.00 per day
3
Mazdoor(beldar)for compaction of
the layer ½ nos. 260.00 per day
Total
9½ nos. 260.00 per day 2470 per day
4
Pneumatic Road roller
Per Hour 1035
5
Tipper-5.5Cum Transportation of
soil,WMM etc
Per Hour 629.80
total amount Rs.4135
• for laying Single coat surface dressing (with bitumen)
S.N PARTICULARS QTY RATE AMOUNT
1
Mazdoor(beldar) for brushing and
cleaning of the base layer 4 nos. 260.00 per day
2
Mazdoor(beldar) for heating and
spreading of bitumen 4 nos. 260.00 per day
3
Mazdoor(beldar) for compaction of
the layer ½ nos. 260.00 per day
Total 8½ nos. 260.00 per day 2210 per day
4
Pneumatic Road roller
Per Hour 1035
5
Tipper- 5.5 Cum Transportation of
bitumen and chips Per Hour 629.80
6
Bitumen boiler oil fired Bitumen
Spraying Per Hour 170
7
Hydraulic Chip Spreader Surface
dressing Per Hour 2070
total amount Rs.6115.0

9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
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Total labour and hiring charges per day = Rs 10250
For the total construction approximately it could take 2 days there for total labour and hiring
charges =Rs.20,500
The total cost of construction including material charges labour and hiring charges is = Rs.8,
99,305 ,3% for contingencies= Rs.26, 980,
Net total cost of road construction =Rs.9, 26,285
9. PERT CHART
Fig 7 showing the pert chart
Activities Duration
1.Soil survey (soil tests) 5 days
2.Design based on IRC-SP-20 2 days
3.Checking for locally available materials 1 day
4.Selection of layers for the road 1 day
5. Estimating the total materials required and
also the total cost for laying the road including
labour charges and machine hires.
2 days
6. Arrangements of labours and hiring of
construction equipments
1 day
7. Transporting the materials to the construction
site
1 ½ days
8.Site clearance and laying the WMM layer 1 day
9.Laying the surface dressing 1 day
Minimum days required for the construction 14 ½ days

10. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
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10. CONCLUSION
• Construction of rural roads in India need attention as there are lots of villages which
are not connected and the villages which have road connection are in poor condition.
• Locally available materials should be used for the construction of rural road so as to
make the construction economic.
• Road layers can be constructed using certain types of municipal wastes hence making
use of waste materials for construction.
• Summary of the design for our study area road:
1. Full length of road= 1.5km
2. Roadway width= 6m
3. Carriage way width=3m
4. Base layer=WMM(wet mix macadam) 150 mm thickness
5. Surface dressing=single coat surface dressing with bitumen
6. Designed speed 40km/hr
7. Camber =3.5%
• The estimated cost for laying the above road costs Rs.9,26,285
REFERENCES
Journal Papers
[1] Agarwal. P. K, Singh. A. P, Some strategies for sustainable maintenance of rural roads
in India, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, Oct.-Dec., 2010,
Vol I, Issue III.
[2] Dominique.V.Walle, Choosing Rural Road Investments to Help Reduce Poverty,
Elsevier Science Ltd, World Development, 2002 Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 575–589.
[3] Sinha.A.B, Public private partnership in building rural infrastructure in India, JM
International journal of management research, january,2010, Vol -1 Issue 2.
[4] Bant Singh and Dr. Srijit Biswas, “Effect of E-Quality Control on Tolerance Limits in
Wmm & Dbm in Highway Construction - A Case Study”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013,
pp. 33 - 45, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
[5] T Subramani and P.K.Kumaresan, “Traffic Study on Road Network to Identify the Short
Term Road Improvement Projects in Major Urban Centre”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012,
pp. 66 - 76, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
Books
[6] Dr.K.R.Arora, Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering (standard publishers
distributors) ISBN: 81-8014-112-8.
[7] Dutta. B.N., Estimating and costing 26 revised edition (UBS Publishers’ distributor’s
pvt.Ltd).
[8] Kanna.S.K,Highway Engineering(Nem chand & bros,civil lines,Roorkee)2011, ISBN:
978-81-85240-63-3
Code Book
[9] IRC-SP-20.Manual on route location design, construction and maintenance of rural road
(Indian road congress).