40220140505006

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 44-56 © IAEME
44
UNIFIED POWER CONTROL UNDER DIFFERENT GRID CONDITIONS
FOR PMSG- BASED WECS
Anas Abdulqader Khalaf
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune
ABSTRACT
An integrated power control strategy under conditions of different grids operating permanent
magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). Strategy generator-
party converter DC-link voltage is used to control and grid-side convert And power in the grid is
responsible for control of flow injected. Generators double torsional oscillation controller capacity-
side lies the drive-train is due to grid-side attributes control grid code defined in the active and
reactive current (power) can satisfy the needs Used by, and at the same time mitigates the current
distortion even with unsymmetrical bending apparatus grid fault. Grid generator-party converter
automatically during faults, generator DC voltage reduces to maintain current and the resulting
acceleration is counteracted by regulation pitch generator. If the proposed scheme is employed,
compared with traditional strategy, DC chopper ride through the fault of the WECS is intended for
help, can be eliminated. Compared with the control scheme structured variables the proposed
strategy faster and more accurate recovery of the grid electrical responses, which is beneficial to
check the effectiveness of the proposed strategy simulation results.
Index Terms: DFIG, PMSGs, LVRTs, WECS, PCC, STATCOM, GSC, BC, RSC, PWM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Among various renewable energy sources, wind power generation is one of the fastest-
growing energy sources have been concerned as double fed induction generator differently. (DFIG)
wind systems, a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator wind energy conversion
system (PMSGs) based such as a gearbox, high power density, high precision and simple control
method, the initial installation costs [1], [2] has a lot of advantages except. Scale of wind farms
becomes bigger and bigger, more important the grid connection of wind turbines condition. Recently,
a few countries Remove the electric grid [3] [4] to add a dedicated grid wind turbine systems has
released the code. Plus micro grid is and smart grid energy efficient management [5], [6] research.
However, these systems, grid voltage are a fairly conventional compared fluctuated. Therefore, a ride
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &
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ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 44-56
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45
through wind power generation system for the grid control of unusual situations. Grid codes wind
turbine system (LVRT) capacity need low voltage ride through.
LVRTs for variable speed wind turbine several solutions proposed systems. For this purpose,
during active power grid fault [7], [8] to absorb a crowbar in the rotor system in favor of DFIG (an
external resistor) is connected to the common coupling (PCC) or reactive power. Point voltage grid-
side converter (GSC) is controlled by the wind turbine to produce power for its active operations.
However, in the case of a weak grid and grid fault, the GSC in smaller power capacity and voltage
fluctuation due to substantial risk of per No power or voltage support. In addition, a static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) DFIG wind turbine smooth operation during grid faults has
been used to guarantee. Reactive power grid has been installed on PCC [9] STATCOM dare
injection – [11]. Since this is a grid fault of rotor-side converter (RSC) cannot protect however,
DFIG ride through capability alone STATCOM used. On the other hand, this crowbar circuit which
protects from over-current SC rotor when the grid is a fault with the Temal. PMSG wind turbine
systems, low-cost and simple control with the performance of a braking chopper (BC) LVRT [12]
has been applied to-[14]. However, it is BC. Delete since bus power wind turbine systems to improve
the quality of the output power is hard to find. The other way, in STATCOM has keep wind turbines
grid connected to the grid during the [15] blame the system. With this method, the voltage is
regulation many stats And State as transient as well as improved State. As well as being used in
PMSG wind turbine generator system is a full scale back pulse width modulated (PWM) converters,
of which configuration shown in fig through the grid.
Fig. 1: National grid codes [3]
Traditional, DC-link voltage is controlled by GSC. However, in the case of GSC grid voltage
sags can be out of control on DC-link voltage a grid fault excessive wind turbines to generate
electricity, but to generate power grid cannot absorb completely since the enlargement.
Fig. 2: PMSG wind power system

46
In order to be compliant with the grid codes, DC chopper, such as additional measures, grid
disturbances [4], [15] during the system process is required to assist when the grid is at fault, with no
more effort to control DC chopper unbalanced power generators and grid can spread among the
worst scenario (grid voltage drops to zero),, DC chopper power rating (MW) should be full scale
[15]. Such a strategy is hardly some grid codes will be shown in this paper can satisfy the needs of
DC Chopper to destroy, a variable-structured controller have been designed [16] and [17]. The
controller generator-party power control when grid fault is detected by MPP tracking to produce less
electricity. Yet, there is enough torsional damping control thecWECSin some instances marked [18]
cannot provide. Fault ride (FRT) capacity to get through enough torsional damping while the reserve
ToA novel control strategy is proposed in [3] and [19]. Active power flow control instead,
generators-party converter DC-link voltage grid-side converter control, active power grid while
maintaining the power controller is used for, the more active a notch filter and a damping loop step
kampcTorsional vibration ester, consisting of a positive level is designed to ensure this kind of a
strategy successfully during symmetric grid faults can assist WECS FRT [19] as verified by
simulation. However, strategy is complex and its performance depends on system parameters.
Furthermore, such a solution is hardly unsymmetrical bending apparatus grid fault scenario that is
more common in power system can be adaptive.
This dissertation work MW class PMSG-based WECS unsymmetrical bending apparatus
under various grid fault conditions to operating an integrated power control strategy. Strategy,
generators-party converter DC-link voltage, torsional oscillations inherent damping maintains,
providing proposed strategy compared with conventional strategy DC chopper over. Comparing the
proposed control variable-structured plan strategy to significantly provide torsional damping WECS
And a faster and more accurate current (power) during the response grid defect. [19] Compared with
the scheme, a system parameter proposed strategy, which results in good simple implementation and
robustness is required. In addition, the current in the grid with the perversion of injected tactical can
be reduced so that when unsymmetrical bending apparatus is to improve the quality of power grid
fault. Analysis and simulation results of the effectiveness of the proposed strategy Check.
In fact, they can be divided into two groups: topologies galvanic isolation (fig. 3a) and those
with isolation. Lines frequency (LF) transformers (fig. 3 b) over the past decades galvanic isolation
for widely used. The main drawbacks LF transformer high weight and high value for these reasons,
HF isolation (fig. 3 c) has made photovoltaic applications and topologies for wind power
applications particularly popular.
Fig 3: Block diagram of interfacing converters

47
This section introduces the concept of wind energy; properties of wind energy, emphasizing
wind energy extraction by means of PMSG based VSWT. Operation modes of VSWT with fixed
blades are analyzed and generator characteristics are given.
Need of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wind Turbine Grid System
Extract the optimum wind power wind turbine generator (WTG) run variable-frequency
variable-speed mode is achieved by speed of the rotor tip speed ratios. maximizes the aerodynamic
efficiency by maintaining the value of wind speed in sympathy with the ratio allowed for the
realization of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) load line very closely wind turbine
generator max power line should be matched to such a In this case, a good generator and system in
Milan's best performances, as well as load for maximum utilization of PMSG wind driven between.
However, power electronics and control strategies in the recent progression in many different ways
to regulate the voltage of PMSG is made possible when the generator torque line can be controlled,
Turbine generator as power optimal desired locus loading shaft locus can be made to comply.
Theoretical models of wind turbine generator have been developed for producing power.
External rotor described in PMSG 20kW CRESTA is used in mathematical models the WECS.
Model power voltage and current can be given in terms of mobility (4) and (5) [1]:
m
λ
r
ω
d
i
d
L
r
ω
q
di
q
L
q
Ri
q
v +−+−=
dt (4)
qiqLrω
d
di
dLdRidv ++−=
dt (5)
Where, R and L are the machine resistance and inductance per phase. VDS and vq are the 2-
axis machine voltages. Id and IQ are the 2-axis machine currents. λM is the amplitude of the flux
linkages established by the permanent magnet and ωr is the angular frequency of the stator voltage.
The expression for the electromagnetic torque in the rotor is written as:
( )[ ]qimλdiqiqLdL
2
P
2
3
eT −−= 











(6)
The relationship between ωr and ωm may be expressed as:
mω
2
p
rω =
(7)
This equation shows that the generator torque direct quadrature can be controlled by the
current element.
(4), VD, vq and ID, are stator voltages and currents respectively d-q frame; RS stator
resistance; Ld, Lq inductances of d-q are in frame; Be, ωh machine mechanical and electrical; Te,
TM are the mechanical turbine electro-magnetic torque and torque the machine respectively; NP
machine pole pair number; Permanent magnets are made by Am rotor flux is concerned; J is the total
system inertia and associated mechanical drive train for FB friction coefficient.

48
The tip speed ratio λ MPPT strategy will keep its optimum turbine price, thus keeping the
turbine power coefficient Cp maximum value on the rotor speed control. CP in known and marine
current turbine speed reference speed V by the traditional count can be obtained by measuring the
flow velocity must be speed-based MPPT opt/R can be expressed in the form of paper low pass filter
in case of rotor speed great impact conventional MPPT algorithm calculated reference added to
modify the proposed strategy generates the reference speed.
opt
m _ ref
λ1
s 1
V
T R
ω = ⋅
+ (7)
Where is the filter time constant T and generator power to reduce volatility caused by great
disturbance plays an important role in setting the T to zero (7). Conventional MPPT algorithm
(turbine speed fluctuation of sea current terms) leads to.
With reference to the speed of conventional MPPT tip-top ratio, the generator under the
influence power more than great power turbine seriously will fluctuate this can be explained as
follow: when we ignore friction loss of torque equation (4), we can get.
m
turbine generator m m m e m
d
dt
P P T T J
ω
ω ω ω− = − =
(8)
(6), this power differential turbine and generator mainly depends on the system inertia J and
rotor speed change rate when a large inertia and low operating speed is. surpassing the current speed
is faster when the sea changes the speed of the turbine rotor under the influence, a synchronous
change rate by conventional MPPT control; Then there is negligible considering the MCT a 1.5 MW
system with large total system inertia ∆P can be huge.
Figure 8 shows the power and speed ratio use conventional tip-top MCT generator power
MPPT and proposed terms of profiles with optimized filter time constant (T = 7s). More detailed
analysis can be found in [6].
Fig. 8: Turbine and generator power responses with conventional MPPT (left) and proposed MPPT
(right)

49
Fig 9: System performances with different filter time constants
(6), this power differential turbine and generator mainly depends on the system inertia J and
rotor speed change rate when a large inertia and low operating speed is. surpassing the current speed
is faster when the sea changes the speed of the turbine rotor under the influence, a synchronous
change rate by conventional MPPT control; Then there is negligible considering the MCT a 1.5 MW
system with large total system inertia ∆P can be huge.
Figure 8 shows the power and speed ratio use conventional tip-top MCT generator power
MPPT and proposed terms of profiles with optimized filter time constant (T = 7s). More detailed
analysis can be found in [6]
Rotor flux angle of electric generator-party control for the implementation of the angle, need
an encoder/resolver or through estimates can be obtained by
Stator voltages and currents do not load the machine with the rotor flux by tested and
electromotive force (E = ωsψr) can be calculated by measuring.

50
Grid-side model
Grid-side converter grid has to deal with dips in heterogeneous grid [21] dips. symmetrical
components based on the use of three different ways to deal with these three methods have been
expanded, vector current feed forward control with the grid voltage (VCCF) negative sequence
current work has been used in this method is applied to the control with the positive sequence, And
grid-side converter negative-sequence model to develop no need therefore, ideal for grid-side
converter is shown in
Dc-Link Voltage Balance
DC-link neutral point voltage balancing a virtual space vector modulation switching strategy
and a Tai-lured voltage control [31], which bounced back topology is used in both the NPC
converters balance is achieved through this approach, the DC-link neutral point to include some
information about the model No.
Modeling of wind turbines
Considered in this work by a fixed pitch wind turbines a WECS PMSG are driven; An AC-
DC power conversion stage two different perspectives and implemented using a vs. CCI. Shown 2.1
a brief description of each element of the system is given below.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
This paper continued operating on wind energy in the grid frequency is a major area of
application of the variable-speed generators. They operate and control is a description of this
variable-speed wind generator: direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).
This generator is controlled entirely via a frequency converter, which is a pulse-width-modulation
(PWM), an intermediate DC circuit consists of a PWM inverter and power is connected to the
network. Circumstances under which is different load generator with maximum efficiency incident
from the Air Max Power is controlled to obtain. Vector control grid-side inverter power factor
regulation allows the windmill they whole system dynamic performance. Various pilot tests a
prototype 3 kilowatt system proposed in [1] to verify the benefits of also.
Wind turbine generator systems for five different than the purpose of this paper, namely
power-flush and permanent magnet direct drive permanent magnet generator system, and induction
doubly-fed generator system with three-phase single phase gearbox with Aye cited doubly-fed
generator ren system. The cost for a given wind than climate and annual energy yield double-fed
induction generator based on. Single phase gearbox with energy costs in terms of yield divided by
the most attractive double-fed induction generator. Three-phase gearbox is a cheaper solution is to
use standard components. Permanent magnet direct drive generators produce highest energy but this

51
gearbox [2] more expensive than generator with the system, even though it is cheaper than direct
drive generators, power flush.
The goal of this report one of the mapping grid fault types and their frequency is present in
different countries. Reports relevant to wind turbines in various countries of low voltage ride through
detailed overview capabilities. Quantification of loads for the most relevant study cases Effects on
wind turbines? Lifetime is defined [3]
Power grid simulation for multi-MW wind power applications for a test bench for the
hardware configuration and the control system are described using two variable voltage generated.
(Final phase four) medium-voltage, three-stage, three-level voltage source converters insulated gate
bipolar transistor with press-pack and a specially designed the step-up transformer system
fundamentally different from the known grid simulation test side that almost always use switched
inductances. Discussed in MATLAB/Simulink [4] simulation results and measurements is as well as
systems are using barriers to.
They show the Simulator system for micro-grid with distributed generators. This Simulator,
the power amplifiers is a steady state and transient-state operation for a test result and a PV system
and wind turbine system design one Yojana two simulation case results the device is delivered
including a renewable energy source contained. Simulator generator with a micro-grid was designed
for the simulation of the system consists of a power amplifier and a RTDS. deliver a real-time
simulation of RTDS generator with a micro-grid models and a renewable energy source The power
amplifier for the model of RTDS., which was distributed to each node voltage generator with micro-
grid or an indication of renewable energy sources in the production mode was used to produce a
simulated the Simulator a test system, distributed generators to PC a dynamic and stable performance
are used can be applied to a future study The distributed generator system and model of development
performance improvement. [5]
III. PROPOSED APPROACH FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN
Design of the Unified Power Control for the MW Class PMSG-Based WECS
Rising wind energy penetration into the utility grid interconnection requirements leads to a
sustainable development. In fact, WECSs in different grids to operate robustly and as a traditional
power plant to provide support services to request. PMSG based integrated power control scheme
MW class WECS satisfies the requirements of the grid is designed to Described in this section. The
scheme, generators party converter is to maintain a constant DC-link voltage and actively controlled
torsional oscillation damp. grid-side converter under conditions different grid power systems
operator (PSO) as a positive and necessary Negative sequence output power can regulate if a grid is
to blame, the DC-link voltage constant, to keep generator-party power converter control generator
power and thus minimize the flow to dc link stator begins rotating power surplus large public.
Kinetic energy is buffered and generator in acceleration is reflected in the price above its rating when
the generator increases the speed of acceleration pitch control counteracted by Can.
A. Controller Design of the Generator-Side Converter
WECS Jg JH, usually _ _ Max (ts, t _ s, CDC), dynamic responses of WECS can be classified
into three time scales. Scale of different response time [24] as quaint country is based on the
principle, slow moving and fast mobility will not affect one another. So fast, fast dynamic steady
state converges promptly when slow dynamic discussion enough to be should. Similarly, the slow
dynamic study of fast dynamic neglected. As a result, based on the following three control WECS
sub models can be designed:

52
In which dc is the reference of the dc-link voltage and the symbols with
superscript “-” represent the quasi-steady value of the state variables.
Design the reference of the generator torque as proportional and integral coefficients.
The slowest model (5) behaves as a first-order system. Fig. 2 shows the typical torque
characteristics of the WT. Considering the generator torque as
Tg1, the WECS has two possible steady operation points, in which point “B” is stable and
“C” is unstable. Regarding ωg = ωg = ωh in (8), dynamics model (5) is stable if kh > ∂Twit/∂ωh. The
conclusion can also be identified from the fact that there is unique cross point “B” between torques
Characteristic and line OB in Figure.
Model (6) is a second-order system and its transfer function with the control input (8) is as
follows:
Dynamic model (9) will be stable if kh > 0.
In (7), responses of TG anoxic are independent. TG responses stably with positive ts.
Substituting (8) into (7) and ignoring the high-order items, if z = X∗Dc − Xdc, we have
Dynamic model (10) is stable if KP > tski.
Based on the perturbation theory, the whole system can be stabilized by controller (8) if all
the subsystems are stable or (11) holds true. The proposed scheme has inherent oscillation. Damping
capability since the damping torque is provided with the generator speed feed forward

53
As the first-order dynamic, with vector control techniques [3] PMSG is controlled by stator
torque generator and voltage control.-axis rotating reference frame on rotor flux straight into, can be
decoupled generator-side converter control diagram Shown in Figure PI regulator DC-link voltage.
controller upper and lower limits (11) is to satisfy equation (8) is the input vector controller and i
∗restrictions apply to avoid permanent magnetic of ds, can be set to zero. the rotor flux angle θr
frame changes and (8) to the generator speed _ ωg PMSG The proposed master plan [25]
electromotive force back the results in the implementation of sensor less based on estimates.
B. In the design grid-side converter control
Generators and grid are decoupled by back-to-back converter, grid disturbances affecting the
operation of generator-party converter. Grid with grid side converter is the WECS-mistakes to take
responsibility for running properly. Symmetrical sinusoid currents WECS neckline during power
grid faults. And unsymmetrical bending apparatus to improve the quality, positive-sequence active
and reactive powers proposed in the strategy are regulated. Control diagram fig. Grid-side converter
control rotating reference frame vector control techniques, including positive-sequence is aligned to
the grid voltage vector based on positive and negative sequence voltage component grid. Second-
order generalized integrator-based phase closed loop [26] with. Angle θ + positive-sequence voltage
vector grid to control the frame changes and implemented such a strategy, with positive-sequence.
Active and reactive powers grid-side converter, pout, pos, Quota, pos, can be controlled
independently-, q-axis, g, wisdom, by living streams. In figs. 4, pout, pos, Quota, pos can be
calculated with the following equation:
Where · represents the dot product and × denotes the cross product; the symbols with
superscript “+” represent the positive sequence variables.
Since only positive-sequence powers are controlled in such a strategy, the currents injected
into the grid only contain positive sequence components so that the current distortions are
mitigated [27].
C. Design of the Pitch Controller
Pitch control is activated once your rating above the value increases the speed of the
generator and the power extracted from the wind energy reduces later. Aerodynamic characteristics
of nonlinear WT, pitch angle control is quite difficult. Conventional linear controller a detailed wind
speed range cannot provide satisfactory performance. Controller can be effective with scheduling
advantage but the benefits are hard to tune. "And the authors make a strong pitch controller based on
inverse system theory proposed.
The controller is simple to implement and strengthen the system parameter deviations. Fig. 5
it control diagram shows it to block an inverse system-based control system controls and control
parameters by nominal deviation due to error are a strong compensator. Controller is employed in the
newspaper and can be found in the details.

54
Fig. 9: Control diagram of the generator-side converter
Fig.10: Control diagram of the grid-side converter
Fig. 11: Control diagram of the pitch angle
In section IV we are presenting the current state of implementation and results achieved.
IV. CONCLUSION
Converter-based power system is due to its accelerated power WECS feedback's ability to
improve transient stability. However, limits its power equipment rating applications. In order for
such systems, advanced control techniques for greater access to power to satisfy the requirements of
the systems must be developed. PMSG-based WECS for conventional control strategy is primarily
the promise of proper operation of the generator is designed to do. While the grid side in power is
regulated indirectly strategy generator torque control (power) is directly responding to unrest will
increase the power of the generator.
In the grid, which is not desired by the PSO? Under different grid positions is for the first
time power system requirements to satisfy the basic idea of the proposed strategy. Strategy,
active/reactive current (power) grid-side converter is regulated through enough to provide additional
damping oscillation active damping loop generator-party controller is integrated into the. Traditional
or variable compared with-structured control strategies the proposed one is the quickest and most
precise grid-side current (power) is the answer. Grid during DC chopper or switching, fault controller

55
with strategy is required and current distortion can be reduced when unsymmetrical bending
apparatus grid fault. Moreover, the proposed strategy a system parameter and it is easy to apply,
which makes it attractive for the practice of engineering. However, such a strategy is in response to
sacrifice and generator-side variable DC-link voltage fluctuations. It is believed that a large DC-link
capacitor if the proposed strategy is employed to improve the system performance can be useful.
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