Mohamed Abu Bakr | Mohamed El-Sofani Sahara Chemical Solutions

1. Scale Removal and Production Enhancement
Chemical Engineering Solutions

2. SCS provides a broad range of high-quality and new innovated products to help and support clients to
meet their technical challenges through Chemical Solutions which include:
 Full Scale Chemical Flooding EOR.
 Chemical Engineering Solutions.
 Performance Chemicals for Production Services.
SCS offers one of the most comprehensive chemical portfolio in the industry for oilfield production,
stimulation, water treatment and crude oil treatment chemicals.
Chemical Engineering Solutions
Performance Chemicals for
Production Services
Formation Treatment
SAHARA Chemical Solutions - SCS
2
Scale Removal Operations

3. SAHARA Chemical Solutions - SCS
3
USA
Libya
Zambia
Gulf
Egypt
South Sudan

4. US Manufacturing facilities
USA Manufacturing Plants
Phoenix, Arizona
Hamilton, Ohio
USA SCS Sales Offices
Dallas
Warehousing
“Houston, Texas” Fully Stocked Warehouse
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5. Scale – Most Common Types
 Barite (BaSO4)
–Generally formed when there is co-production
of formation water (Ba2+) and injection water
(SO4-)
 Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4)
–Generally formed in three main forms
(Gypsum, Bassanite, Anhydrite)
 Iron Sulfide (FeS, FeS2)
–One of the hardest scale can be found in the
oilfield with many different forms (7 forms)
 Calcite (CaCO3)
–Formed due to the presence of calcium ions
and bicarbonate ions in the produced water
–Pressure changes may cause precipitation
Anhydrite
Barite
Calcite
Iron Sulfide
5

6. Scale – Most Common Types
6
Name Mineral Name Formula Comments
Barium Sulfate Barite BaSO
4 Sulfates formed commonly by incompatible mixing of
Strontium Sulfate Celestite SrSO
4 formation water and seawater. To a lesser extent
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Gypsum CaSO
4.2H
2O pressure reductions can also cause precipitation.
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Bassanite CaSO
4.1/2 H
2O Anhydrite is formed at temperatures above 110 °C and
Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate Anhydrite CaSO
4 in high salinity brines whereas gypsum forms below 110 °C
Calcium Carbonate Calcite/ Aragonite CaCO
3 Carbonates are formed from both incompatible mixing, also
Ferrous Carbonate Siderite FeCO
3 changes in temperature, pressure and gas chemistry
Magnesium Carbonate Magnesite MgCO
3 Iron carbonate can also be a corrosion product.
Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Sodium Chloride Halite NaCl
Ferrous Sulfide Marcasite FeS Sulfides are formed from sour wells and hydroxides from
Iron sufhide Pyrite FeS2 spent acids. Oxides and oxyhydroxides from corrosion often
Ferrous Hydroxide Fe(OH)
2 after acid treatment.
Ferric Hydroxide Fe(OH)
3
Ferrous Oxide FeO
Iron Oxide Haematite Fe2O3
Iron Oxide Magnetite Fe3O4
Iron Oxy Hydroxide Geothite
Silica Quartz SiO
2 Forms of silica, silicates and rare earth sulfides can form
Hydrated Silica Amorphous Silica Si(OH)
4 in high temperature, low pressure geothermal wells.
Aluminosilicates Clays and Zeolites AlnSimOp Hq
Formed in HTHP gas production and from high salinity
formations

7. Impact of Scale
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 Oilfield scale costs are high because:
 Drastic oil and gas production decline.
 Frequent pulling of down-hole equipment for
replacement.
 Re-perforation of the scaling producing intervals.
 Reaming and re-drilling of the plugged oil wells.
 Stimulation of the plugged oil-bearing formation.
Scale Consequences
• Formation Damage
• ID Restriction
• Corrosion

8. Scale Formation Sites in Oilfields
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9. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
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Texas A&M Accreditation

10. 10
SCS New Formulations
Scale Dissolver
Products

11. Products Summary
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Scale Type SCS Scale Dissolver
Carbonate SCSR-01, SCSR-03
Iron Sulfide SCSR-02, SCSR-08
Calcium Sulfate SAG-01, SCSR-09
Barium Sulfate SCSR-04, SCSR-05
Strontium Sulfate SCSR-06
Vanadium Pentoxide, Trabzonite,
and Siderite SCSR-07

12. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
12
De-Scaling Key Attributes
 Providing High Dissolution Capacity
 No precipitation or harmful by-products
 High thermal stability
 Readily Biodegradable
 Minimum corrosion rates (below 0.05 lb/ft2)
 Good HSE aspects
 Increased production with minimal risk

13. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
13
Texas A&M Accreditation

14. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
14
Breakthrough De-Scaling Solutions
SCSR-01,
Downhole
Scale Removal
(KOMOMBO),
2014
SCSR-01,
Downhole
Scale
Removal,
(ESHPETCO),
2015
SCSR-01,
Downhole
Scale
removal,
(PETROBEL),
2014 to 2018
SCSR-07, Benfield Sweeting System Scale Removal, (BAPETCO), 2017, 2018
SCSR-02, Iron
Sulfide Scale
Removal,
(ZEITCO),
2017
SAG-01,
Pipeline Scale
Removal,
(GEMSA),
2011 to 2014
SCSR-01,
Downhole
Scale removal,
(PETROBEL),
2014 to 2018
SCSR-04,
Barium
Sulfate Scale
Removal,
(ZEITCO),
2019
SCSR-02, Iron
Oxide Scale
Removal,
(OAPCO),
2018
SAG-01©
For Calcium Sulfate Scale
SCSR-01 and SCSR-03©
For Carbonate Scale
SCSR-02 and SCSR-08©
For Iron Sulfide & Iron
Oxide Scale
SCSR-04 and SCSR-05©
For Barite Scale
SCSR-06©
For Strontium Sulfate
SCSR-07©
For Vanadium pentoxide,
Trabzonite & Siderite
Scales
SCSR-02,
Downhole
Anhydrite
Scale
removal,
(Tatweer),
2020/2021

15. SPE-154455
A Successful Removal Inorganic Hard Scale
Deposits in an Offshore Pipeline in Gemsa Oil
Field, Egypt: Field Study
Mohamed A. Bakr, Ahmed Abdel Hay, SAPESCO; Emad Hamdy,
GEMPETCO

16. IPTC-18139-MS
Challenge and Successful Application for Scale
Removal in Oil Field, Egypt: Field Study
M. A. Bakr, A. A. Hay, SAPESCO,
Samir Sisostris, Mohamed Anwar, Petrobel, Omar El Farouk,
Cairo University

17. INNOVATION TECHNIQUE AND
SUCCESSFUL SCALE REMOVAL JOB WITH
COILED TUBING IN BELAYIM OIL FIELD,
EGYPT: A CASE HISTORY
Mohamed Anwar, PETROBEL ; Luca Cadei, ENI ; Mohamed A. Bakr
SAPESCO
This paper was presented at the 13th Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition in Ravenna, Italy, March 29-
31, 2017. It was selected for presentation by OMC 2017 Programme Committee following review of information
contained in the abstract submitted by the author(s). The Paper as presented at OMC 2017 has not been reviewed by
the Programme Committee

18. SPE-191448–MS
Removal of Iron Sulfide Scale with a New
Formulation: A Field Application in a Sandstone
Reservoir in Egypt
Mohamed Abou Bakr, Ahmed Abd El-Hay, SAPESCO
Ahmed Farid Ibrahim, Hisham Nasr-El-Din, Texas A&M University
Ehab Amin, ZEITCO

19. 19
23–26 April 2019
San Jose, California, USA
SPE Western Regional Meeting
Evaluation of a New Treatment to Remove
Calcium Sulfate Scale: Lab Studies and Field
Application.
SPE- 195313-MS
Ahmed Ibrahim, Hisham Nasr-El-Din, Texas A&M University
Mohamed Abd El-baqi, Ahmed Abdelhay, SAPESCO
Hossam Farouk, Ahmed Aref, Ahmed Reda, MohamedRafaat, Mohamed Gamal, ZEITCO

20. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
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Improve Production
1836 0
2735
initial
production
Problematic
Production
Enhanced
Production
A-12
Barite Scale
BOPD
120 20
270
initial
production
Problematic
Production
Enhanced
Production
Belayem
Calcium Sulphate
BOPD
780
0
1800
Initial production Problematic Production Enhanced Production
A-13
Iron Sulphide Scale
BFPD
175
20
240
Initial production Problematic Production Enhanced Production
West Qarun WQ-18
Iron Oxide Scale
BFPD
150
40
190
Initial production Problematic Production Enhanced Production
West Qarun WQ-21
Calcium Carbonate Scale
BFPD
2000
600
2000
Initial production Problematic Production Enhanced Production
Pipe Line
Calcium Sulphate Scale
BOPD

21. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
21
BAPETCO OBYIED Benfield System 26
GAS SWEETENING System
After cleaning
Before cleaning

22. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
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Gemsa Pipeline
After cleaning Successfully
retrieved about 500 drums
deposits (Scale &
hydrocarbon, sand, cement
and chloride) and restore the
original production capacity
(2000 Bbl/day)
Blocks of Scale inside the line before the
chemical job

23. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
23
Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate Scale (Sandstone formation)

24. Scale Dissolver Chemicals
SAHARA Chemical Solutions
Permeability Enhancement
STRAWN Field USA
Challenge:
The House well has been online since 2013. The average production of
house#153 before the problematic stage was 6 BOPD and 20 mcf /d
gas and 30 bbl./d water.
The Well House#153 was shut down on April 2020, with zero
production till November, 2020.
The samples contain a significant amount of illite, with glauconite
appearing to be the dominant mineral in this group. If illite clay
material is subjected to HCl it will be degraded and cause damage to
the formation which is considered one of the big problems in the
sandstone formation.
Solution
The chemical treatment and Scale
Removal using SCSR new formula is
expected to clean the perforation tunnels
from the scale and any damage exists
(positive skin) that may be lodged in it.
The production gain expected from the
chemical treatment job is to revert it back
to its non-damaged state.
Results:
Even with a smaller down hole pump installed, total
fluid production is up 176% prior to chemical
treatment to 155 bbl./d with (oil 21 bbl./d, & water
140 bbl./d). Gas is up 65% to 36 mcf/d.
The job proved that SCSR chemical is not damaging
fluid like the normal acid and get significant increase
on the injection rate
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25. Candidate Identification
 Production & Treatment History:
 Production History
 Treatment History
 Visible scale on rods, tubing, or pump.
 High bicarbonate level in formation water.
 Log Responses (Production, Caliper, Gamma ray).
 Recent workover.
 Recent treatments.
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26. Essential (Pre-solution) Data
SCS Questionnaire for Down
Hole Cases
SCS Questionnaire for Pipelines &
Surface Facilities Cases
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27. Scale Lab Testing
Evaluate Water Analysis
Anhydrite
Barite
Illite/mica
Kaolinite
Quartz
Plagioclase
Feldspars
K-Feldspars
Calcite
Dolomite
Siderite
Pyrite
1
500.00
(Tubing Scale Sample)
KOHOOF 4.91 91.21 - - - 0.20 - 0.25 - 0.23 3.20 100
Table 1.2: Semi-quantitative analysis obtained by X-Ray diffraction for whole rock samples (Well: 746)
Sample
No.
Depth
of Sample
Collection
(ft)
Formation
/
Field
Mineralogical Composition (wt%)
Total
[wt%]
Analyze scale sample through XRD (X-ray
Diffraction) to characterize the mineralogy
Perform XRF (X-ray
Fluorescence) to identify the
elemental composition of the
particulate solids.
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28. Operation Design
 Technical Design Defines:
1. The needed amount of the solution according to the
target penetration depth against the formation
porosity.
2. The needed additives according to the treatment
objective.
3. The needed amount of additives according to the well
completion capacity.
4. The needed equipment to deliver the solution to the
target location.
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29. Chemical Solutions Clients
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Thank You