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Pitfalls and opportunities for growing up in the digital age
1. American Psychological Association
2012 Annual Convention Orlando, FL
2:00 – 3:50 PM August 3, 2012
Invited Address, Session ID: 2266
Sponsors: APA Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools,2, APA
Committee on Psychology Teachers at Community Colleges, Psi Beta
Pitfalls and Opportunities for
Growing up in the Digital Age
Michele Ybarra MPH PhD
* Thank you for your interest in this presentation. Please note
this presentation is a more recent version of the American
Psychological Association presentation tilted “Digital
adolescence: Myths and truths about growing up with
technology”. Analyses included herein are preliminary. More
recent, finalized analyses may be available by contacting CiPHR
for further information.
7. Technology is ubiquitous:
Recap
Most children and adolescents are
online (95%) – but not all are (5% are
not)
Many (80%) are on Facebook and
other social network sites
But very few (16%) are tweeting
Constantly text messaging? YES
75% of teens text; at a median of 60
texts per day
9. Overlap of cyberbullying and Internet
harassment victimization
Not involved
62%
Cyberbully-
only victim
1%
Internet
harassment-
only victim
24%
Cyberbully +
Internet
harassment
victim
13%
Data are averaged from Growing up with Media, 2007 and 2008, n=2338 observations (1588
youth)
10. Internet harassment victimization rates
over time
10%
18%
26%
39%
50% 50%
22%
26% 26%
37%
48%
44%
21%
34%
43% 43%
46% 44%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2006 (n=1,577)
2007 (n=1,189)
2008 (n=1,149)
Data are from Growing up with Media
11. Text messaging harassment
victimization rates over time
7%
13%
16%
11%
13%
24%
8%
16%
24%
32% 30%
34%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2007
(n=1,189)
21%
30% 32%
19% 19%
31%
15%
33%
36%
39% 36%
42%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2007 (n=682)
2008 (n=802)
Among all youth
Among youth with cell
phones
Data are from Growing up with Media
In press, Pediatrics, Ybarra, Mitchell, Korchmaros; National trends in exposure to and experiences of violence on the Internet among
12. Bullying victimization rates over
time
1%
7% 5% 6% 7%
10%
3%
7% 9% 9% 8%
13%14% 14% 15% 13% 13% 15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2007 (n=1189)
2008 (n=1149)
2010 (n=3777)
Cell phone text messaging
Internet
2006, 2007 data are from Growing up with Media (in press, Pediatrics)
2011 from Teen Health and Technology
7% 8%
12% 12% 14%
19%
7% 10%
18%
14%
18% 19%18% 19% 20%
16% 16% 18%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2007 (n=1189)
2008 (n=1149)
2010 (n=3777)
13. Cyberbullying is inescapable
(?)
39%
10% 14% 17%
10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
% of youth reporting
bullying
56%
21%
11%
6%
3% 3%
# of different modes
one is bullied in
0 1 2 3 4 5
Data are from Teen Health and Technology
(n=3,777)
14. Cyberbullying is inescapable
(?)
15%
83%
4% 7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
% of youth reporting
being bullied online
92%
6%
2%
# of different
environments one is
bullied among those
bullied online
1 2 3
Data are from Positive Youth Development
(n=3,777)
15. Distress among 12-15 year olds
reporting harassment online
17%
31%
28%18% 27%
21% 26%
13%
19%
22%
18%
54%
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Rude/mean Rumors Threatening / aggressiveEmbarassing/hurtful picture/videoSocial exclusion
2006
2007
2008
Distress = very or extremely upset about self-defined most “serious” time
Data are from Growing up with Media, sample sizes vary based upon n reporting each experience
16. Distress among 12-15 year olds
reporting harassment via text
messaging
21%
25%
39%
19%17%
21%
28%
21%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Rude/mean Rumors Threatening/aggressive Embarassing/hurtful
picture/video
2007
2008
Distress = very or extremely upset about self-defined most “serious” time
Data are from Growing up with Media, sample sizes vary based upon n reporting each experience
17. A comparison of distress among youth
bullied across environments and modes
35% 38%
16% 15%
23%
33%35%
39%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Bullied 12-15 y.o. All bullied youth
School
Internet
Phone
On the way to and from school
Distress = very or extremely upset about self-defined most “serious” time
Data are from Growing up with Media 2007 and 2008, sample sizes vary based upon n reporting each
experience
18. Psychosocial issues for victims
Interpersonal victimization / bullying offline
(Ybarra, Mitchell, Espelage, 2007;
Ybarra, Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor, 2006; Ybarra, 2004)
Depressive symptomatology and suicidal
ideation (Ybarra, 2004; Mitchell, Finkelhor, Wolak, 2000; The
Berkman Center for Internet & Society, 2008; Hinduja & Patchin, in
press)
Alcohol use (Ybarra, Mitchell, Espelage, 2007)
Social problems (Ybarra, Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor, 2006)
School behavior problems (Ybarra, Diener-
West, Leaf, 2007)
Poor caregiver-child relationships (Ybarra, Diener-
West, Leaf, 2007)
20. CyberBullying: Recap
• More than 4 in 5 youth who use the
Internet are *not* cyberbullied
Cyberbullying (bullying
online) affects between 17%
of youth each year;
harassment affects about
38%
• 2/3 bullied and harassed youth are
less affected
About 1/3 of bullied and
harassed youth are very or
extremely upset
• For a concerning minority
(12%), bullying is ubiquitous (in
person, online, via text)
Bullying is most commonly
an in-person experience.
• Text messaging victimization may be
increasing…
Internet victimization is not
increasing
21. Technology is a hotbed of sex
Image from: Chan Lowe http://blogs.trb.com/news/opinion/chanlowe/blog/2009/02/sexting.html
22. Exposure to sexual material by
medium
75% 69%
19% 25%
16%
24% 30%
77%
74%
83%
3%1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Some, many, all Almost none/none
Data from the Growing up with Media survey, 2008 & 2010 (18 y.o. and younger) n=1913 observations, 1588 youth
23. Wanted exposure to x-rated
material online by age
1%
7% 7% 7%
2%
4%
8%
14% 15%
22%
4%
6%
14% 14%
20%
26%
12%
19%
22%
27%
25%
29%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
2006 (n=1577)
2007 (n=1189)
2008 (n=1149)
2010 (n=792)
Data from the Growing up with Media survey
24. Wanted exposure to violent x-rated
material online by age
1% 2%
0% 0%0% 1% 0% 0%
3%
1%1% 1% 2%
5%
3% 3%4% 3%
1%
4%
2% 3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
2006 (n=1577)
2007 (n=1189)
2008 (n=1149)
2010 (n=888)
Data from the Growing up with Media survey
25. Putting it into context:
“Sexting” versus sex talk by
mode and youth sex
1%
3% 2%
0%
1%
6%
2%
0%
8%
10%
5%
0%
6%
10%
5%
0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
In person Text message Online Some other way
Males: sexting
Females:
sexting
Males: sex talk
Data are from Teen Health and Technology, n=3777
26. “Sexting” by age and sex
2% 2% 2%
5% 5% 5%
1% 2%
6%
7% 8%
10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
13 14 15 16 17 18
Males (n=1641)
Data are from Teen Health and
Technology
27. “Sexting” (across all modes) by
age and sex
3% 3%
4%
8% 8% 8%
2%
4%
8% 9%
12% 13%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
13 14 15 16 17 18
Males (n=1641)
Data are from Teen Health and
Technology
28. „Sexting‟ related to other sexual
behaviors
Sexual behaviors No
sexting
(n=3,588)
Sexting
(n=189)
aOR
(95% CI)
Current romantic
partner
22% 50% 2.8 (2.0, 3.9)
Kissed 47% 89% 8.2 (5.1, 13.1)
Fondled 29% 83% 10.2 (6.8,
15.4)
Oral sex 17% 70% 10.4 (7.3,
14.9)
Sex with a toy or
finger
17% 70% 10.1 (7.1,
14.3)
Vaginal sex 17% 65% 7.8 (5.5, 11.1)
aOR = adjusted for biological sex, age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, and survey
experience indicators (i.e., privacy when completing the survey and self-reported
honesty). Data from Teen Health and Technology
29. Technology is filled with sex:
Recap
Compared to TV (75%) and music,
(69%) the Internet is among the least
common exposures of sexual material
(16-25%)
Less than 1 in 20 youth (5%) have
„sexted‟ via text messaging in the past
year
◦ Youth are sharing sexy photos online (2%)
and in person (1%) too
◦ It is related to increased age, and other sexual
behaviors maybe in most cases, it‟s
another way to express one‟s sexual self?
30. A few more things to know about new
technology
Image from: http://thatsnotcool.com
31. Knowledge is not enough
Data from the Growing up with Media survey, n=1,588
In press, Pediatrics, Ybarra, Mitchell, Korchmaros; National trends in exposure to and experiences of violence on the Internet among
56%
48%
41%
66%
57%
52%
41%
50%
56%
30%
39%
44%
3% 2% 3% 4% 3% 4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008
Hate sites Death sites
Yes
No
I don't know
what this is
32. Focusing on adolescent health (not media)
issues: Stalking vs. “sexting”
18%
8%
5%
9%
1% 2%
5%
7%
5%
10% 10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
In person Online Phone Text
messaging
Stalking
Sexting
Sex talk
Stalking data from Growing up with Media, 2010 (n=888);
Sexting/sex talk data from Teen Health and Technology (n=3777)
33. Benefits of technology:
Teaching healthy behaviors
Physical health: Dance Dance
Revolution
Healthy behaviors: Sesame
Street‟s Color me Hungry
(encourages eating vegetables)
Disease Management: Re-Mission
(teaches children with cancer
about the disease)
(as described by My
Thai, Lownestein, Ching, Rejeski, 2009)
34. Benefits of technology:
Access to health information
10%
4%
7%
4%
10%
40%
74%
23%
26%
15%
56%
60%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
non-
LGBT
Data are from Teen Health and Technology, n=5542
35. Benefits of technology:
Social support for LGBT youth
14%
29%
16%
12%
28%
40%
32%
25%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Listening Are less
judgemental
Letting you be you Understanding you
not LGBT
LGBT
Compared to friends I first met in-person / “offline”,
friends I first met online are better at…
Data are from Teen Health and Technology, n=2131
36. Too much technology?
Or is everything kinda pretty much
okay…?
Image from: http://impostor.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/brainmachine.jpg
37. Acknowledgements
Growing up with Media: This survey was supported by Cooperative
Agreement number U49/CE000206 from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this presentation are
solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent
the official views of the CDC. I would like to thank the entire Growing up
with Media Study team from Center for Innovative Public Health
Research, Harris Interactive, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health, and the CDC, who contributed to the planning and
implementation of the study. Finally, we thank the families for their time
and willingness to participate in this study.
Positive Youth Development: The project described was supported by
Award Number R01 HD057191 from the National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development. The content is solely the responsibility
of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of
the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the
National Institutes of Health. We would like to thank the entire Study
team from Internet Solutions for Kids, the University of New
Hampshire, the Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network
(GLSEN), Labtrobe University, and Harris Interactive, who contributed
to the planning and implementation of the study. Finally, we thank the
study participants for their time and willingness to participate in this
study.
Notas do Editor
What are some assumptions we have about technology?Maybe that all children and adolescents are online?That they are all on Face book and Twitter?And constantly text messaging?Let’s see..
Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Teen-Parent survey, April 19-July 14, 2011. n=799 for teens and parents, including oversample of minority families. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish.
Older teens, boys, and blacks are leading the increase in texting. Texting is the dominant daily mode of communication between teens and all those with whom they communicate.
What are your assumptions about CyberBullying?Maybe that everyone is involved / it’s impossible to be online and not be involved?That it’s terribly upsetting to youth that are victimizedThat it’s part of an inescapable experience that bleeds from school to text to online?Maybe that it’s getting worse – more frequent, more intense
Rude or mean commentsThreatening or aggressive commentsRumors, whether they were true or not Bullying is a subset of harassing behaviors (e.g., hits, kicks, threatens, or says nasty or unpleasant things to them; social exclusion) that:Occur over timeAre repeatedHappen between people with differential powerAverage over the 2 years (2007, 2008)
Harassment = rude or mean comments, threatening or aggressive comments, rumors true or not
Focusing on 2007 and 2008 because just “rude / mean comments” was asked in 2007
Both among all youth (so comparable n)
1739 / 3989 13-18 year olds report some type of bullying in the past year(44%)1) The majority of youth are *not* bullied across any of these modes2) the biggest % of bullied youth are bullied through one mode
Among the 83% who say they are bullied at home and online, 92% say this is the only place they are bullied (6% are bullied here and another environment, 2% are bullied in 3 of the 4 places)
NOTE: n’s for embarrassing/hurtful pictures are really low: 15 in 2007 and 23 in 2008 (others range between 127-299)2006 12-15 year olds: 10612007: 7602008: 730(note that these are total n’s; above only reflect those who were harassed)
Not asked in 2006Interesting that distress rates for text-based embarassing/harmfulpic is lower. N’s are similarly small here: 13 in 2007; 16 in 2008
Not asked in 2006
Concurrent behavior and psychosocial problems have been noted
Let’s talk a bit about sex and technologyWhat do you think: has the Internet increased exposure to pornography and x-rated material?What about sexting? Have cell phones and text messaging made it incredibly easy (and therefore common) to send pictures via text messaging?Let’s see…..
In the last 12 months, when you X (medium), how many of them show people kissing, fondling, or having sex?
Before I let you go out into the world (and try to impress people at dinner parties with your new found knowledge), there are few more things you should know about what we *should* and should *not* necessarily be worried about
We know that knowing about something is not enough to affect behavior (think health behavior change)For some reason though, we worry if this somehow does not hold for the InternetNotice here, that although the % of kids decreases over time, we have between 28-52% of youth saying they “don’t know what this is” at Wave 3 – after we’ve told them what it is 3 years in a row…
Stalking = Tried to get someone’s attention by doing something 'over the top'. Followed someone without them knowing or spied on themTried to 'talk' with someone when it seemed like they did not want you to. Damaged or destroyed someone's things that they lovedThreatened to hurt someone or yourself if they did not pay attention to youDownloaded a GPS or tracking program to their cell phone without them knowingWhile we need to know more about ‘sexting’ and who the vulnerable yoth are, these data suggest that stalking behavior may be even more common; maybe we need to spend as much time paying attention to thisNOTE: you cannot voice ‘sext’
62% have searched for health or medical information in the past yearAll are statistically significantHIV/STDs17% changed what they’re doing10% visited a doctor13% talked to an adult (parent)Condoms:19% changed what they’re doing9% visited a doctor16% talked to an adult (parent)
Let’s not forget that there are *many* benefits of technology%’s are among those who have both friends they have met online first and friends they have met offline (25% of nonlgbt, 64% of lgbt)
Today, we’ve talked about a lot of things: How youth are using (and not using - in the case of twitter) technologyHow cyberbullying and other types of youth aggression are being experienced via technology – and how that compares to other environmentsExposure to sex and sexual material online and via cell phones – and how that compares to other environmentsHopefully, you now have the information (the data) to make up your *own* mind about whether youth have too much, or just enough technologyWhatever you decide, I hope that you see the challenge: to acknowledge the difficulties that some youth face, and also the lack of risk that the majority do not. We need to better identify those youth who are struggling and likely need individual help; while at the same time, refusing to give into fear mongering and hyperbolic statements and beliefs about technologyBecause whatever our final determination: technology is here to stay