Taiwan Internet Intermediaries and Cyber Norms

1. Internet Intermediaries and Cyber Norms
Kenny Huang, Ph.D.
CEO & Board Director,
Taiwan Network Information Center
Taiwan Computer Emergency Response Team/Coordination Center
huangk@twnic.tw
2019 Jul 08
1st Taiwan Internet Intermediaries Workshop

2. Trust
n
4 ( )
Internet cyberspace
n
Youtube Internet
2

3. Internet policy development reference frameworks
3
non-enforceable policy Enforceable norms recognized
within international law
Global public goods x
International spaces and shared resources x
Critical infrastructure protection x
characteristics ICANN ITU IGF APNIC TWNIC IETF NATO
multistakeholder x x x x
bottom-up model of governance x x x x
standard setting x x x x x
operates based on contractual
compliance
x x x
governmental x x
sets internationally enforceable
obligations for states
x x

4. Other referenced areas of international law
4
Areas of international law that can be used for
reference with regard to protecting the core of
the Internet include:
law of the sea
air law
space law
international human rights law
international telecommunication law
law of treaties
international trade law
antiterrorist laws and policies

5. Public Goods Governance Models
5
Governance Capability & Capacity for Public Goods
Non-state Actors X O O
Governments O O X
Governance
Model
State Regulation
Cooperation
Private Self
Regulation
Co-Regulation
Delegation
(Knill, 2002)
(Tanja, Borzel, 2007)(Neoliberalism)
(Tanja Borzel, 2007)
(Knill, 2002)
Dr. Kenny Huang

6. 6
Civil
society
Government
Private
sector
Academy &
technical
community
Multistakeholder model
Issues, goals, scope
participants, timeline
decision-makers
Source: IEEE Internet Computing, Jan 2015
Internet Governance (WSIS 2005)
The development and application by governments, the private
sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles,
norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape
the evolution and use of the Internet. Internet

7. 7
Pathetic dot theory (New Chicago School theory)
Source: Lawrence Lessig, 1999; illustrated by Dr. Kenny Huang
Law
Market
Norms
Architecture
Cyber Norms:
Collective expectations for the proper
behavior of actors with a given identity
Source: Katzenstein, 1996

8. Pathetic dot theory
n
n Architecture: Architecture regulate software behavior (Lessig: Code Is
Law)
n Law cyberspace behavior,
2018 GDPR cyberspace (Law is Code)
n Cyber Norms: ( )
agility Cyber Norms
u IETF RFC, ICANN Policy, APNIC Policy, CERT MoU/Contract, FIRST, MANRS, GGE
n Market: 2018 499
n
u 99% (twcert/cc)
u (IETF ) (
) law/regulation Extraterritorial
jurisdiction ( MLAT )
u Cyber Norms
8

9. Pathetic dot theory (New Chicago School theory)
9
Architecture
Code is Law Law is Code
Source: Lawrence Lessig, 1999; illustrated by Dr. Kenny Huang
Law
Market
Norms
Architecture
Law
Market
Norms
Architecture
Law
Market
Norms
Cyber Norms

10. Cyber Norms and Internet Governance
10
Organization
Rules
Jurisdiction
Law
International
Treaty
Internet
Governance
n Multistakeholder
n Technology
n Standards
n Architecture
n Policy
n Best Practice
n Cooperation
n Coordination
Norms
Internet Governance
Quality
Speed Cost
Dr. Kenny Huang

11. Internet intermediaries
11
Internet intermediaries
ü Provide the infrastructure
ü Collect, organize and evaluate dispersed information
ü Facilitate social communication and information exchange
ü Aggregate supply and demand
ü Facilitate market processes
ü Provide trust
ü Take into account the needs of buyers and sellers or users
and customers

12. 12

13. Policy and regulation issues
n Focal point for content regulation, social policy questions
u ( )
u DPI (Deep Packet Inspection)
n Kill switch
u Governments may seek to impose regulatory functions (e.g. prevent or punish illegal content)
u Intermediaries are viewed as well-positioned to take action
n Intermediaries’ potential regulation functions ( )
u copyright enforcement
u safeguarding national security
u defamation and hate speech
u protecting children
u addressing illegal content
u providing criminal information to governments
n Internet shutdown
u Governments can order intermediaries to shut down their networks
13

14. 14
Content Specific Blocking
Search, User-Generated Content, News Media, Social Media Content
Network Management Level Disruptions
Performance Throttling, DDoS, Latency, DPI Filtering
Protocol Level Blocking
BitTorrent, VoIP, HTTP, SMTP, FTP
Financial and Transactional Service Outages
Credit Card Transaction, Online Payment Services, Transactional Services
Domain Name System
DNS Filtering, Registries, Registrars, Hosting Services
Switching Level Infrastructure
Routing Infrastructure, IXP, Network Switches
Physical Infrastructure
Submarine Cables, Power Systems, Wireless Base Station, Satellite

15. Tests of Necessity and Proportionality
15

16. 16
P
I
S

17. Primitive model
17
LEA
Order to
Intermediaries
Content
takedown
National security
authority
Court

18. Reference Model: Australia Industry-led Copyright Notice Scheme
18

19. Reference Model: APNIC/TWNIC IRT validation policy
19

20. Reference Model : UDRP / TWNIC DRP
20
Expert Panel for
Expert Panel for ?
Expert Panel for ?
Expert Panel for ?
Expert Panel for ?

21. Reference Model: DMCA Notice and takedown
21
1: Identify the exact work
2: Infringing file in named file
3: DMCA statement
4: confirm
5: contact

22. Potential financial model
n Applicant’s application fee (ICANN)
n ISP-Right holder funding arrangement (Australia)
22

23. Potential liability mitigation
n Expert panel mitigate liability
n Recovery mechanism for appeal application (ICANN RSM)
n Liability insurance (individual insurance vs. community insurance)
23

24. Taiwan Intermediary governance transition planning
24
panel
meeting
Working
Group
Additional
Support
Terms of
reference
intermediary The transition to a future IG model should be an
Panel-led process
Investigate and provide a proposal for consideration by the panelprimitive
investigation
report
Working group to lead the evaluation of future models
and present their findings to the Panel
Additional support from legal, financial or technical advisers
if required
Clear terms of reference and a high level of
dedication required

25. Moving forward – decision tree
25
Status quo
Stay | Lift
Stay
Status continues
Lift
No action | new measures
No action
Discontinue
New measures
Existing | New proposals
Existing
Trial
New Proposals
5 operators | all operators
5 operators
Launch
All operators
Community support

26. 26