Oral Communication - Intercultural Communication

2. Communication

3. DEFINING CULTURE
• Cultures are learned
• Cultures are shared
• Cultures are multifaceted
• Cultures are dynamic
• Cultural identities are overlapping

4. Culture
Historically, the word derives from the Latin word
‘colere’, which could be translated as ‘to build’, ‘to care for’, ‘to
plant’ or ‘to cultivate’.
Spencer-Oatey (2000) proposed the following definition:
Culture is a fuzzy set of attitudes, beliefs, behavioural norms, and
basic assumptions and values that are shared by a group of people,
and that influence each member's behaviour and his/her
interpretations of the "meaning" of other people's behaviour.
Hall (1983) views culture as often subconscious.
“Culture has always dictated where to draw the line separating one
thing from another.

7. Types of culture
● CORPORATE CULTURE
● PROFESSIONAL CULTURE
● GENDER CULTURE
● AGE CULTURE
● RELIGIOUS CULTURE
● REGIONAL CULTURE
● CLASS CULTURE
factors that bind people together

8. • intracultural
The term intracultural is used to describe data and
interactional data from within one cultural group.
For example: Value variations among Germans is
intracultural.
• intercultural
The term intercultural is generally used to describe
comparative data and studies of a large number of cultures,
or studies that try to identify dimensions that are not
culture specific.
For example: Hofstede's work is intercultural, as it desribes
cultural dimensions applicable for all cultures.
Intercultural is also used to describe interactional data from
members of different cultural backgrounds (normally more
than two).

11. i. Increasing interaction between people
due to globalization.
ii. Increasing diversity in workplace.
iii. Need to developed caring responsible
and ethical business leaders.
Why study intercultural
communication???

12. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
Age grading Ethics Language
Athletics Etiquette Law
Bodily adornment Family Magic
Calendar Folklore Marriage
Cleanliness Funeral rites Numbers
Cooking Gestures Puberty customs
Cosmology Greetings Rituals
Courtship Hairstyles Sex restrictions
Dancing Hygiene Surgery
Education Kinship Tool-making

13. 
PRIVATE FUNCTION
 Private functions are functions that indicated communication through the
communication behavior originating from an individual
1 ) EXPRESS SOCIAL IDENTITY
In the process of intercultural communication are some of the communication
behavior of individuals who used to express the behavior of social identity is
expressed through the act of speaking both verbal and nonverbal . of language
behavior that is knowable and social identity , for example, it is known ethnic origin ,
religion or level of one's education
2) DECLARE THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION
core concept of social integration is to accept the unity between individuals, between
groups but still recognizes the differences of every element. It should be understood
that one of the goals of communication is to give the same meaning for the message
shared between the communicator and the communicant.
3) TO THE KNOWLEDGE
often interpersonal and intercultural communication increase knowledge together, to
learn the culture of each.
FUNCTION OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

14. 
SOCIAL FUNCTION
1. SUPERVISION
- practice intercultural communication between different
communicators and communicant culture of mutual monitoring
functions . In any process of intercultural communication
function is useful to inform the " development " of the
environment . This function is mostly done by the mass media
that disseminate it an events that happen around us even
though it happened in a different cultural context .
2. CONNECTION BETWEEN CULTURE
- the communication function is carried out between two people of
different cultures was a bridge over the differences between
them. The bridging functions can be controlled via messages
they exchanged, the two are explaining the differences of
interpretation on a message that produces the same meaning .
This function is carried out also by the various contexts of
communication, including communication

15. 
3. VALUE SOCIALIZATION
- socialization function is a function to teach and
introduce the cultural values of a society to another
society.
4. ENTERTAINMENT
- entertaining functions are often performed in the
process of intercultural communication. For example,
the arrival of outside artists show the differences
between their cultures so that people learn the
language and follow their style.

16. 
Improving verbal and non verbal communication
Better adaptation to a new environment
Learning how to understand, reduce and overcome
stress
Better understanding of one’s own culture and
finding one’s place in a society.
Reduced feeling of anxiety in contacts with
members of other cultures.
BENEFITS OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

17. 
i. GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between
national borders in order to facilitate the flow of good, capital,
services and labour
ii. MULTICULTURAL WORKFORCE.
Refers to the changing age, gender, ethnicity, physical
ability and race of employees across all type and place of
works.
TRENDS OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

18. BARRIERSTO
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATIONS

19. STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICES
 Stereotypes: generalized 2nd-hand
beliefs that provide conceptual biases
from which we ‘make sense’ out of
what goes on around us, whether they
are accurate or fit the circumstances.
 Prejudice: a negative social attitude
held by members of one group toward
members of another group.

20. CULTURE SHOCK
 The anxiety that results from losing all of
our familiar signs and symbols of social
intercourse.
 Signs: feelings of helplessness, lowered self-
esteem, desire to return home, insomnia,
depression, physical illness, withdrawl and
hostility toward host culture.

21. Culture shock
The symptoms of culture shock can include:
• strain
• sense of loss
• anxiety
• helplessness
Physical symptoms can include:
• headaches
• sleeplessness
• desire for comfort foods (for example,
chocolate)
• excessive consumption of alcohol
Phases of culture shock (Marx 1999)
• confusion
• feeling rejected
• obsession with hygiene
• overeating
• stomach pains
Positive
mood
mood
changes
negative
mood

22. The Cultural Adjustment Process
There are several stages most newcomers go through in adjusting to a
new culture.
1. Fun: The excitement and adventure of experiencing new people, things, and
opportunities.
2. Flight: The urge to avoid everything and everyone that is different. This
stage is characterized by symptoms similar to those seen in cases of clinical
depression, but as a reaction to culture shock.
3. Fight: The temptation to judge people or things that may be different in a
negative light. At this stage, one wrestles with the influence of the new culture
while resisting giving up one's original cultural identity. Hopefully, a blend
will emerge that fits you well.
4. Fit: Willingness to understand, to embrace, and to creatively interact with
the new culture. At this final stage, adaptation to the local culture has been
made and hopefully one has made a decent adjustment.

23. ETHNOCENTRISM
 The belief that one’s own culture is superior to
all others and the tendency to judge all cultures
by one’s own criteria.

24. Discrimination
Discrimination is the overt actions one takes to exclude,
avoid, or distance oneself from other groups.
Discrimination takes stereotypes and prejudice one step
further—to action, whether overt or covert. You can
discriminate against someone subtly by slightly turning
away your body when in a conversation, or by avoiding
eye contact with them.

25. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 The DMIS offers a structure that
explores how people experience
cultural differences. According to
Bennett and Bennett (2004), it has six
stages.

26. The widely known work of Milton Bennett helps to elucidate the process
of adaptation to a new culture. In his work, Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity, 1993, he describes six main stages in the
development of intercultural sensitivity:
denial
defensiveness
minimization
acceptance
adaptation
integration

27. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 1: Denial. The individual does
not recognize cultural differences.
 An individual in this stage might be heard
saying:
“All cities are the same; they all have tall
buildings, fast food chains, and coffee
shops.”

28. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 2: Defense. The individual
starts to recognize cultural differences
and is intimidated by them, resulting in
either a superior view on own culture
or an unjustified high regard for the
new one..

29. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 An individual in stage 2 might be heard
saying:
“This culture does not view life the way we
do; our culture is certainly better.”
“Their ways are better than my own; I wish
I were one of them.”

30. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 3. Minimization.
 Although individuals see cultural
differences, they bank more on the
universality of ideas rather than on
cultural differences.

31. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 An individual in this stage might be heard
saying:
“Once we see through the cultural
differences, we really are just the same.”

32. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 4: Acceptance.
“These people and I have different values
and experiences, and I think we can learn
from one another.”

33. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 5: Adaptation
 The individual is very open to world
views when accepting new perspectives.

34. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 5: Adaptation
 “To address our issue, I have to adjust
my approach to consider both my own
and my counterpart’s background.”

35. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 6: Integration
 Individuals start to go beyond their own
cultures and see themselves and their
actions based on multifarious cultural
viewpoints.

36. The Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
 Stage 6: Integration
 “I can look at things from the perspective
of various cultures.”