5. Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry âŚ
⢠âŚwas a mess!!!
⢠No organization of elements.
⢠Imagine going to a grocery
store with no organization!!
⢠Difficult to find information.
⢠Chemistry didnât make sense.
6. Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED⌠SOME PROBLEMSâŚ
⢠Put elements in rows ⢠He left blank spaces
by increasing atomic for what he said were
undiscovered
mass. elements. (Turned
⢠Put elements in out he was right!)
columns by the way ⢠He broke the pattern
they reacted. of increasing atomic
weight to keep similar
reacting elements
together.
7. Each square of periodic table
includes:
â elementâs atomic number= #
of protons in its nucleus
â chemical symbol
â name
â atomic mass= avg. mass of all
isotopes of that element
15.9994
10. Groups
⢠columns
⢠aka families
⢠18 groups
⢠eg: Group 15= nitrogen family
⢠each group has similar characteristics
11. physical properties of a metal
⢠hardness
⢠shininess
⢠malleable=can be pounded into shapes
⢠ductile=can be pulled out into a long wire
⢠conductor - can transmit heat & electricity
⢠magnetic
⢠most are solids at room temp.
(except ___________ )
mercury
12. chemical properties of a metal
reactivity
⢠__________= ease & speed at which an
element combines or reacts with other
elements
⢠some - very reactive (ie. sodium)
⢠others - unreactive (ie. gold)
13. ⢠reactivity ease & speed at which an
__________=
element combines or reacts with other
elements
⢠some - very reactive (ie. sodium)
16. Group 1- alkali metals
â from Li ď Fr (not H)
â very, very reactive
Potassium reacting with water
â have 1 valence electron
Lithium reacting with water
17. Group 2- alkaline earth metals
⢠2nd column
⢠Be ď Ra
⢠very reactive- never alone
⢠lose 2 valence electrons
⢠most common- Ca & Mg
18. Groups 3-12 - transition metals
⢠bridge between very reactive metals &
less reactive metals
â ex: Fe, Ag, Pt
20. lanthanides & actinides-
rare earth elements
⢠found @ bottom of periodic table
⢠fit in periods 6 & 7
⢠placed at bottom for convenience
21. Neodymium, one of the lanthanide elements, is
used in manufacturing the tiny speakers inside
stereo headphones.
22. Curium, one of the actinide elements,
is used as a source of high-energy particles that heat
and provide power for certain scientific equipment
aboard the Mars Exploration Rover.
25. ⢠Element 110-118, elements with
three-letter symbols, have been
given temporary names and symbols.
⢠In the future, scientists around the
world will agree on permanent
names and symbols for these
elements.
26. Nonmetal
⢠Element that lacks most
properties of metals
âdull- not shiny
âbrittle- not malleable
âpoor conductors
27. Nonmetals
⢠Located at right of zigzag line on
periodic table
⢠10/16 = gases
⢠Most form compounds, except
Group 18
30. Carbon Family
⢠Contains elements
important to life &
computers
⢠Carbon = basis for entire
branch of chemistry
⢠silicon & germanium-
important semiconductors
31. Nitrogen Family
⢠Group 15
⢠N ď Bi
⢠2 nonmetals- N & P
⢠5 valence electrons
32. ⢠Group 15
Nitrogen Family ⢠Nitrogen makes up over
ž of the atmosphere.
⢠Nitrogen and
phosphorus are both
important in living
things.
⢠Most of the worldâs
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
⢠The red stuff on the tip
of matches is
phosphorus.
33. Oxygen Family
⢠Group 16
⢠Oď Po
⢠3 nonmetals- O, S, Se
⢠6 valence electrons
35. Halogen Family
⢠Group 17
⢠F ď At
⢠7 valence electrons
⢠very reactive
⢠typically gains or shares 1
electron
36. Halogens
⢠Group 17
⢠Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
⢠Always found
combined with other
element in nature
⢠Used as disinfectants
& to strengthen teeth
37. Noble Gases
⢠group 18
⢠He ď Rn
⢠8 valence electrons
⢠very stable & unreactive
⢠do not form compounds b/c do not gain,
lose, or share valence electrons
38. The Noble Gases
⢠Group 18
⢠VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
⢠Used in lighted âneonâ
signs
⢠Have a full valence
shell.
39. Hydrogen
⢠alone in upper corner
⢠not grouped in a family
⢠very diff. properties
⢠has 1 proton & 1 electron
⢠some have neutrons
40. Metalloids
⢠on border
between metals &
nonmetals
⢠8 metalloids
⢠characteristics of
both metals &
nonmetals
41. Metalloids
⢠most useful property= varying
ability to conduct electricity
âused to make semiconductors=
can conduct electricity under
certain conditions
42. Review
1. What can you predict from an elementâs location
in the periodic table?
2. To make most synthetic elements, scientists use
powerful machines called ___________.
3. Which group contains the most elements?
4. What prediction did Mendeleev make that came
true less than 20 years later?
5. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are part of
what family?
Although electrons occupy most of an atomâs volume, they donât account for much of its mass. It takes almost 2,000 electrons to equal the mass of just one proton. On the other hand, a proton and a neutron are about equal in mass. Together, the protons and neutrons make up nearly all the mass of an atom.
Every atom of an element has the same number of protons. For example, the nucleus of every carbon atom contains 6 protons. Every oxygen atom has 8 protons, and every iron atom has 26 protons. Each element has a unique atomic numberâthe number of protons in its nucleus.
Although all atoms of an element have the same number of protons, their number of neutrons can vary. Atoms with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons are called isotopes (eye suh tohps).
Lithium to Francium
Beryllium to Radium
Iron, Silver, Platinum
Aluminum, tin, lead
Its propertiesparticle acceleratorsMetalsHe said that three new elements would be discovered, and he described their properties.Halogens