Transfer Analysis in Applied Linguistics

1. By :
Hikmah Pravitasari (S 200 140 026)
Hanif Safika Rizky (S 200 140 028)
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014

2. The Content of Discussion
• TRANSFER ANALYSIS
• FROM THE CONTRASTIVE TO TRANSFER
ANALYSIS
• CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
• TRANSFER ANALYSIS
• LANGUAGE TRANSFER AS THE CENTRAL
PROCESS IN INTERLANGUAGE CREATION

5. Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to
use as a means to compensate for their lack of
L2 knowledge.

6. From Contrastive Analysis
to Transfer Analysis
The points are :
1. Contrastive Analysis
2. Transfer Analysis

7. Contrastive Analysis
Linguistics
Contrastive
Linguistics
compare two
or more
languages
describing the
similarities and
differences

8. Contrastive Analysis

9. Contrastive Analysis
The Purpose :
• to provide teachers and textbook writers with
a body of information which can be utilized in
the preparation of instructional materials, the
planning of courses, and the development of
classroom techniques.
• The strongest motivation for conducting CA
from its earlier days involves applied work,
that is, to prepare the best teaching materials.

10. Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is an attractive idea that it
was used in the preparation of the special
intensive course for foreign language teaching.
(Howatt and Widdowson, 2005:36) It took
over a dual role: 1. To select and grade the
structures to be taught while pinpointing
areas of potential difficulty through the use of
contrastive analysis techniques and 2. To write
the actual teaching materials.

11. Contrastive Analysis
Skinner (1957)
Cognitive
System
Stimulus Response
• Learning is a process of habit formation.
• Learning involves: a. imitation
b. practice
c. reinforcement

12. Transfer Analysis
According to James, 1990
Transfer analysis as an analytical tool, thus,
constitutes “a sub discipline within error
analysis which rests upon the assumption that
certain deviances in learner production are
the result of NL transfer” (James 1990:489).

13. Process of Transfer Language

14. Interlanguage

15. Interlanguage
There are two different processes that
influence the creation of interlanguages:
1. Language transfer or Interference
2. Overgeneralization

16. Language Transfer
According to Saville-Troike in Fauziati, 2009
Language transfer (also known as interference)
occurs when “an L1 structure or rule is used in
an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate
and considered an error”

17. Language Transfer

18. Overgeneralization
Learners use rules from the second language
in roughly the same way that children
overgeneralize in their first language.

19. Overgeneralization

20. In the Classroom  Process Teaching & Learning
Teaching
English have
to clear and
correct
I learn & more
understand from
the mistake &
error

21. Language Transfer as the Central Process in
Interlanguage Creation
• Such errors may be the result of the negative
transfer process.
• They are also often referred to as interlingual
errors.
• Which follows is the discussion of language
transfer from notable scholars as follows.

22. Language Transfer from Notable Scholars

23. Selinker = Rediscovering of Interlanguage, proposes several
1. Transfer is a ‘selection process’
2. Interlingual identifications’ are the basic learning strategy,
where learners’ make the same what cannot be the same.
3. The learner ‘search the input’ for what they have in their
native language; they do it but selectively.
4. Creating ‘equivalence’ in the next language is done
through key linguistic / cognitive variables, such as
structural and translation correspondences where
language transfer is ‘neutral’; its effects may be ‘positive’,
aiding learning, or ‘negative’, inhibiting learning. Thus,
students transfer can be facilitative of learning in some
contexts.
5. etc
phenomena of language transfer

24. O’Grady  Error Patterns in Second Language
Acquisition
LEVEL OF
PROFICIENCY
TRANSFER
ERRORS
DEVELOPMENTA
L ERRORS
BEGINNER HIGH LOW
INTERMEDIATE MEDIUM HIGH
ADVANCED LOW LOW

25. Language transfer has been a major concern
among second language acquisition
researches for the past two decades.
Studies here reported various types of
linguistic elements in L2 performance that
reflect learners’ L1 knowledge.
Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to
use as a means to compensate for their lack of
L2 knowledge.