Development of Social Studies Curriculum in Turkey and John Dewey’s Effect on the Modernization of Turkish Education- a ppt of an article written by Tarman, B. (2011). The influence of John Dewey on the Turkish Curriculum.

1. Development of Social Studies Curriculum in
Turkey and John Dewey’s Effect
on the Modernization of Turkish Education
Slideshow by Hiba Armouche
December 2012
Hiba Armouche

2. Outline
 Introduction
 History of Social Studies Curriculum in 2 different eras:
1- Ottoman Era.
2- Republican Era.
The impact of John Dewey on the Turkish educational
system
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3. • What are the characteristics of Turkish social studies program and its
historical development and progress?
• Why did Atatürk invite John Dewey to examine and analyze the
Turkish educational system other than someone else?
• What was his importance?
• What is his educational philosophy?
• What was his role in and contribution to modernization of the Turkish
Educational system?
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Introduction

4. The Ottoman Era
Curricula were grouped into 3 faculties
1- Religion or Law : Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh, Kelam
2- The Natural Sciences: Rational sciences, philosophy,
mathematics and astronomy.
3- The instrumental sciences: Logic, rhetoric, eloquence,
writing and esthetics.
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5. The Ottoman Era
• Languages
Arabic : the Language of instruction
Ulema ( Versed in Arabic)
Juchela, speaking Turkish
Other spoken Turkish languages
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6. The Ottoman Era
The philosophy of the educational system was based
on Islamic principles and Turkish traditions.
1- Mektep ( primary school)
Madrasa (university)
2- Palace School: for the Elite.
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7. The Ottoman Era
Priest-preachers, state functionaries, and kadis of cities
and towns were all madrasa graduates
Teachers were graduate of special programs
( Arabic,literature, rhetorics…)
Teachers were the accepted and respected members
of community.
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8. The Ottoman Era
Most of the educational systems in the world are similar in
that they aim at “the preparation of a good citizen
( nationalistic, narrow in scope)
While
The Turkish educational system was based on Islamic
education.
Islam takes a much broader view of the function of the
education and concentrates mainly on “the development
of a good human being”
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9. The Ottoman Era
During the decline of the Ottoman State :17th
century
change and “Westernize” the Ottoman State and its
educational institutions. Reform, modernization,
change, and westernization of the educational
system have become part of the Turkish social,
political, and educational life.
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10. The Ottoman officials selected its first student for further
study in Western Europe.
They become the leading teachers in the military schools
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The Ottoman Era

11. “During the famous Tanzimat era (1839-1876),
a Ministry of Education was established (1857).
The Ottoman Era
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12. The Ottoman Era
Reorganization of the Ottoman state school Some
pioneering work in girls’ education was initiated.
Muslim world was founded with the Darülfünun (1900) in
Istanbul.
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13. During the last decade of the Ottoman
Empire (1908-1918), in the second
constitutional period (Mesrutiyet)—
a pedagogical method with emphasis upon
terbiye, (i.e., didacticism and education,
rather than maarif (knowledge), was
fostered”
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The Ottoman Era

14. The Republican Era
1924; 1926, 1930, 1932,
1936, 1948,1962, 1968,
1989, 1993, 1999 and 2005.
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15. The Republican Era
1924
Essentialist perspective, teacher and text-book
oriented.
creating new and loyal citizens by using new values
like nationalism, change, westernization and refusing
dominance of religion. General Turkish History was
given more importance than the histories of Islam and
Ottoman Empire.
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16. The Republican Era
1926
Shaped by John Dewey. Pragmatism: education related
to real life.
The Turkish Board of Education was founded.
with the aim of developing improved teaching programs.
Life studies: history, geography, civics, science and
nature classes.
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17. The Republican Era
1932- 1936- 1948
Some principles added: best mental and physical habits.
Turkish revolution and consciousness of citizenship were
highly emphasized in the social studies curriculum.
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18. The Republican Era
1962
Society and Country Studies: History, geography and Civics.
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19. The Republican Era
1968
Student-centered
Social studies curriculum create citizens believing
that Turkish Republic is a national, democratic and
social country based on human rights, and that Turkish
Republic has an indivisible integrity with its land and
people, and is a creative member of the world community.
“Social Studies”.

20. The Republican Era
Subjects emphasized:
The importance of Central Asia in the formation of
civilizations.
The roles Turks played.
Contributions that Turks made to Islam.
Turkish history in the 11th
century.
The ottoman Empire- its development, culture and
civilization was omitted.
Reformation in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th
Century.
World war l. The war of independence. Ataturk
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21. The Republican Era
1998
Behaviorist approach. Efficiency, goals and objectives
specified.
Nationalism, secularism, patriotism, republicanism.
EU norms and Western perspective affected the
construction of the program.
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22. The Republican Era
2005
Progressive + constructivist + EU process.
Performance based assessment. Process of learning rather
than results.
Critical thinking, open-mindedness.
Student-centered
Teacher as a guide rather than a transmitter of the
knowledge.
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23. The Republican Era
1- Universality and equality
2- Fulfillment of individual and social needs
3- Freedom to choice
4- Right to education
5- Equality and opportunity
6- Education for all throughout life
7- Adherence to Ataturk’s reform principles
Principles of the Turkish Educational System
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24. 8- Education for democracy
9- Secularism
10- Scientific approach
11- Educational planning
12- Co-education
13- School-parent cooperation
14- Education everywhere (as supplementary to
schooling)
The Republican Era
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25. The Impact of John Dewey on Turkish
Educational System
John Dewey:
Philosophical pragmatism. Progressive movement.
American psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic,
and political activist.
Democracy, whole child, student-centered
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26. Dewey rejected the notion that a child’s education
should be viewed as merely a preparation for civil
life, during which disjoint facts and ideas are
conveyed by the teacher and memorized by the
student only to be utilized later on.
The Impact of John Dewey on Turkish
Educational System
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27. The Impact of John Dewey on Turkish
Educational System
Ataturk invited John Dewey
Dewey’s reports:
1- No need to rush
2- Start with teachers improvement
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28. The great weakness of almost all schools, a weakness
not confined in any sense to Turkey, is the separation of
school studies from the actual life of children and the
conditions and opportunities of the environment.
The school comes to be isolated and what is done there
does not seem to the pupils to have anything to do with
the real life around them, but to form a separate and
artificial world.
The Impact of John Dewey on Turkish
Educational System
Hiba Armouche

29. Chicago Turkey
Historical presuppositions, being of
Turkish, Westernized (Modernized) or Islamic origin.
The Impact of John Dewey on Modernization of Turkey
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30. References
Tarman, B. (2011). Development of social Studies
curriculum in Turkey and John Dewey’s effect on
The modernization of Turkish education. International
Journal of Progressive Education, 7(1), 45-60.
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31. Thank You
Hiba Armouche
hiba.armouche@yahoo.com
www.facebook.com/TrainerHibaArmouche