امروزه در ایران نیز تاثیرات خطرناک تغییرات اقلیمی از دریاچه هامون و ارومیه که خشک می شوند گرفته تا ریزگردها در اهواز و گرمای طاقت فرسای تابستان گذشته در ماهشهر مشهودتر از هر عصر دیگر است.
3. A
متان
کربن اکسید دی
نیتروژن اکسید
اوزون
زمینزمین
اکسید دی
کربن
50%
متان 18%
کلوروفلورو
کربن
14%
ون او 12%
اکسید
نیتروژن
06%
Green house gases in natural
condition insulates the earth against
extreme of temperature by limiting
both incoming solar radiation &
escape of reradiated heat in to
space.
This natural balance may be
distorted by Green House
Effect as gases such as
carbon dioxide have built up
in the atmosphere trapping
more heat
خورشید
Infra-red
radiation
اتمسفر
Surface
Temperature
normal
Some reradiated
heat reflected
back to earth
اتمسفر
خورشید
Surface
Temperature
increases
More reradiated
heat reflected
back to earth
Less reradiated
heat escapes in
to space
Some reradiated
heat escapes in
to space
های گا مشارکع درید
اثر در مؤثر مختلف
ای گلخانه
16. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting
internationally binding emission reduction targets.
Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the
current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more
than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on
developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated
responsibilities."
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and
entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the
implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh,
Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the "Marrakesh Accords." Its first
commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto
Protocol" was adopted.
38. MOTOR
EXHAUSTS
FACTORY &
OTHER
POLLUTION
DOMESTIC HEATING DARK AND
DRY TARMAC
SURFACES
SMOG RESULTS
FROM POLLUTION
Human heat sources (domestic
heating, cars, factories) all warm the
air.
Pollution by exhausts, factories and
other dusts absorb radiation and
prevent heat loss during the night.
Dark surfaces have a low albedo. Dry
surfaces reduce latent heat loss by
evaporation
In humid conditions, this may result
in smog which was common in pre-
war London and still is in LA, Rome,
Athens, Mexico City etc where
surrounding hills prevent the escape
of polluted air.
RUSH
HOUR
TRAFFIC
THROUGH
A HAZE OF
FUMES
39.
40. FOR INSTANCE
Rainforest is close to the equator
Deserts are along the tropics and in
the interior of major continents
Ice is at high latitudes
Global climatic regions relate to:
� Latitude
� Continental location (E or W)
Regional climates relate more to:
� Altitude
� Ocean currents, winds
� Distance from sea
Colder - higher altitude, polar, and more continental.
Warmer - southerly,
lower altitude, oceanic,
Warmer - southerly, oceanic
Warmer - Gulf
Stream takes warm
water polewards
RAINFOREST
DESERT
DESERT
NW Europe
temperatures
in January
GLOBAL VEGETATION
41. Farmers alter albedo
by plastic sheeting.
Bare earth gains more
radiant heat, but loses
more heat through
evaporation loss and
wind at night.
Prevention of frost at
night can be crucial to
early growth.
Built-up areas are
2/3°C warmer
than rural areas,
especially at
night. This is an
Urban Heat
Island.
On a smaller scale, weather and
climate is affected by smaller scale
variations in:
� Topography (relief)
� Albedo
� Aspect
� Urban Areas
� Vegetation
� Moisture and humidity
� Pollution, human activity
Low lying valleys and hollows collect cold and humid
air (Frost Hollow); hilltops are exposed to wind; south-
facing slopes (in Europe) are warmer, with longer days,
effectively, than north-facing slopes (Aspect). East or
west aspect may affect rainfall or snow coverThis in
turn may affect vegetation, humidity, evaporation rates
The Greenhouse Effect due to human
pollution is not intentional...
42. Thermal images of Atlanta show radiant energy being
absorbed during the day (above) and retained during the
day (below). The roads can be seen as tarmac absorbs
radiation most effectively.
ATLANTA’s heat island
Thermal imaging of Atlanta shows the
correlation of warmer temperatures and
the built up area. The centre is warmest,
outside the city is coolest. Bodies of
water help reduce the effect.
The location of the CBD and tarmac
roads may be clearly seen. The effect is
to warm major urban areas by 2-3°C
by day and night more than rural areas.
43. Urban Heat island phenomenon
Black Façade
Paved Surface
Gases
Lack of trees
Black roofs
Non absorbable
facades
48. Atlanta, Georgia, 11 May 1997
Daytime air temperature 26.7o
, Surface temperatures as high as 47.8o
Urban Heat island phenomenon
49. New York City
14 August 2002
The cooling effect of urban vegetation
Urban Heat island phenomenon
50. Changes in albedo
Changes in particulate concentrations (aerosols)
Changes in gas composition (e.g., production of
CO2, CH4, SO2, NOx) of atmosphere,
Changes in winds & air flow
51. Differs between urban & rural
Very dependent on style and density of urban
development
In North America, typical 4-6% decrease in overall
albedo in urban areas vs. rural
52. Summer temps over asphalt 10-25 C° higher than air
temps vs. bare soil, 1-5 C° higher
Diurnal cooling greater for soil & vegetation than for
asphalt
53. Interference with infrared wavelengths
Increased heating above urban area
Increased downward heat flux
Turbid layer thus contributes to
atmospheric warming
56. Not only do buildings alter insolation and
radiation they also interfere with wind
Typical net decrease in wind speed 15-30%
57. Size of population
Nature and amount of energy
consumption
Surrounding topography
Wind speed
58. Low per capita income cities (<$100) dominantly
produce particulate matter e.g., wood burning
Mid per capita income cities (<$4000) dominantly
produce SO2 e.g., coal burning
High per capita income cities (>$10,000) dominantly
produce CO2 e.g., vehicles
Thus, effects on climate will vary with city wealth
59. The relationships between population, socio-economic
difference, and urban climate are highly complex and
demand a geographical analysis that connects physical and
social sciences
An example: cars and cows
60. Typical car produces 2.2 kg CO2 / litre of gasoline
◦ 10 litres consumption per day = 22 kg CO2 equivalent per day
Typical cow produces 600-800 litres of CH4 per day
◦ Equivalent to 1.6 kg CH4 per day
Each methane molecule is 20-25 times more effective at trapping thermal
infrared radiation than each CO2 molecule
◦ Cow wins! 1 cow = 4 cars!
61. Urban Heat island phenomenon
Before & after temperature measurements for new
suburbs / ‘satellite’ cities
Comparison of changing temperatures as cities grow in
population
Changing temperatures as automobile usage increases
World War II – urban heat islands disappeared when
energy use reduced by bombing in German & Japanese
cities
62.
63. For centuries, cities have been centers of commerce, culture
and innovation, and the birthplace for some of
humankind’s greatest ideas.
At this critical crossroads in time, we need the ideas that
cities can create more than ever.
Cities have the power to change the world.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. In the heart of city lies an opportunity
Urban Density present a
greener way to live
Urban density can actually
create the possibility for a
better quality of life and a
lower carbon footprint
through more efficient
infrastructure and
planning.
84. In the heart of city lies an oppurtunity
City mayors are directly accountable to their constituents
for their decisions, and are more nimble than state and
national elected officials to take decisive action
often with immediate and impactful results.
What our cities do individually and in unison to address
climate change can set the agenda for communities and
governments everywhere.
89. Ultraviolet rays
from Sun
The Ozone layer in
stratosphere
blocks these
harmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbons
are entering in to
atmosphere releasing
chlorine. The chlorine
than break down the
ozone
The chlorine released from CFCs break
down the ozone molecule.
chlorine
ozone
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths
surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Oxygen
Whole in
Ozone layer
90. Compound Formula Contribution(%)
Water vapor and clouds H2O 36–72%
Carbon dioxide CO2 9–26%
Methane CH4 4–9%
Ozone O3 3–7%
Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO2 at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases.
Gas name
Chemical
formula
Lifetime
(years)
Global warming potential (GWP) for given time
horizon
20-yr 100-yr 500-yr
Carbon dioxide CO2 30-95 1 1 1
Methane CH4 12 72 25 7.6
Nitrous oxide N2O 114 289 298 153
CFC-12 CCl2F2 100 11 000 10 900 5 200
HCFC-22 CHClF2 12 5 160 1 810 549
Tetrafluoromethane CF4 50 000 5 210 7 390 11 200
Hexafluoroethane C2F6 10 000 8 630 12 200 18 200
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 3 200 16 300 22 800 32 600
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 740 12 300 17 200 20 700