This is the academic presentation by Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha for Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Device course in National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. The slides based on an academic paper in Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati with other 10 papers as supporting information and images.
Double Revolving field theory-how the rotor develops torque
Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects
1. Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries:
Challenges and Prospects
Based on Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87 by Stefano Passerini and Bruno Scrosati
Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha | Energy Storage and Electrochemistry lab.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R. O. C.)
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6. Introduction
Due to their sporadic nature, solar and wind sources require a suitable system
to storage and return energy on demand, and the EVs require an efficient
source to power the electric engine.
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11. GRAPHITE
• Low specific capacity
(∼370 mAh/g)
• Relatively good in
structural stability
• Operating voltage close
to that of Li/Li+ (∼0.1 V vs
Li/Li+)
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)
• limited specific capacity
(∼175 mAh/g)
• Very high structural
stability
• High voltage (∼1.5 V vs
Li/Li+)
Li-M (M = Sn, Si, …)
• High specific capacity
(for Si ∼3578.5 mAh/g,
Sn ~600 mAh/g)
• Low structural stability
with >350% volume
expansion
• Low de-lithiation voltage
(∼0.4 V vs Li/Li+)
MO (M = Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, …)
• High specific capacity (in
theory) NiO-C >1000 mAh/g
• High structural stability (ex:
NiO-C)
• Generally poor charge-
discharge energy efficiency
• Known has a limited cycling
stability
RSC Adv., 2016,6, 87778-87790
J. Materiomics, 2015, 1(3), 153-169
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 5750-5777
Nano-Micro Lett., 2019, 11(3), 1-18
ANODES
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13. LIBs
LIB Electrolytes: Liquids
(common solvent is Carbonate:
EC/PC/DMC/DEC)
LiPF6 salt
Ionic Liquids, room temperature
molten salts (hybrid and pure)
LIB Electrolytes: Solids
Mixture of a lithium salt and
poly(ethylene oxide) or PEO
Crystalline (still under development)
solid membranes NASA robot RoboSimian droid battery blows up (2016)
https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/event-docs/lithium-ion-battery-safety.pdf?sfvrsn=485becf8_4
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14. Nat. Commun., 2017, 8:15806, 1-14
“Understanding materials challenges for rechargeable ion batteries with in situ transmission electron microscopy”
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16. What we need for better LIBs?
High-stable electrode capacity
High electrode structural stability
Better ionic conductivity electrolytes in wide temperature
range
Low flammability system (especially for electrolyte)
High recyclability materials for electrodes and other
additional components
Low cost materials
Wider potential range in order to apply it in every condition16
19. Then, what’s next?
Consistent attention is presently devoted to the so-called
“beyond lithium-ion batteries,” including lithium-air,
lithium-sulfur, sodium ion, magnesium, and Lithium Metal
system. By this review, we divide battery systems into two
categories: near-term and long-term technologies.
Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87
Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16
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21. Lithium-air (and Metal-air)
The challenges faced in the development of the cathode, anode and
electrolyte of each battery from panels a–c (previous slide).
OER, oxygen evolution reaction; ORR, oxygen reduction reaction.
Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16
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23. Lithium-sulfur
Corresponding discharge–charge (left and right panels, respectively) profiles of the structures in panel a
(previous slide). Poly(S-r-DIB), poly(sulfur-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene); PS, polysulfide.
Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(13), 1-16
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25. Magnesium
Nat. Chem., 2018, 10, 532–539
Schematic of a Mg powder electrode coated with
the artificial Mg2+ conducting interphase, and the
proposed structure for the artificial Mg2+.
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29. Lithium Battery
The latest trend in the field is the revitalization of metallic lithium
as an advanced anode material for the development of lithium
batteries (LBs), a target only possible by the use of an electrolyte
medium capable of preventing dendrite growth with the associated
serious safety hazard, the most appropriate being a solid electrolyte.
Unfortunately, the majority of the electrolytes of this type suffer
due to very poor ionic conductivity at room temperature; hence, the
solid-state LBs are poor performers at RT as they are affected by a high
ohmic polarization.
Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87
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30. How about future?
Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2016, 25(3), 85-87
In conclusion, the road for the development of efficient LIBs
and LBs appears to be still paved by a series of practical
difficulties. However, in view of the continuously increasing
worldwide activity in the field, we may reasonably foresee a
positive change of course in the near future.
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32. THANK YOU
Rahmandhika Firdauzha Hary Hernandha | Energy Storage and Electrochemistry lab.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (R. O. C.)
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Notas do Editor
(a–e) A working rechargeable ion battery (centre schematic) has many problems/challenges existing in the cathode, anode and liquid/solid electrolyte (inner circle), where each case is studied by a specific in situ TEM technique (outer circle). (a) A solid-state open cell exploring the structure failure (volume change, and so on) in anode. This design allows high spatial resolution imaging, but its point-contact geometry is different from the real battery environment flooded with liquid electrolytes. (b) A sealed liquid-cell investigating SEI and Li dendrites’ evolution at the electrolyte/electrode interface. This design suffers from low spatial resolution, but it is a better match to the practical batteries. (c) An in situ heating stage analysing the thermal stability of metal oxide-based cathode, where surface degradation with O2 release and thermal runaway is the targeted problem. (d) An ionic liquid-based open cell studying the phase transition in metal oxide-based cathode, where detrimental phase transitions plague the overall performance. (e) A nanoscale thin-film battery studying solid-state electrolytes, where low ionic diffusivity and interface instability are the targeted problems. (f) Representative battery materials studied by in situ TEM. NCA, NMC, LFP, LMO and LCO stand for cathodes based on Ni-Co-Al-O, Ni-Mn-Co-O, LiFePO4, Li-Mn-O and Li-Co-O, respectively. LiPON, LLZO and LATSPO stand for solid-state electrolytes based on Li-P-O-N, Li-La-Zr-O and Li-Al-Ti-Si-P-O, respectively. For A–B expression, A represents the core component and B represents the shell or substrate component. CNF represents carbon nanofibres.
Representative metal–oxygen batteries. a–c | Governing reactions, cell configurations and charge–discharge profiles for Li–O2 (aqueous and non-aqueous) (panels a and b, respectively) and Zn–O2 batteries (panel c).
a | Schematic illustration of representative electrode structures: structure 1, sulfur encapsulated by conductive porous materials or nano-assemblies; structure 2, sulfur encapsulated in activated carbon fibres; structure 3, sulfur confined in small pores; structure 4, sulfur conjugated to polymer backbones or organic moieties; structure 5, using solid or solid-like electrolytes; structure 6, developing a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) protecting film.
A proof-of-concept paper published in Nature Chemistry detailed how the scientists pioneered a method to enable the reversible chemistry of magnesium metal in the noncorrosive carbonate-based electrolytes and tested the concept in a prototype cell. The technology possesses potential advantages over lithium-ion batteries—notably, higher energy density, greater stability, and lower cost. (https://techxplore.com/news/2018-04-major-technical-obstacles-magnesium-metal-batteries.html)