clinical anatomy of the pelvic bones for beginners

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Clinical Anatomy of Pelvis Bones and
Joints Associate Professor Dr. A. Podcheko
2015.
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Joints Associate Professor Dr. A. Podcheko 2015."—
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2. 1 Clinical Anatomy of Pelvis Bones and Joints Associate Professor Dr. A. Podcheko 2015
2 Pelvis: Definitions Pelvis is the part of the trunk infero-posterior to the abdomen- the
area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs Anatomically, the pelvis is the

3. space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis), part of the
appendicular skeleton of the lower limb pelvis is subdivided into greater and lesser pelves
2

4. 3 Perineum: Definitions The perineum refers both to the area of the surface of the trunk
between the thighs and the buttocks, extending from the coccyx to the pubis, and to the
shallow compartment lying deep (superior) to this area and inferior to the pelvic
diaphragm. The perineum includes the anus and external genitalia 3

5. 4 Pelvis and Perineum: Functions The greater pelvis - protection to inferior abdominal
viscera The lesser pelvis provides the skeletal framework for both the pelvic cavity and
the perineum compartments of the trunk separated by the musculofascial pelvic
diaphragm. Externally, the pelvis is covered or overlapped by the inferior anterolateral

6. abdominal wall anteriorly, the gluteal region of the lower limb posterolaterally, and the
perineum inferiorly. 4 Pelvic Diaphragm

7. 5 Pelvic bones & Pelvic Girdle: Functions The pelvic girdle is a basin-shaped ring of bones
that connects the vertebral column to the two femurs. The primary functions of the pelvic
girdle are to: 1. Bear the weight of the upper body (sitting and standing) 2. Transfer that

8. weight from the axial to the lower appendicular skeleton 3. Provide attachment for the
powerful muscles of locomotion and posture 5

9. 6 The secondary functions: 1. Contain and protect the pelvic viscera (parts of the urinary
tracts and the internal reproductive organs) 2. Protect inferior abdominal viscera
(intestines), while permitting passage of their terminal parts (and, in females, a full-term
fetus) via the perineum 3. Provide support for the abdominopelvic viscera and gravid
(pregnant) uterus 4. Provide attachment for the erectile bodies of the external genitalia

10. 5. Provide attachment for the muscles and membranes which forming the pelvic floor and
filling gaps that exist in or around it Pelvic bones & Pelvic Girdle: Functions

11. 7 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle is formed by three bones : 1.
Right hip bone -large, irregularly shaped bones, each of which develops from the fusion
of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 2. Left hip bone (same as above) 3. Sacrum:
formed by the fusion of five, originally separate, sacral vertebrae. 7 1. Sacrum 2. Ilium 3.

12. Ischium 4. Pubis 5. Symphysis pubis 6. Acetabulum 7. Obturator foramen 8. Coccyx 1 2 3
4 6

13. 8 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle In infants and children, the hip bones consist
of three separate bones that are united by a triradiate (i.e., radiating in three directions)
cartilage at the acetabulum, the cup- like depression in the lateral surface of the hip bone,
which articulates with the head of the femur. After puberty, the ilium, ischium, and pubis
fuse to form the hip bone The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

14. (L. symphysis pubis) and articulate posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints to
form the pelvic girdle. 8 Pubis Crest PS SIJ

15. 9 Latin acetabulum (“a little saucer for vinegar”)
10 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: ILIUM The ilium is the superior, fan-shaped
part of the hip bone The ala, or wing of the ilium, represents the spread of the fan; and

16. the body of the ilium, the handle of the fan. On its external aspect, the body participates
in formation of the acetabulum. 10 ala body acetabulum

17. 11 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: ILIUM The iliac crest has a curve that follows
the contour of the ala between the anterior and the posterior superior iliac spines. The
anteromedial concave surface of the ala forms the iliac fossa Sacropelvic surface of the

18. ilium features an auricular surface and an iliac tuberosity, for synovial and syndesmotic
articulation with the sacrum 11

19. 12 1. The ischium has a body and ramus (branch) 2. The body of the ischium helps form
the acetabulum Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: ISCHIUM BODY RAMUS Obturator
foramen

20. 13 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: ISCHIUM 1. Ramus of the ischium forms part
of the obturator foramen. 2. The large posteroinferior protuberance of the ischium is the
ischial tuberosity; 3. the small pointed posteromedial projection near the junction of the
ramus and body is the ischial spine. 4. The concavity between the ischial spine and the
ischial tuberosity is the lesser sciatic notch. 5. The larger concavity, the greater sciatic

21. notch, is superior to the ischial spine and is formed in part by the ilium. 13 Obturator
foramen Lesser sciatic notch.

22. 14 Which of the following structures is located between the ischial spine and the ischial
tuberosity? (A) obturator foramen (B) lesser sciatic notch (C) acetabular notch (D) pubic
arch (E) arcuate line

23. 15 The pubis is an angulated bone with: 1. a superior pubic ramus, which helps form the
acetabulum, 2. an inferior pubic ramus, which helps form the obturator foramen. Bones
and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: PUBIS superior pubic ramus inferior pubic ramus

24. 16 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle: Pubis A thickening on the anterior part of the
body of the pubis is the pubic crest, which ends laterally as a prominent knob or swelling,
the pubic tubercle. The lateral part of the superior pubic ramus has an oblique ridge, the
pecten pubis (pectineal line of pubis, pecten means “comb ” 16

25. 17

26. 18 Greater (false) and Lesser (true) pelves The pelvis is divided into greater (false) and
lesser (true) pelves by the oblique plane of the pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture) The
bony edge (rim) surrounding and defining the pelvic inlet is the pelvic brim 18

27. 19Pelvic brim The bony edge (rim) surrounding and defining the pelvic inlet is the pelvic
brim, formed by: 1. Promontory and ala of the sacrum 2. A right and left linea terminalis
(terminal line) together form a continuous oblique ridge consisting of the: Arcuate line

28. on the inner surface of the ilium. Pecten pubis (pectineal line) and pubic crest 19 Linea
Terminalis

29. 2020 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle ala of the sacrum Promontory of the sacrum
Arcuate Line Pecten Pubis (Pectineal Line)

30. 21 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle The pubic arch is formed by the ischiopubic
rami (conjoined inferior rami of the pubis and ischium) of the two sides. These rami meet
at the pubic symphysis, their inferior borders defining the subpubic angle. The width of
the subpubic angle is determined by the distance between the right and the left ischial
tuberosities, which can be measured with the fingers in the vagina during a pelvic
examination. 21 Pubic arch Subpubic Angle
22 Pelvic outlet
23 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle The pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture) is
bounded by the : Pubic arch anteriorly. Ischial tuberosities laterally. Inferior margin of
the sacrotuberous ligament (running between the coccyx and the ischial tuberosity)
posterolaterally. Tip of the coccyx posteriorly Is closed by the pelvic and urogenital
diaphragms. 23
24 24 The pelvic inlet, or pelvic brim, is bounded posteriorly by the sacral promontory,
laterally by the iliopectineal lines, and anteriorly by the symphysis pubis The pelvic outlet
is bounded posteriorly by the coccyx, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, and anteriorly
by the pubic arch Pelvic Inlet/Outlet Summary Pelvic Inlet Pelvic Outlet
25 The greater and lesser pelves review The greater pelvis (false pelvis, pelvis major) is
the part of the pelvis : Superior to the pelvic inlet Bounded by the iliac alae
posterolaterally and the anterosuperior aspect of the S1 vertebra posteriorly Occupied by
abdominal viscera (e.g., the ileum and sigmoid colon). The lesser pelvis (true pelvis, pelvis
minor) is the part of the pelvis: Between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet. Bounded
by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. That includes the true pelvic
cavity and the deep parts of the perineum (perineal compartment), specifically the
ischioanal fossae. Of major obstetrical and gynecological significance 25
26 Orientation of the Pelvic Girdle When a person is in the anatomical position, the right
and left ASISs and the anterior aspect of the pubic symphysis lie in the same vertical
plane. 26 ASIS pubic symphysis vertical plane

31. tuberosities, which can be measured with the fingers in the vagina during a pelvic
examination. 21 Pubic arch Subpubic Angle

32. 22 Pelvic outlet
23 Bones and Features of the Pelvic Girdle The pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture) is
bounded by the : Pubic arch anteriorly. Ischial tuberosities laterally. Inferior margin of

33. the sacrotuberous ligament (running between the coccyx and the ischial tuberosity)
posterolaterally. Tip of the coccyx posteriorly Is closed by the pelvic and urogenital
diaphragms. 23

34. 24 24 The pelvic inlet, or pelvic brim, is bounded posteriorly by the sacral promontory,
laterally by the iliopectineal lines, and anteriorly by the symphysis pubis The pelvic outlet
is bounded posteriorly by the coccyx, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, and anteriorly
by the pubic arch Pelvic Inlet/Outlet Summary Pelvic Inlet Pelvic Outlet

35. 25 The greater and lesser pelves review The greater pelvis (false pelvis, pelvis major) is
the part of the pelvis : Superior to the pelvic inlet Bounded by the iliac alae
posterolaterally and the anterosuperior aspect of the S1 vertebra posteriorly Occupied by
abdominal viscera (e.g., the ileum and sigmoid colon). The lesser pelvis (true pelvis, pelvis
minor) is the part of the pelvis: Between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet. Bounded
by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. That includes the true pelvic

36. cavity and the deep parts of the perineum (perineal compartment), specifically the
ischioanal fossae. Of major obstetrical and gynecological significance 25

37. 26 Orientation of the Pelvic Girdle When a person is in the anatomical position, the right
and left ASISs and the anterior aspect of the pubic symphysis lie in the same vertical
plane. 26 ASIS pubic symphysis vertical plane

38. 27 When a person is in the anatomical position, which of the following structures lie in
the same vertical plane? (A) sacral promontory and pubic tubercles (B) anterior superior
iliac spines and the anterior aspect of the pubic symphysis (C) posterior superior iliac
spines and the posterior aspect of the ischial tuberosity (D) ischial spines and the
posterior border of the obturator foramen (E) superior pubic rami and the greater sciatic
notch
28 Comparison of Male and Female Bony Pelves The male pelvic girdle is heavier and
thicker than the female girdle and usually has more prominent bone markings. The
female pelvic girdle is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet. The
subpubic angle is nearly a right angle in females; it is considerably less in males
(approximately 60°). 28
29 Comparison of Male and Female Bony Pelves Bony PelvisMaleFemale General
structureThick and heavyThin and light Greater pelvis (pelvis major)DeepShallow Lesser
pelvis (pelvis minor)Narrow and deep, taperingWide and shallow, cylindrical Pelvic inlet
(superior pelvic aperture) Heartshaped, narrowOval and rounded; wide Pelvic outlet
(inferior pelvic aperture) Comparatively smallComparatively large Pubic arch and
subpubic angle Narrow (< 70°)Wide (> 80°) Obturator foramenRoundOval
AcetabulumLargeSmall Greater sciatic notchNarrow (~ 70°); inverted VAlmost 90° 29
The obturator foramen is oval or triangular in the female and round in the male
30 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note Variations in the Male and Female Pelves Although
anatomical differences between male and female pelves are usually clear cut, the pelvis
of any person may have some features of the opposite sex. The pelvic types shown A and
C are most common in males, B and A in white females, B and C in black females, whereas
D is uncommon in both sexes. The gynecoid pelvis is the normal female type ; its pelvic
inlet typically has a rounded oval shape and a wide transverse diameter. An android
(masculine or funnel-shaped) pelvis in a woman may present hazards to successful
vaginal delivery of a fetus In forensic medicine the pelvic girdle is used for identification
of sex 30
31Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates) Clinical Notes The size of the lesser pelvis is particularly
important in obstetrics 3 pelvic diameters: 1. Anatomical conjugate- from the middle of
the sacral promontory to the posterosuperior margin of the pubic symphysis (cannot be
measured directly) - at least should be 11cm!!!! 2. Diagonal conjugate – from promontory

39. posterior border of the obturator foramen (E) superior pubic rami and the greater sciatic
notch

40. 28 Comparison of Male and Female Bony Pelves The male pelvic girdle is heavier and
thicker than the female girdle and usually has more prominent bone markings. The
female pelvic girdle is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet. The

41. subpubic angle is nearly a right angle in females; it is considerably less in males
(approximately 60°). 28

42. 29 Comparison of Male and Female Bony Pelves Bony PelvisMaleFemale General
structureThick and heavyThin and light Greater pelvis (pelvis major)DeepShallow Lesser
pelvis (pelvis minor)Narrow and deep, taperingWide and shallow, cylindrical Pelvic inlet
(superior pelvic aperture) Heartshaped, narrowOval and rounded; wide Pelvic outlet
(inferior pelvic aperture) Comparatively smallComparatively large Pubic arch and
subpubic angle Narrow (< 70°)Wide (> 80°) Obturator foramenRoundOval

43. AcetabulumLargeSmall Greater sciatic notchNarrow (~ 70°); inverted VAlmost 90° 29
The obturator foramen is oval or triangular in the female and round in the male

44. 30 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note Variations in the Male and Female Pelves Although
anatomical differences between male and female pelves are usually clear cut, the pelvis
of any person may have some features of the opposite sex. The pelvic types shown A and
C are most common in males, B and A in white females, B and C in black females, whereas
D is uncommon in both sexes. The gynecoid pelvis is the normal female type ; its pelvic
inlet typically has a rounded oval shape and a wide transverse diameter. An android
(masculine or funnel-shaped) pelvis in a woman may present hazards to successful

45. vaginal delivery of a fetus In forensic medicine the pelvic girdle is used for identification
of sex 30

46. 31Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates) Clinical Notes The size of the lesser pelvis is particularly
important in obstetrics 3 pelvic diameters: 1. Anatomical conjugate- from the middle of
the sacral promontory to the posterosuperior margin of the pubic symphysis (cannot be
measured directly) - at least should be 11cm!!!! 2. Diagonal conjugate – from promontory
to inferior margin of the pubic symphysis – can be measured - it is usually 1.5 to 2 cm
more than the true obstetric conjugate 3. True obstetric conjugate - from the middle of
the sacral promontory to the internal margin (closest point) of the pubic symphysis – this
is narrowest fixed distance through which the baby's head must pass in a vaginal delivery,
minimal length 11.0 cm
32 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note 32
33 How to measure the Diagonal conjugate Diagonal conjugate is measured by palpating
the sacral promontory with the tip of the middle finger, using the other hand to mark the
level of the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis on the examining hand. After the
examining hand is withdrawn, the distance between the tip of the index finger (1.5 cm
shorter than the middle finger) and the marked level of the pubic symphysis is measured
to estimate the true conjugate, which should be 11.0 cm or greater.
34 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates) In all pelvic girdles, the
ischial spines form interspinous distance - is the narrowest part of the pelvic canal (the
passageway through the pelvic inlet, lesser pelvis and pelvic outlet, through which a
baby's head must pass at birth;) Measures about 4 in. (10 cm), but it is difficult to measure
exactly It is not a fixed distance Measurement: A. Vaginal method: size is OK if three
fingers may enter the vagina side by side, B. Closed Fist method 34 Estimation of the
width of the pelvic outlet by means of a closed fist
35Fractures of Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Notes Pelvic Fractures Anteroposterior compression
of the pelvis occurs during crush accidents (e.g., when a heavy object falls on the pelvis)
This type of trauma commonly produces fractures of the pubic rami. When the pelvis is
compressed laterally, the acetabula and ilia are squeezed toward each other and may be
broken. Fractures of the bony pelvic ring are almost always multiple fractures or a
fracture combined with a joint dislocation. Pelvic fractures can be caused by forces
transmitted to these bones from the lower limbs during falls on the feet 35

47. is narrowest fixed distance through which the baby's head must pass in a vaginal delivery,
minimal length 11.0 cm

48. 32 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note 32
33 How to measure the Diagonal conjugate Diagonal conjugate is measured by palpating
the sacral promontory with the tip of the middle finger, using the other hand to mark the

49. level of the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis on the examining hand. After the
examining hand is withdrawn, the distance between the tip of the index finger (1.5 cm
shorter than the middle finger) and the marked level of the pubic symphysis is measured
to estimate the true conjugate, which should be 11.0 cm or greater.

50. 34 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates) In all pelvic girdles, the
ischial spines form interspinous distance - is the narrowest part of the pelvic canal (the
passageway through the pelvic inlet, lesser pelvis and pelvic outlet, through which a
baby's head must pass at birth;) Measures about 4 in. (10 cm), but it is difficult to measure
exactly It is not a fixed distance Measurement: A. Vaginal method: size is OK if three

51. fingers may enter the vagina side by side, B. Closed Fist method 34 Estimation of the
width of the pelvic outlet by means of a closed fist

52. 35Fractures of Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Notes Pelvic Fractures Anteroposterior compression
of the pelvis occurs during crush accidents (e.g., when a heavy object falls on the pelvis)
This type of trauma commonly produces fractures of the pubic rami. When the pelvis is
compressed laterally, the acetabula and ilia are squeezed toward each other and may be
broken. Fractures of the bony pelvic ring are almost always multiple fractures or a

53. fracture combined with a joint dislocation. Pelvic fractures can be caused by forces
transmitted to these bones from the lower limbs during falls on the feet 35

54. 36 Pelvic Girdle- Clinical Note Pelvic Fractures Weak areas of the pelvis, where fractures
often occur, are the pubic rami, the acetabula (or the area immediately surrounding
them), the region of the sacroiliac joints, and the alae of the ilium. The urinary bladder
and urethra may be ruptured or torn Falls on the feet or buttocks from a high ladder may
drive the head of the femur through the acetabulum into the pelvic cavity, injuring pelvic
viscera, nerves, and vessels. In individuals < 17 years of age, the acetabulum may fracture
through the triradiate cartilage into its three developmental parts or the bony acetabular
margins may be torn away. 36
37 Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle The primary joints of the pelvic girdle are
the sacroiliac joints the pubic symphysis The lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints,
although joints of the axial skeleton, are directly related to the pelvic girdle. Strong
ligaments support and strengthen these joints. 37
38 Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Lumbosacral Joint 2. Sacroiliac Joint 3.
Sacrococcygeal Joint 4. Pubic Symphysis 38
39 Lumbosacral Joint Is the joint between vertebra L5 and the base of the sacrum, joined
by an intervertebral disk and supported by the iliolumbar ligaments 39
40 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis is a defect allowing part of a
vertebral arch to be separated from its body. Spondylolysis of vertebra L5 is the process
of separation of the vertebral body from the part of its vertebral arch bearing the inferior
articular processes Spondylolisthesis - the process of sliding of the body of the L5
vertebrae anteriorly on the sacrum so that it overlaps the sacral promontory Lumbosacral
Joint, Clinical Correlates
41 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intrusion of the L5
body into the pelvic inlet may interfere with: parturition compress spinal nerves, causing
low back or lower limb pain How to test: Run fingers along the lumbar spinous processes.
An abnormally prominent L5 process indicates that the anterior part of L5 vertebra and

55. through the triradiate cartilage into its three developmental parts or the bony acetabular
margins may be torn away. 36

56. 37 Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle The primary joints of the pelvic girdle are
the sacroiliac joints the pubic symphysis The lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints,
although joints of the axial skeleton, are directly related to the pelvic girdle. Strong
ligaments support and strengthen these joints. 37

57. 38 Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Lumbosacral Joint 2. Sacroiliac Joint 3.
Sacrococcygeal Joint 4. Pubic Symphysis 38

58. 39 Lumbosacral Joint Is the joint between vertebra L5 and the base of the sacrum, joined
by an intervertebral disk and supported by the iliolumbar ligaments 39

59. 40 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis is a defect allowing part of a
vertebral arch to be separated from its body. Spondylolysis of vertebra L5 is the process
of separation of the vertebral body from the part of its vertebral arch bearing the inferior
articular processes Spondylolisthesis - the process of sliding of the body of the L5

60. vertebrae anteriorly on the sacrum so that it overlaps the sacral promontory Lumbosacral
Joint, Clinical Correlates

61. 41 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intrusion of the L5
body into the pelvic inlet may interfere with: parturition compress spinal nerves, causing
low back or lower limb pain How to test: Run fingers along the lumbar spinous processes.
An abnormally prominent L5 process indicates that the anterior part of L5 vertebra and
the vertebral column superior to it may have moved anteriorly. Other approaches:
Sagittal MRI
42 Is a synovial joint of an irregular plane type between the articular surfaces of the
sacrum and ilium. Is covered by cartilage and is supported by the anterior, posterior, and
interosseous sacroiliac ligaments. Transmits the weight of the body to the hip bone 42
Sacroiliac Joint
43
44 Sacrotuberous ligament - transforming the sciatic notch of the hip bone into a large
sciatic foramen Sacrospinous ligament – between lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial
spine, further subdivides this foramen into greater and lesser sciatic foramina. 44
Sacrotuberous Lig. Sacrospinous Lig. Sacroiliac Joint
45 Pubic Symphysis Is a cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous joint between the pubic bones
in the median plane Consists of a fibrocartilaginous interpubic disc (FID) and surrounding
ligaments FID is generally wider in women The superior pubic ligament connects the

62. the vertebral column superior to it may have moved anteriorly. Other approaches:
Sagittal MRI

63. 42 Is a synovial joint of an irregular plane type between the articular surfaces of the
sacrum and ilium. Is covered by cartilage and is supported by the anterior, posterior, and
interosseous sacroiliac ligaments. Transmits the weight of the body to the hip bone 42
Sacroiliac Joint

64. 43
44 Sacrotuberous ligament - transforming the sciatic notch of the hip bone into a large
sciatic foramen Sacrospinous ligament – between lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial

65. spine, further subdivides this foramen into greater and lesser sciatic foramina. 44
Sacrotuberous Lig. Sacrospinous Lig. Sacroiliac Joint
45 Pubic Symphysis Is a cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous joint between the pubic bones
in the median plane Consists of a fibrocartilaginous interpubic disc (FID) and surrounding
ligaments FID is generally wider in women The superior pubic ligament connects the

66. superior aspects of the pubic bodies The inferior (arcuate) pubic ligament forms the apex
of the pubic arch 45

67. 46 Sacrococcygeal Joint Is a cartilaginous joint between the sacrum and coccyx,
reinforced by the anterior, posterior, and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments. 46
Sacrococcygeal Lig anterior Sacrococcygeal Lig Lateral & Posterior
47 Interpubic disc of females increases in size during pregnancy This change in size
increases the circumference of the lesser pelvis Increased levels of sex hormones and the

68. presence of the hormone relaxin cause the pelvic ligaments to relax during the latter half
of pregnancy Relaxation of sacroiliac joints and the pubic symphysis permits as much as
a 10-15% increase in diameters (mostly transverse, including the interspinous distance),
facilitating passage of the fetus through the pelvic canal. The coccyx is also allowed to
move posteriorly Relaxation of Pelvic Ligaments and Increased Joint Mobility during
Pregnancy: Clinical correlates

69. 48 The one diameter that remains unaffected is the true (conjugate) diameter between
the sacral promontory and the posterosuperior aspect of the pubic symphysis. Relaxation
of sacroiliac ligaments causes the relaxation of the sacroiliac joint (greater rotation of the
pelvis and lordosis) with the change in the center of gravity. Relaxation of ligaments is
not limited to the pelvis, and the possibility of joint dislocation increases during late

70. pregnancy. Relaxation of Pelvic Ligaments and Increased Joint Mobility during Pregnancy:
Clinical correlates
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE NERVOUS SYSTEM AXIAL SKELETON MUSCLES.

83. Female Pelvic Anatomy. The hip bone is originally made up of three bones that have
fused: 1)ilium, 2)ischium and 3)pubis. These come together at the.
Skeletal System – Part 6. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle - Formed by two coxal
bones, or ossa coxae, commonly called the hip bones. Bony Pelvis.

84. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display. Chapter 8 The Skeletal System.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System Overview of the skeleton The skull The vertebral column
and thoracic cage The pectoral girdle and upper limb The pelvic girdle.

85. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e1 Chapter 7 The Skeletal System: The
Axial Skeleton Lecture Outline.
Bones of the gluteal region The Hip bone The hip bone is made of: 1-The ilium: superior
in position 2-The ischium:postero-inferior in position 3-The.

86. THE SKELETON CHAPTER 7. Introduction A strong, yet light, internal support for the
human body The skeleton is adapted for the protection, locomotor, and.
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