2. KHAWAR SHAHZAD
ME113009
MALIK HASSAN
ME113122
UMER RIAZ AHMED
ME113013

3. • History of Turkey started from
• WHERE?
 For History of that land we will see
what?

4.  Latin name is Asia Minor.
 It encompasses the central uplands
of modern Turkey from the coastal
plain of the Aegean Sea east to the
mountains on the Armenian border
and from the narrow coast of the
Black Sea south to the Taurus
mountains.

5.  It is found in several archaeological sites
located in the central and eastern part of the
region. Some of the earliest peoples are
shrouded in mystery, the remnants of Hattian
and Hittite culture provides us examples of
the daily lives of its citizens and their trade.
 After the fall of the Hittites, the new states of
Phrygia and Lydia stood strong on the
western coast as Greek civilization began to
flourish. Threat from a Persian kingdom
prevented them from past success.

6.  As Persia grew, their system of local control in Anatolia
allowed many port cities to grow and to become very
wealthy. Their governors did revolt from time to time,
but it did not really pose a serious threat. Alexander the
Great, wrested control of the whole region from Persia
in successive battles and achieved marked victories
over his Persian.
 Control of Anatolia was strengthened by Rome. Local
control allowed to Govern and provided military
protection.
 During the reign of Constantine the Great, a new
eastern empire was established referred to by
historians as the Byzantine Empire.

8.  This is known as the Constantine1 was
first Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 to
convert to Christianity.
 Constantine built a new imperial residence
in place of Byzantium which would later be
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire
for over one thousand years. He is thought
of as the founder of the Eastern Roman
Empire.

9.  Constantinesucceeded initially due to its vast
wealth and judicious rulers, but soon suffered
from widespread neglect and a new empire
borne from the earlier Mongol advance, the
Turks. The armies of the Seljuk and Ilkhanate
gradually overran the vital trading centers
under scope of Byzantine influence. The
Ottoman Turks, under the command of Sultan
Mehmet II, finally destroyed the Byzantine
Empire when they conquered Constantinople
in 1453.

10.  The Ottoman Empire in Anatolia allowed
other religions to maintain themselves long
after 1453, and built upon their success by
enlarging their territories, from North Africa to
Europe beyond Thrace.
 Wars with Russia and other peoples in revolt
prevented the Ottomans from taking
advantage of their powerful position, and
declined under ineffective leadership. Even
their highly skilled army, the janissaries, were
eventually disbanded after an attempted
revolt.

11.  Reforms designed to improve the economy backfired
as burdensome taxes and levies turned away
profitable trade and desperation allowed the Empire
to be sucked into World War I on the side of
Germany and Austria. Following their defeat in the
war, the Ottoman Empire was carved up and was
now limited to Anatolia, but Greek aims in the region
caused new tensions that boiled over into full-scale
war.
 It was this war that allowed Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to
make Anatolia into the new Republic of Turkey by
defeating the Greeks and abolishing the Ottoman
government for good in 1922.

12.  From the rule of Augustus onwards up until
that of Constantine I, Anatolia enjoyed relative
peace that allowed itself to grow as a region.
The emperor Augustus removed all debts
owed to the Roman Empire.
 Roads were built to connect the larger cities
in order to improve trade and transportation,
and the abundance of high outputs in
agricultural pursuits made more money for
everyone involved.

13.  Settlement was encouraged, and local
governors did not place a heavy burden
upon the people with regards to taxation.
The wealth gained from the peace and
prosperity prevented great tragedy as
powerful earthquakes tore through the
region, and help was given from the
Roman government and other parties.

15.  By the middle of the 3rd century,
everything that had been built by peace
was being threatened by a new enemy, the
Goths.

16.  The constant instability of the Roman Empire
as a whole gradually made it more and more
difficult to control. Upon the ascension of the
emperor Constantine in 330, he made a bold
decision by removing himself from Rome and
into a new capital. Located in the old city of
Byzantium, now known as Constantinople
after the emperor
 It was strengthened and improved in order to
assure more defense of the whole region.

17.  Itwas added the Constantine's favor of
Christianity.

19.  Migrationof Turks in Anatolia started in the
eleventh century. In the following centuries,
the local population were slowly
assimilated with the Turkish people,
however the majority of the DNA of the
inhabitants of modern turkey has been
found to have been from the native
Anatolian population rather than central
Asian Turkic tribes.

20.  Theconquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples
and the rise of the Great Seljuk Empire
began in the 11th century.

22.  TheByzantine–Arab
Wars were a series
of wars between the
Arab Caliphates and
the East Roman or
Byzantine Empire
between the 7th and
12th centuries AD.

23.  Arab Conquests of Roman Syria : 633 –
638
 Arab Conquests of North Africa : 639 – 698
 Arabs attacks on Anatolia

24.  FIRST WORLD WAR
 First world war was
started on 28 July
1914 and end on 11
November 1918.
 In this war there was
two major blocks.

25.  FIRST BLOCK  Wilhelm II
 Central Powers  KarlI
• Germany  Mimed V
• Austria  Enver Pasha
• Hungry  Mustafa Kemal
• Ottoman Empire Ataturk
• Bulgaria  Franz Joseph I and
others

26. SECOND BLOCK COMMANDERS
 ALLIED POWERS  Raymond Poincaré
• France Georges Clemenceau
British Empire Ferdinand Foch
Russia (1914–17) H. H. Asquith
Italy (1915–18) David Lloyd George
United States (1917–18) Douglas Haig
Romania (1916–18) Nicholas II
Japan Nicholas Nikolaevich
Serbia Antonio Salandra
Belgium Vittorio Orlando
Greece (1917–18) Luigi Cadorna
Portugal (1916–18) Woodrow Wilson
Montenegro (1914–16) John J. Pershing
and others and others

27.  MAJOR IMPERIAL POWERS
• At the end of the war, four major
imperial powers—the German, Russian,
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman
empires—had been militarily and
politically defeated and ceased to exist.

28.  ATATURK
 Ataturk is the national
hero of Turkey.
 He was born in the year
1881 in Thessaloniki.
 His background was
military, and he served
in various posts in the
Ottoman army during
the first world war.

29.  When the War ended the armies of the allied forces
occupied nearly all corners of the country including
Istanbul.
 Sultan and many of the people saw a hopeful future in the
acceptance of either the British or American mandate.
 Ataturk, however, had a very different vision. He left
Istanbul in a small boat, namely Bandirma ( a nice model
of the boat may be seen at the Ataturk Museum in
Ataturk's Mausoleum, Ankara), going ashore at Samsun, a
coastal town in the Black Sea, on the 19th. of May 1919 ( a
date later to be presented by Ataturk to the Turkish Youth
as the Turkish Youth Day), the day the War of
Independence began. He wanted Independence.

30.  First with skirmishes , in time with proper
army troops, Ataturk and his army friends'
armies started fighting the enemy.
 Ankara was chosen to be Ataturk's
headquarter for its central location and the
seeds of a new country were planted there.
 He and his friends wanted to replace the
Monarchy with a Republic.
 The War of Independence took some three
years and by the end of the year 1922, all of the
invaders had left the country.
 The Ottoman Sultan fled in a British boat. The
birth of a new nation had begun.

31.  The Independence day of Turkey is 29 Oct
1923.
 The first president of Turkey was Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk.
 As President for 15 years, until his death
in 1938, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introduced
a broad range of swift and sweeping
reforms - in the political, social, legal,
economic, and cultural spheres - virtually
unparalleled in any other country.

33.  There are 81 provinces of turkey.
 Its total population is 78,785,548 (July
2011 est.)
 Population growth rate
1.235% (2011 est.)
 Birth rate
17.93 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
 Death rate
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011
est.)

34.  ATATURK REFORMS
1.Political Reforms
2. Social Reforms
3. Reforms in the fields of education and
culture
4. Economic Reforms
5. Women Rights

35.  Political Reforms
• The Sultanate was abolished (1st
November 1922)
• The Republic was declared (29 October
1923)
• Abolishment of the caliph (3 March 1924)

36.  Social Reforms
• International numeric system was
introduced.
• Adoption of the solar calendar and
changing Friday into a weekday and
Sunday becoming the official day of rest of
the week.
• Adoption of international hours and
measurements.

37.  Reforms in the fields of education and
culture
• Unification of education. Abolition of
Medreses, renovations of school programs
according to contemporary and national
needs, opening of new universities
• Innovations in fine arts
• Regulation of the university education

38.  Economic Reforms
• Encouragement of the farmers.
•
• Establishment of model farms.
•
• Establishment of industrial facilities.
• He develop transportation networks.

39.  Women Rights
• Rights for women to be elected for the
parliament.
• "Everything we see in the world is the
creative work of women."
( M. Kemal Atatürk )

40.  Top Facts To Know about Mustafa Kemal
Ataturk
 1 – He founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
Previously it was part of the Ottoman Empire.
 2 – Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is refereed to as the
father of all Turks.
 3 – He abolished the Islamic justice system and
adopted western justice and law methods.

41. 4 – He introduced the Turkish Language and
helped a whole country to learn it within five
years.
5 – He made it law that women could wear
their own choice of clothing. Previously the
headscarf was compulsory.
6– He banned the headscarf from all
government and education buildings.

42.  7 – Thanks to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey is
now the only country in the world that is an Islamic
democracy.
 8 – He moved the capital from Istanbul to Ankara
where it was less vulnerable to attack.
 9 – 10th of November of every year is Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk day in Turkey. Flags of him will be
put up in streets, out of the windows and houses.
Schools will also have a minute’s silence.

43.  The period of presidency between Mustafa
kamal and Abdullah Gul is as under :-
 Celâl Bayar
(1883–1986)
 Cemal Gürsel
(1895–1966)
 Cevdet Sunay
(1899–1982)

44.  Ahmet Necdet Sezer
(1941– )
 Abdullah Gül
(1950– )
 NowAbdullah Gul is the president and
Rejeb Tayyab Erdogan is the Prime
Minster of turkey.

45.  Rejeb Tayyab Erdogan has been elected
three times as prime minister.
 In 2002(with 34% of popular vote)
 In 2007(with 47%)
 In 2011(with 49%)

46. ABDULLAH GUL REJEB TAYYAB ERDOGAN