1. Nivendra Uduman

2. First Aid Provider
 First Aid: ‘ Emergency care provided for injury or
sudden illness before professional emergency medical
treatment becomes available’.
 Initial Responsibilities of A First Aider:
 Recognizing a medical emergency.
 Making the decision to help.
 Identifying hazards and ensuring personal safety.
 Activating the EMS system
 Providing supportive, basic first aid care.

3. Legal Considerations
 Everyone has the right to refuse help.
 When person is unresponsive, the concept of ‘implied
consent’ is adapted.
 A parent/guardian should be asked before providing
care to a child. In their absence consent is legally
implied.
 It is important to remain with the person once first aid
care has been initiated.

4. Personal Safety
 Emergency Scenes often are unsafe.
 Your safety is your highest priority.
 If location is unsafe, GET OUT!
 SETUP:
 STOP
 Environment
 Traffic
 Unknown Hazards
 Personal Safety

5. Disease Transmission and
Precautions
 When providing first aid care, you can be exposed to
blood or other potentially infectious fluids.
 Infectious diseases include, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
and HIV.
 Exposure can occur through direct contact with an
open wound/sore or through mucous membranes.

6.  Always wear gloves and remove contaminated gloves
carefully.
 Use a shield or CPR mask if rescue breaths are
required.
 A face shield can prevent mouth, nose and eye
exposure when there is splashing or spraying.
 If you don’t have protective equipment, then
IMPROVISE.

7.  Skill 1: REMOVING CONTAMINATED GLOVES

8. Sudden Cardiac Arrest ( SCA)
 Occurs when the normal electrical impulse of the
heart is disorganized.
 Blood flow to the brain stops and there is loss of
consciousness.
 Intervention by a bystander with Rescue breaths and
chest compressions could restore some of the lost
oxygen.

9. Chain of Survival
 Immediate recognition and activation of EMS.
 Early CPR with effective chest compressions.
 Rapid Defibrillation.
 Advanced life support.
 Post Cardiac-Arrest Care

10. Primary Assessment
 Assess- Look at Face and Chest for Breathing
 Alert- Call EMS
 Attend- Start CPR
Skill 2: CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

11. Unresponsive-Breathing
Skill 3: RECOVERY POSITION

12. Foreign Body Air Way Obstruction
 Adults: Abdominal Thrusts, if unresponsive start CPR
 Children: Abdominal Thrusts, if unresponsive Start
CPR
 Infants: 5 Back Blows, 5 chest thrusts. If
unresponsive, Start CPR

13. Soft-Tissue Injuries
 Minor Wounds:
 Wash with clean, running water.
 Apply firm,continous pressure
 Cover with gauze pad or adhesive bandage.
 Remember: Wear your gloves.

14. Amputation
 Complete loss of a body part.
 Amputated parts can be surgically reattached.
 Locate the severed part.
 Wrap it in a sterile/clean cloth.
 Place the part in a tightly sealed plastic bag
 Place the bag or container on ice
 Note: Do not soak severed part in water, and do not
put it directly on ice.

15. Impaled Object
 An object that penetrates the body and remains
embedded.
 NEVER REMOVE AN IMPALED OBJECT.
 Keep the person still, call EMS and use direct pressure
if bleeding.
 Keep the person calm, treat for shock.
 Reassess until EMS arrives.

16. Open Chest Injuries
 Activate EMS.
 Cover wound with something airtight.
 Tape three sides and leave one side open, to allow
trapped air to escape.
 Make person comfortable and treat for shock.

17. Open Abdominal Injury
 Abdominal organs may protrude through an open
wound.
 Cover any protruding organs with thick moist
dressing.
 Do not push organs back into the body.
 Do Not apply direct pressure on the wound or exposed
internal part.
 Treat for shock.

18. Shock
 Develops when poor blood flow creates a shortage of
oxygen to body tissues. If not treated early, can be life
threatening.
 A person may appear to be uneasy, restless, and
worried. Skin may appear to be pale, cool and sweaty.
 Must be transported to hospital immediately.
 To reduce effect of shock, ensure an open airway,
maintain body temperature, give nothing to eat or
drink.

19. Injuries to Limbs
 Strains: Stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons.
 Sprains: Tearing injuries to ligaments that holds joints
together.
 Dislocations: Separation of bone ends at a joint.
 Fractures: Breaks in Bones

20.  Difficult to separate muscle injuries from fractures, so
treat them all as possible fractures.
 Minimize movement and prevent additional injury.
 Splinting can reduce pain and prevent further injury.

21.  Skill 4: SPLINTING
 Skill 5: SPINAL MOTION RESTRICTION

22. Secondary Assessment
 Determine chief complaint.
 Look around for clues.
 Look at the person, feel for any sign of illness or injury.
 D-Deformities
 O-Open Injuries
 T-Tenderness
 S-Swelling
 Ask Questions ( SAMPLE)

23.  S- Symptoms?
 A-Allergies?
 M-Medications?
 P-Past medical history?
 L- Last oral intake
 E-Events?

24. Burns
Minor Burns: Involves the outer layer of the skin and
results in redness and pain.
 Cool the area with water.
 Continue cooling until pain is relieved.
 Do not apply ice directly to cool a burn.
 Leave any blisters intact and cover with loose sterile pad.
Critical Burns: Involves a larger part of the body and
damages skin tissue and causes excessive blistering.

25.  Activate EMS.
 Expose the burn area by cutting away any clothing.
 Do not pull any cloth that might be stuck to the burnt
area.
 Remove Jewellery.
 Separate fingers or toes with dry sterile dressing.
 Give the person nothing to eat or drink .

26. Sudden Illness
Fainting: Result of the drop of blood flow to the
brain, due to sudden stress, lack of food or water,
prolonged standing in one place.
 Lay the person flat.
 If not injured elevate the legs about 6-12 inches.
 If not possible sit the person down and place his head
between his knees.
Stroke: Occurs when blood supply to a portion of the
brain is suddenly interrupted. Mostly occurs when a
blood clot gets caught in a blood vessel.

27. Signs could include:
 Numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg on one
side of the body.
 Person may appear confused.
 Person could become incoherent.
 Sight and balance can be affected.
Stroke Assessment: SMILE
HOLD UP BOTH ARMS
SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE
Immediate transport to a medical facility required.

28. Seizure
 Triggered by excessive electrical activity within the
brain. The result is uncontrolled muscle convulsions
throughout the body.
 Protect the person during the seizure.
 Remove hazards.
 Do not restrain the person.
 Allow the seizure to take its course.
 Turn person into recovery position after the seizure has
stopped and seek medical attention.

29. Other Important Topics
 Snake Bites
 Drowning
 Fire Emergencies
 Transportation
 Lifting Methods
 Emotional Considerations.

30. Thank You!!!