2. THE VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOORINGS ARE
AS FOLLOWS:-
• 1. WOODEN FLOORING:- They are further classified
into two types:-
• 1. SOLID HARDWOOD FLOORING:- Solid hardwood
flooring is 100% hardwood milled from lumber.As a
natural material,hardwood reacts to changes in its
setting,like moisture and extreme temperatures,
which cause solid wood to shrink or expand. All
solid hardwood can be sanded and refinished if
needed over the years.Solid hardwood is not
recommended for the installation below the ground
level or in bathrooms.
4. 2. ENGINEERED HARDWOOD
FLOORING:-
• Engineered hardwood flooring is built up of layers
of wood. It consists of three to ten layers,called
plies,that are glued together.This multi ply structure
gives engineered wood superior stability,greater
than solid wood,which reduces concerns associated
with shrinking and expanding when temperature
and humidity changes.Engineered wood can be
installed below ground level making it a great
choice for finished basements.
6. COLOUR:-
• The great variety in wood flooring choices come
from the species natural colors, stains and finishes,
and even the wood tendency to lighten or darken
subtly with age and sun exposure.Home lighting is a
factor in how your finished floor will look,
too.Natural hardwood boards vary in color from
board-to-board.This variation is part of the beauty
of wood flooring.The amount of color variation is
determined by the species.
8. HARDNESS SCALE:-
• Hardwoods used in flooring are given a hardness
rating which indicates how resistant the wood is to
dents and wear.As you would expect,harder woods
are better able to withstand indentations than
softer woods.Consider Oak,Maple,Ash or Brazillian
cherry for the greater durability.
9. WIDTHS:-
• Hardwood flooring can comes in strips or
planks.”strips” are board widths of less than three
inches.”planks” are three inches or wider.Board
width dramatically affects the installed look of a
floor.Wide width hardwood planks are lovely in a
large rooms, but can overwhelm a samll one.Always
select what works with the style and size of your
room.
10. EDGE DETAIL:-
• The way the edges and ends of the boards are cut is
called edge/end detail.Options include
square,microbeveled,eased and beveled.For a
dramatic effect,select a beveled edge/end detail
that emphasizes the definition of individual
boards.Square edges/ends create a smooth and
nearly seamless appearance.
12. INSTALLATION AREA:-
• With the exception of bathrooms and laundry
rooms,solid hardwood flooring is great in any room
on the ground floor or above.Below ground, in
basements, where air and moisture issues can be
factors,only engineered wood or laminate,vinyl,or
linoleum flooring are recommended.
13. KIDS,PETS AND DURABILITY:-
• Hardwood flooring can be durable and hard as
nails,but sport shoes with cleats, a stone in a
sneaker tread or pet claws are examples of things
that can leave significant scratches.For hardwood
floor areas with high traffic, or in rooms off foyers,
a-please-remove-shoes-at-the-door policy is a
helpful rule to institute.
14. CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION
OPTIONS:-
• The installations option available to you will vary
depending on the width,thickness and construction
of the hardwood you choose and where you are
going to install it.Products with lock&foldR
technology are the fastest and easiest to install
without glue,staples or nails and are preffered for
DIY hardwood flooring.Engineered hardwood can
typically be stapled,gued or floated, the options will
vary depending on product chosen. Solid hardwood
flooring is nailed/stapled to a wood sub-floor.
16. EXPANSION SPACE:-
• Be sure to leave sufficient room for expansion
around the perimeter of the room.This is necessary
to accommodate for the expansion and contraction
in the wood due to temperature and humidity
changes.
17. Price of WOODEN FLOORING:-
• Price of wood floor ranges from rs 80 to rs.
250 per square feet including fitting charges
compared to rs.75 per square foot for normal
tiles.
18. 2. TILES:-This is the second type of
flooring which is called tile flooring.It is
further classified into following types:-
• 1. CERAMIC TILES:- ceramic tile is manufactured from
clay materials that are quarried,prepared,and then
formed into a mold.Commom forming methods for
ceramic tiles include dry press,extruded,and slush
mold.The dry press forming method involves a mixture
of dry material being pressed into a mold under
extreme pressure.extruded ceramic tile is formed when
a mixture of slightly wet material is extruded into a
mold.Slush mold is a forming method in which a
mixture of very wet material is poured into a mold and
then hardened in a kiln at a extremely high
temperature.
22. ADVANTAGES OF CEREMIC TILES:-
• 1. EASE OF MAINTENANCE:- While no floor remains
entirely maintenance free,ceremic tiles comes
about as close at it can to being service
free.Ceremic tiles requires only the regular cleaning
that any flooring surface would require.With the
installation of grout,tile becomes almost impervious
to water damage,and can be virtually hosed of if
necessary.
• 2. ADAPTABILITY:- From porticos in a dining room
to a tiled hearth in front of a fireplace,you can
adapt tile to a nearly any surface, indoors or out.for
example tile floors can be seen in a kitchens,living
rooms,dining rooms and even bedrooms etc.
23. 3.COST EFFECTIVENESS:-
• Ceremic tiles still remains one of the most effective
flooring surfaces on the market today.When
considering initial costs versus longevity,it becomes
quite clear that ceremic tiles overall offers the best
price per square feet of any surface.
• 4. DURABILITY:-The ancient romans saw the benefit
of tiles in its durability,and this fact is not lost on us
modern folks.ceremic tiles is great for high traffic
situations thanks to its strength and resiliency to
staining and water.While not extremely impact
resistant,the wear ability of tile is the reason for its
durability.
24. 5.EASE OF REPAIR:-
• Even though ceremic is strong,there is still the
opportunity for breakage,When a breakage does
occur, repairing tile is far simpler than fixing
hardwood or plank flooring.Simply remove the
broken pieces,clean the area,reinstall replacement
tiles and regrout the repaired area.Completing tile
repairs typically takes less time than repairing a
wood floor,or even a composite flooring surface.
• 6.EASY INSTALLATION:- Generally speaking, the
installation process of a ceremic tiles flooring is very
easy.The basic procedure involves prepping the
area,gauging the space,installing the tile, and
grouting finished the project.
25. 7.DESIGN FLEXIBILITY:-
• Thanks to the variety of size options of ceremic
tiles,design flexibility is drastically improved.You can
opt for smaller 6’’*6” tiles,all the way upto the
24”*24”, as well as the squaring options,such as the
“brick and block” or “flemish style” joints.
26. PRICE OF CEREMIC TILES:-
• Ceremic tiles price ranges from rs 50 to rs 200 per
square feet and above.The cost of tile varied with
size,brand and design.
27. 2. MOSAIC TILES:-
• Mosaic flooring is one of the most durable and
timeless flooring options which you can install at
your homes.Mosaic tiles are beautiful and made up
of tiles less than 2 inches.They form a particular
design pattern or laid out in single color.If you want
to go for something natural then mosaic tiles would
be suitable for you,as they come two different
textures mosaic hardwood flooring and mosaic
stone flooring both give you a natural look at your
home or office.
29. TYPES OF MOSAIC FLOORING:-
• There are types of mosaic tiles which are made up
of :-
• 1.GLASS
• 2.CERAMIC
• 3.PORCELAIN
• 4.STONE.
• Mosaic effects can change the feel of your home as
they are natural and beautiful.Even the shapes of
mosaic tiles are different such as square,hexagonal
and round.
30. Porcelain mosaic flooring is commonly used and
found to be most durable as they can be glazed or
unglazed.They are usually used in bathroom areas.
Stone flooring is also known as pebble flooring which
is usually installed in bathrooms and pool areas.It is
naturally striking and stands apart from others.Mosaic
hardwood flooring is another option which is cost
effective and sets a distinctive tone for any home or
office.Hardwood and shimmering glass lend your
home or office luxurious look of elegance and style.
31. INSTALLATION OF MOSAIC FLOORING:-
• Mosaic flooring is easy to install.Here are the steps
of installing:-
• 1.Prepare the floor by cleaning the surface where
you need to install your mosaic tiles.
• 2.Gently clean the floor with dry cloth to ensure
that the floor is free of all dust.
• 3.Before using mosaic tiles apply stone sealer to the
mosaic so as to protect the stone during
installation.This sealer has to be left for 2-3 hours to
ensure that sealer is absorbed by the mosaic tile.
• 4.Now take the plastic protection off the back of the
mosaic leaving only mesh.
32. 5.Gently buff out the backing of the mosaic to remove
some of the excess glueand make sure that the mesh
is exposed as much as possible.This buffing can be
done with the metal brush and remember not to
overbuff the surface or you will run the risk of
breaking the mesh.
• 6.Clean the debris with a vacuum or broom.After that
prepare and apply the thinset over the surface.
• 7.Apply at least 1/8 of thinset and mark 2mm deep
canals across the surface,as recommended by the
manufacturer.
• 8.Now set the mosaic in place over the thinset slightly
giving pressure so that the thinset penetrates deep
through the mesh and between some of the tesserae of
your mosaic.
33. 9.Continue and clean the mosaic surface with a wet
sponge to make sure that the excessof the thinset
doesn’t accumulate over the mosaic.
• 10.Leave the mosaic and thinset to dry for about 24
hours.
• 11.Prepare a non sand grouting mix and use the
minimum grouting thickness which is usually made
from grouting less than 1/8.
• 12.Grout the surface of the marble mosaic like any
other tile.The grouting colour should not be dark or
light from the mosaic but an average grout can be
used.
34. ADVANTAGES OF MOSAIC FLOORING:-
• 1.High fired and durable.
• 2.Dense hard and tough.
• 3.Mosaic tile comes in a wide variety of
colours and textures.
• 4.Easy to customize yourself.
• 5.Water and bacteria resistant.
• 6.Great for do it yourself project.
• 7.Low maintenance.
35. PRICE OF MOSAIC TILES:-
• The size of mosaic tiles is usually around 2ft*2ft and
price varies from rs25 to rs150 per square
feet,again depending upon the size,colour and
usage(for floors or walls).Besides there are also tiles
made out of stone,glass,mosaic, and poly-vinyl
chloride (popularly known as PVC).
36. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CARPETS AND
RUGS:-
• Usually the two words carpets and rugs are used
interchangeably.Both are floor coverings with
difference in size.Rugs are smaller than carpets.
• Rugs:-Rugs do not usually exceed the length of
2m(6.5ft).They usually have multiple uses.They may be
used as centerpiece flooring,or hung on wall.They may
be used as foot rugs sofa or bed throws or as table
décor.They usually have an artistic or stylish touch in
terms of patterns,shape or color.They may be as per the
themes for a kids room,prayer rugs,for a lounge,for a
dressing room etc.
37. The style of the rug varies with the
purpose.Hand knotted rugs may have
intricatepatterns of traditional persian style
or more contemporary types but have a
rather fine finish.As per the size and
purpose,they can be used as wall décor,on
table tops and sofas or to give an accent to
the flooring.Tufted and felt wool rugs are
also used in the same manner.Shagged
rugs are most commonly used as bed or
sofa throws or corner foot rugs.
41. CARPETS:-
• Usually anything larger than 2m or 6.5 ft is termed
as carpets.They are primarily used as floor
coverings.They accentuate the theme of the
room.They may form the plain wall to wall covering
to the wide centerpieces.
• They may be hand knotted,tufted,machine made or
felt wool.The hand knotted carpets may have
intricate patterns or simple geometrical ones over
all,in center or in the corner with the traditional
appeal or the contemporary style.Machine made
plain or with an overall patterns are used for wall to
wall coverings.
46. RESILIENT FLOORING:-
• Resilient flooring is a loose,catch all-term that refers to floor
coverings that occupy a middle ground between soft floors(like
carpeting) and hard floors(like stone or hardwood).In other words,
it is essentially flooring made with materials that are elastic.They
are firm,hard-wearing materials that also have a certain degree of
give.But there is a lot more to it.This highly durable type of flooring
has existed for decades and is one of the most used flooring types
even today.One of the key benefits of using resilient is the cost.It is
consistently more affordable than the flooring types it mimics.It is
a very popular type of flooring that is versatile and can withstand a
lot of wear and tear.Many people put resilient floor covering in
kitchens,utility rooms and other high traffic areas.The other
benefits lie in the material itself.It is designed to be extremely
durable hence its application in many commercial projects.It is
great for noise reduction.It is also a great material for people who
are on their feet for long periods of time.The slight give of the
flooring reduces shock on the legs,feet and back.
47. TYPES OF RESILIENT FLOORING:-
• 1.LINOLEUM FLOORING:-Linoleum used to be the
most popular resilient flooring option
available.However, when vinyl came along it was
surpassed in popularity.In recent years,linoleum has
experienced a resurgence in the market.Because of
the fact that it is made up of natural materials such
as linseed oil and wood flour,it is very popular
within the “green” community.
48. CHARACTERISTICS OF LINOLEUM
FLOORING:-
• 1. A resilient sheet flooring material.
• 2.Ecologically friendly,made of natural materials.
• 3.Composed of oxidized linseed oil,powdered cork and
wood flour,pressed into sheets with a burlap (jute)
backing.
• 4.Water resistant.
• 5.Heat-and sound-insulating.
• 6.very durable and flexing.
• 7.Typically imitated other flooring materials,including
tile,slate,woodplanks,parquet and even carpets.
• 8.Typical colours included brown,dark grey,light
grey,blue,tan and green.
49. TYPICAL USES OF LINOLEUM FLOORING:-
• 1.Residental flooring: for kitchens,hallways and
bathrooms.
• 2.Institutional flooring: in schools,showrooms.
• 3.originally installed over a wood subflooring.Later,a
layer of felt was sandwiched in between.
• 4.heavier battleship linoleum was common in
offices,stores,hospitals,banks,lodge rooms,elevators
and battleship decks.
• 5.Thinner battleship linoleum was common in light
traffic areas and where cost was a factor etc.
50. PRICE RANGE OF LINOLEUM FLOORING:-
• Its price range varies starting from rs13 to rs 50 per
square feet depending upon the
type,quality,material and texture of the flooring…
51. CORK FLOORING:-
• For years cork has had a rough reputation in the
flooring design world.Old installations often
employed low quality materials that were not
properly maintained and cared for,resulting in
shabby surfaces that quickly degraded over time.
• However in recent years there has been a
resurgence in the popularity of cork flooring,as
advances in manufacture have made maintenance
and care easier than ever. Today you’ll find cork
being used in every room in the home,as well as in
some commercial spaces.
52. HOW CORK FLOORING IS MADE:-
• Cork is one of the most renewable resources on the planet.It
is manufactured from the bark of the cork oak (quercus
suber) which is an evergreen that grows in the mediterranean
region of southern europe and northern africa.
• Cork oak trees are grown specifically for the harvesting of
their bark,which is done in the summer when it becomes
loose against the trunk of the trees.The harvesting of the bark
is the process that does no harm to the trees.
• Rather the bark naturally grows back every 9-10
years,allowing a single crop of cork oaks to continue
producing for decades.
• Once the bark is harvested it is granulated,and then pressed
flat with binding agents such as resin.It is then baked into the
sheets that are used in flooring installations.
53. BENEFITS OF CORK FLOORING:-
• 1.Environmentally friendly natural flooring.
• 2.Produced from renewable resource.
• 3.Soft & warm.
• 4.Underfoot comfort.
• 5.Prolonged standing is fatigue free.
• 6.Helps reduce aching of hips,knees,feet and back.
• 7.Excellent insulator.
• 8.Durable enough to handle all types of traffic-Pets,children.
• 9.Anti static,Anti allergic.
• 10.Decorative,Water resistent.
• 11.Easy to maintain,Does not entrap dirt or fungi.
• 12.Wide selections of patterns,colors and designs.
• 13.Long life with little care
• 14.Easy installation,Sound absorbing and insulating.
54. PRICE RANGE OF CORK FLOORING:-
• It has a price range starting from rs 198 to rs 588
per square feet depending upon the quality,size and
colour of the material.
55. RUBBER TILES:-
• Rubber has a variety of inherent advantages that have
made it an extremely popular flooring choice for
commercial,high traffic environments.Now with a wide
variety of colours,patterns, and textures available,this
material is also finding its way into residential interior
and exterior applications.However these advantages
are also balanced by a series of drawbacks,which are
important to understand before making a final flooring
decision.
• Rubber flooring is quickly gaining in popularity as a
residential surface covering in a variety of interior and
exterior locations.That is because it combines the
durability,strength,and ease of maintenance found in
hard tile materials,with a soft,yielding feel that is
comfortable to stand on,and safe to fall on.
56.
57. ADVANTAGES OF RUBBER FLOORING:-
• 1.Durability:-The most often touted benefit of rubber
flooring is the fact that it is strong,tough,and resilient
against a variety of conditions.Depending on the type
of tile used,and the environment it is installed in,a
properly cared for rubber floor should be able to last
twenty years,if not longer.
• 2.Low maintenance:-Rubber flooring can be very easy
to take care of.Synthetic flooring is generally more stain
resistant than natural rubber.
• 3.Soft:-Despite the fact that it has commercial grade
durability,rubber flooring is actually quite soft to the
touch.The soft yielding nature of rubber also makes it
an appropriate floor for playrooms,bedrooms,and
other living areas.
58. 4.Water resistant:-
• Rubber flooring is non porous which means that you
don’t have to worry about damage from basic liquid
spills.This makes it a popular floor for wet
environments such as bathrooms,kitchens,and laundry
rooms.However, if you are installing it in an at grade or
below grade environment you may need to include a
vapor barrier to prevent moisture from seeping up
from underneath.Some rubber floor tiles also come
specially treated to deal with particularly moist
environments.
• 5.Fire and burn resistent:-This material is resistant to
burns left from cigarette butts and other small heat
sources.It is also non-toxic,and will not release noxious
fumes into the air in case of fire.
59. 6.SOUND PROPERTIES:-
• Depending on the thickness of the tiles,rubber can act
as a powerful sound barrier between floors in a
building.It’s natural elasticity can also reduce noise
from walking and rolling carts by up to 18 decibles.
• 7.Color choices:-When rubber flooring first gained
residential popularity in the 1970’s the colors of choice
were typically polished black or slate gray.These would
be contrasted by blues,reds,or yellows on occasion,but
there really weren’t that many options available.
• Now a days there are countless colors and patterns
available when choosing rubber floor tiles.These can
have a polished perfection,or a soft matte finish that
will blend more naturally in a living space.
60. 8.TEXTURES:-
• The surface of these tiles can be manufactured with
raised dimples,studs,and other complex textures
that can actually become part of the piece’s
design.This can aslo help to add traction to the
floor,making it more slip resistant in wet areas.
61.
62. PRICE RANGE:-
• It has a price range starting from rs 75 to rs 540 per
square feet and above depending upon the type
and texture of the material.
63. ASPHALT TILES:-
• Asphalt tiles are the true pioneers of the resilient tile
field,and are the most economical of the different
flooring types.Asphalt tiles are available only in a
limited number of colours and patterns and require a
bit more maintenance than do the others.Another
disadvantage is that it is considerably more rigid,so it
tends to be more susceptible to
cracking.However,seems to be the perfect choice for
utility areas or for other places demanding an
economical floor.
• Asphalt tiles are developed for damp and alkaline
conditions where linoleum just doesn’t perform that
well.It is extremely resistant to mold and fungal
attack,mild acids,and oils and grease,and it can be used
where floor temperature is less than 27degree C.That is
why they are used so often in below-grade applications.
64. BASIC INFORMATION:-
• Asphalt is not damaged by alkali,so can you use alkani
cleaners on it.Simply damp mop as recommended for
vinyl.When soil is not removed by damp-mopping,wash
with detergent and water,or mild ammonia and water
solution,and rinse well.Also it can be inadvertently
softened/dissolved by solvents,so do not use
solvents,or solvent-based polishing waxes on it.So be
sure and wax only with water-based wax.Also, the floor
can be softened by grease so wipe up spills promptly.
• Asphalt tile flooring was mainly used commercially and
in many family basements primarily because it was
inexpensive.It is hard and non flexable,usually 9 inches
by 9 inches by 1/8th thick.
65. MAKING OF ASPHALT TILES:-
• In the United States,asphalt shingles are categorized as
either organic-based or fibreglass-based.Organic based
asphalt shingles are manufactured with a base (also
termed mat or substrate) made of various cellulose
fibers,such as recycled waste paper and wood
fibers.This organic base is then saturated with a
specially formulated asphalt coating and surfaced with
weather resistant mineral granules.Fiberglass-based
asphalt singles are manufactured with mat composed
entirely of glass fibers of varying lengths and
orientations.This fiberglass base is then surfaced with a
specially-formulated asphalt coating,followed by
weather-resistant mineral granules.
66. TYPES OF ASPHALT SHINGLES:-
• 1.Strip shingles:-These asphalt shingles are
approximately three times as long as they are
wide.Manufactured in both standard and metric
dimensions,strip shingles are distinguished by the
number of cutouts or tabs that they have.The most
common type of strip shingle is the “three tab”-
shingle.Different textural and lighting/shadowing
effects can be achieved with strip shingles
depending on the number,shape and alignment of
the cutouts.
• 2.Large format shingles:- Generally rectangular or
hexagonal in shape,these shingles do not utilize
cutouts or tabs.
67. 3.Laminated shingles:-
• These special shingles conatin more than one layer
of tabs to create extra thickness.They are also
referred to as three-dimensional or architectural
shingles because they create visual depth on a roof
and impart a custom look.Laminated shingles
continue to be a favourite among builders,roofing
contractors and homebuyers.
• 4.Interlocking shingles:-As the name
suggests,interlocking asphalt shingles are individual
shingles that mechanically fasten to each other,and
are used to provide greater wind resistence.They
come in various shapes and sizes providing a wide
range of design possibilities.
68. BENEFITS OF ASPHALT TILES:-
• 1.Product performance:-Asphalt shingles perform well in extreme
temperatures and in areas where wind,water and ice are
prevalent.
• 2.Affordability:-The efficient,high-volume production and
relatively low application cost of asphalt shingles provide
consumers with an overall value that’s tough for other roofing
materials to match,especially in terms of comparable life
expectancy.
• 3.Ease of application:-Asphalt shingles are considered to be the
easiest of all standard roofing materials to apply.In addition,the
flexibility and strength of asphalt shingles supports their
application on a wide variety of roof designs.
• 4.Fire and wind resistance:-Asphalt shingles are manufactured to
resist external fire and flammability standards,and carry class A,B
or C fire ratings,with class A providing the greatest fire
resistance.In addition,many asphalt shingles carrying a “wind
resistance” label indicate that they have been manufactured and
tested to demonstrate acceptable resistance in high-wind
locations.
69. PRICE RANGE OF ASPHALT TILES:-
• Since,Asphalt tiles are mostly used in foreign
countries so it has a price range of$80 to $100 per
square feet depending upon the type and quality of
the material.
