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فسخ العقد
1.
ﻣﻌﻤﺮي ﻣﻮﻟﻮد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ-ﺗﯿﺰيوزو اﻟﺤﻘﻮ
ﻛﻠﯿﺔاﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم و ق واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة ﻓﺮع:ﻗﺎﻧﻮناﻟﻤﮭﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ إﻋﺪاداﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ:ﺗﺤﺖإﺷﺮافاﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر: وﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻨﺪ ﻋﯿﺒﻮط ﺣﺴﯿﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ)ﺩ:(ﻭﺯﻭ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻌﻤﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ،ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻌﻔﻭﺭ........................ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺎ. ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ)ﺩ:(،ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺤﻨﺩ ﻋﻴﺒﻭﻁﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭ)ﺃ(ﻭﺯ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻌﻤﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭ.....ﻭﻤﻘﺭﺭﺍ ﻤﺸﺭﻓﺎ. ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ)ﺩ: (،ﺸﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺘﻭﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫﻭﺯﻭ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻌﻤﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،.......................ﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﺎ. 20122011
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ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺝﺠﺯﺀ ﺩ.ﻡ.ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺝ ﺹ ﺹﻤﻥﺍﻟﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻔﺤﺔﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺹ:ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻁ:ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻡ ﻕ:ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻉ:ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩ.ﺕ:ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺩ.ﺏ.ﻥ:ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﻠﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻕ ﻡ:ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩ.ﻉ.ﻥ.ﺕ:ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩ.ﻥ.ﺕ:ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻡ.ﻉ.ﻕ.ﺍ:ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻡ.ﻕ.ﺍ.ﺏ.ﻕ.ﺍ:ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ 2-ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ Ed :Edition N° : Numéro Op.cit : Opus citatum P : Page Pp : de la page à la page p.u.f : Presses universitaires de France Cf : Confère L.G.D.J : Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence
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ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 1 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺘﻪ.ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل،ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻟﻜﻼ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕﺩﻴﻥ. ،ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺸﺭﻋﺕ ﻟﻘﺩﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻻ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻤﺕ ،ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ.1 ﻓﻨﺸ ﺈﺫﺍﻟﻸﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺄﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻟﻜﻼ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻁﻰ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ، ﻌﻘﺩﻓﺈﻥﺒﺘ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻪﻻ ﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ،ﺒﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘلﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻟ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻰ.ﺴﻌﻲ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻷﻥ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻘﻭﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ. ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻤل ﻤﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻀﻲ.ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺨﺎﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺩﻭﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺭﺘﺒ ﺃﻥﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﺸﺎءون،ﺍﻟ ﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺸﺭﻁﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ. ﻓﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺇﻥﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺹ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺇﻀﻔﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ. 1-ﺒﻠﻌﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺠ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ، 2001ﺹ ،5.
8.
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 2 ﻴﻠﺯ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ
ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻡﻤﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻲﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻤل ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ.ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻟﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻜل ﺴﻌﻲ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ،ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ. ﻓﺈﺫﺍﺍﻟﻌﻘ ﻨﺸﺄﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺨلﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻴﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ.ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﻠﺘﺯﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺇﺫ، ﻷﻥﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ.ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥﻴ ﻻﻷﻨﻪ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ، ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ ﺼﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﻨﻊﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ1 . ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻟﺘ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﺎﻡﺇﻻ ، ﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺯﺍﻡﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻟﻴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ، ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻁﻪﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ،ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ.ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻷ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ. ﻴﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑﺫﻟﻙﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔﻭﺘﺼﻴ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻀﺭﺍﺭﻤﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺠﺭﺍﺀﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻭﻀﻊﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻘﻪ.ﺍ ﺘﻌﺴﻑ ﻷﻥﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺘﺨﻭﻴل ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ. ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻤﺎﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﺇﺨﻼلﻤﻌ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ؟ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﻓﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ: 1-ﺘﻭﻨﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺤﻭل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ،،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺨﻠﺩﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ،2007، ﺹ33.
9.
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 3 ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل:ﺤل ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﻕﻁﻠﺏﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎلﻁﻠﺏﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﻭﻙ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل:ﻤﻤﺎﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺴﺔﻁﻠﺏﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦﻭﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ
10.
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕﻁﻠﺏﺤلﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ
11.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 5 ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻷﺼل.ﻓﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﻀﻭﺥ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﻡ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻬﻭ ﺒﻤﺜ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻓﻲ، ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺎﺒﺔﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻻ ﺒﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺫ ، ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻨﺹ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻻ ﻨﻘﻀﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻪﻴﻘﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺘﻔﻕﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺸﺭﻑﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘ ﻨﺯﺍﻫﺔﺩ1 . ﻏﻴﺭﻗ ﺃﻨﻪﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺼﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺩﺍﻟ ﺤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺎ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻜل ﻭﺯﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ.ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﺩ ﻻ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ.ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻫﻨﺎﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ2 . ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻥﻭﺒﺎﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥﺤﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰﻁﻠﺏﻤﻥ ﻟﻴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻔﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ)ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ.( ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺒل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﻕ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ،ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ )ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ(.ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ. 1-ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ106ﺃﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ75-58ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺭﺥ20ﻋﺎﻡ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ1395ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻕ26ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ1975ﺭ ،ﺝ78ﻟﺴﻨﺔ 1975ﻤﺘﻤﻡ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل. 2-ﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﻴل ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ، ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ1994/1995ﺹ ،131.
12.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 6 ﺍﻟﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻪ،ﺒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲﻤﻥ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ.ﻭﻟﻪ ﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺨﻭل ﻟﻘﺩﻓﺄﺼﺒ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺢﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻘﻭﻕ.ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺱ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ)ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ.(ﻭﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ)ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ.( ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ،ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺄﺼﺒ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺨﺫﺕﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ)ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ.(ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﻟﻘﺩ)ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ.( ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ)ﺃﻭﻻ(.ﻭﻋﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻ ﺃ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ،ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻨﻭﺍﺡ ﻋﺩﺓ)ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ.(
13.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 7 ﺃﻭﻻ:ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼلﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺘﻭﺠﻬﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻭﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼل ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻻ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺼل ﻓﻘﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺩ1 . ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ﻁﺭﻕﻭﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﻋﻘﺩ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤ ﺤﻕ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻑ ﻟﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻘﺩﻴﺔﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ2 . ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺒﺫﻟﻙﻨﻅﺎﻤ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦﺎﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺎ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﻘﻭﻡﻭﻓﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀﺭﺘﺒﻪﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ. ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻜل ﺤﻕ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻋﺎﺘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻜﻲ ﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔﻓﻬﻭ ، ﺍﻟﺭ ﺍﻨﺤﻼلﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﺒﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﺒﻁﺔﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ3 . ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ:ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻴﻬﺩﻑﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ،ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻤﺔﻭﺒﺼ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻔﺔ.ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ.ﺃﻨﻅﻤ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒلﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔﻭ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ. -ﺘﻭﻨﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ،...ﺴﺎ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،ﺹ ،ﺒﻕ38. 1 1-ﺩ.ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﻓﺭﺝ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ، ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻭﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،،ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ، ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ2009ﺹ ،328. 2-ﺩ.ﺒﻠﺤﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ، )ﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ(،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﻋﻜﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻥ ،2001ﺹ ،300.
14.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 8 ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺇﻥﻭﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﺒﻁﻼﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻁﻼ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻤﺎﻗﺎﺒ ﺃﻭﻟﻺﺒﻁﺎل ﻼﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﻗﻭﻓﺎ.ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ،ﻭﺴﻠﻤﻤﻥ ﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠل.ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲﺃﻥ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ لﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ59ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ98ﻤﻥﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ. ﻨﻅﻡ ،ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻘﺏ ﺜﻡﺍﻟﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﺯﺍﺀﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲﻤﻥ99ﺇﻟﻰ105ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ.ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺭﻜﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ.ﻭﻓﺈﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻤﻥﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺼﺎﺭﻡ ﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ،ﻭﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺒﺼﺭﻑ. ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺠﺯﺍﺀﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻤﺔ ﺃﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﻟﻡ1 .ﺒﺤﻴﺙﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﺇﺫﺍﺃﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﺹ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻁﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥﻕ. ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﺎﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻥﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ ﺃﻭ ،ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻪ ﺒﺼﺭﺍﻤﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻌﻴﺏ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭﻟﻺﺒﻁﺎل2 .ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻨﻭﺍﺡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ: ﺃ-ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺎ.ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻤﺎﻓﺎﻨﻪﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ 1-،ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺓ ،1991ﺹ ،84. ﺤ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ،ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﻁﻼﻥ)ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ(ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺩﻜﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﻴل، ،ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﻩﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔﺹ ،71. -2
15.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 9 ﻤﻥﻭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺹ ﺠﻭﺩﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ.ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥﺇﻟﻰﻜﻭﻥﺃﺤﺩﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺏ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻪ1 ﺏ-ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﺭﺩﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻨﺸﺄ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻠﻰﻭ ،ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍ ﻷﺜﺎﺭﻩﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ2 ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ3 . ﻴﺭﺩ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰﺇﺒﺭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺫﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﺎ.4 ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻻ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻹﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥﻻﺤﻘﺎ،ﻹﺒﺭﺍﻤﻬﺎﺒلﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺍ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻬﺎ5 . ﺝ-ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻗﺎ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺴﺨﻪ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﺠﺎﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺸﻭﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺤﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ.ﺍ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ6 . 2-ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ.ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ 3-ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ119ﻭ120ﻭ121ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ،ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ81ﺇﻟﻰ97ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ. 2-،ﺠﻌﻔﻭﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻺﺒﻁﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺯﺓﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﻥﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﺒﺤﺙ ، ،ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲﺠﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ1986ﺹ ،84. 3 - Pierre GUIHO, George PEYRARD, Droit civil – les obligations, tome 2 : le régime général, L’ermès, Paris, 3ème éd, 1992, p 261 4-ﺍﻟ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥﺴ،ﻌﻭﺩ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ، ﺩﻁ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ2003ﺹ ،101. 5 -Gilles CARNOY, La nullité ou la résolution du contrat, p 2, http://www.lecide.fr -،ﺠﻌﻔﻭﺭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺇﺠﺎﺯﺓﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ...،ﺹ ،ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ83. 6
16.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 10 ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺔﺇﺫﻴﺭﺘﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺠﺯﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ.1 ،ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺫ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ2 .ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﺕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻴﺠﻭﺯ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﺤﻴﻨﺌﺫ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ ﻟﺼﻴﺭﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺠﺯﺍﺀ.ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻟﻙﻋﻠﻰ ﺒل ،ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﻻﺯﺍل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻟﺤﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻨﺎل ، ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺃﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻑ3 . ﺒﺫﻟﻙﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﻘﺭﺭ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀﺒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺫ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻻ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ.ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻭ ،ﺘﺤﻜﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ. ﺃ-ﻤﻥﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜل ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻤﻥﺍﻟﻤ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔﻋ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﺍﺀﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻠﻰﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ.ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻭﺤﻘﺎﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﺭﻩ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻪ ﻴﺤﺎﺴﺏ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ. 1- Fabric VETU, « L’inexécution contractuelle et la faute délictuelle », R.R.J, Droit prospectif, presse universitaire D’Aix- Marseille, PUAM, 2005, pp 108 - 136 Cf . p 109 . 2-،ﺩﺤﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺭﻴﺩﺓ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭﻤﻤﻌﻤﺭﻱ ﻤﻭﻟﻭﺩ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﻴل ﺫﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺯﻭ ﺘﻴﺯﻱ2004/2005ﺹ ،20. 3-،ﻴﻜﻥ ﺯﻫﺩﻱﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ،ﺼﺎﺭﻭ ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ، ﺩ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ.ﺹ ،ﺕ87.
17.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 11 ﻭﻴﺴﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻹﺨﻼل ﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻱ ﻓﺤ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻘﻪ.ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻨﻔﺴﺎﺨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺴﺨﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ1 . ﺒﻴ ﻟﻭ ﻴﻨﻤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺴﺘﻌﻤلﺍﻟﻌ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻴﻨﻪﻴ ،ﻘﺩﻴﺔﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻡﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺇﺫ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ،ﺘﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ176ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ. ﺏ-ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﺍﻟﻤﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﺼﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺩﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻟﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻼ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﻓﺈﺫﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﻨﻔﺫﻫﻭ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺠﺯﺍﺀﻴﻠﺤﻕ ﻟﻡ ﻟﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻪ ﻀﺭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ2 . ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙﺃﺨل ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﺤل ﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺠﺒﺭ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻡ ﺒ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻋﺩﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻐﺽ3 .ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺨﻼل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻻﺍﻟﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻀﺭﺭﺍ ﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ.ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻘﺩﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺭﻏﻡﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺴﺒﺒﻪ،ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺼﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ 119ﻭ120ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ. ﺝ-ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻕﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ ﺤﻼ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒل ،ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍ -ﺍﻟﻔ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ، ﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩﺹ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺴﺦ1ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻨﻅﺭ :http://www.cadresonliine.com1 2 - Philippe LE TOURNEAU, Droit de la responsabilité et des contrats , Dalloz, Paris, 2ème Ed, 2006, p 260. 3-،ﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻲﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺩﺍﺭ ،،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ،ﻴﺔ 1998ﺹ ،90.
18.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 12 ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻪﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﺘﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻴﺔﺍﻷﺼل ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ1 . ﺇ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲﺒﺼﻭﺭﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﺍ)ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻲ(ﻓﺈﻥﻤﻨﺤﻼ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ، ﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﺒﺄﺜﺭ ﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻜل ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﺘﺯﻭل ﻭ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻓﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻴﺩل ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻗﺒلﻓﻲ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ2 . 3-ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻻﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡﻟﻀﺩ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺭ ﺒل ،ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ،ﻓﻘﺩﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗ ﻴﺒﺭﻡﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻘﺩﺍ ﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠ،ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻵﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻜﻥﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻴﻌﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺜﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ3 . ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺤﻤﺎﻴ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥﻗﺭﺭﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺔﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﺭﻱ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ.ﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﻗﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻔﻲ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺠﺩ191ﺘ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥﻤﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺤﻕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺠﻴﺯ ﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕﺘ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺤﻘﻪ ﻀﺭ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﻘﺼﺩ. ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﺭﺭﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻼﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﺠل ﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲﺒﻔﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻻ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ.ﻴﻬ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻲﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺩﻩﺃﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻤﻌﺴﺭﺍ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻠ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻬﺩﺩﻩ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻭﺀ 1- Philippe LE TOURNEAU, Droit de la responsabilité…, op.cit, p 261 2 - Patrice JOURDAIN, « Responsabilité civile, droit commun de la responsabilité », Dalloz, RTD, civ, n° 1, Paris, 2008, p 1. -ﺒﻠﻌﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﺒﺩﻓﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ...ﺹ ،ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،139. 3
19.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 13 ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻬﻲ ،ﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺎﻗﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻷﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻘﻪ1 . ﺃ-ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻪ ﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺇﻥﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎل ﺒﺄﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ،ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺒل ،ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻵﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻬﺩﻡ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻭﺒﻴﻥﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺠ ﺒﺄﺜﺭﻌﻲ ﺝ-ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﻻ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻤﻥﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻓﻬﻭ ،ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪﻟﻠﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ2 . ﺩ-ﺍﻻ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﺫﺍﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺴﺨﻪ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻠﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ،ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻷﻥ ﻓﺴﺨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻻ.3 .ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺭﻩﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻴﺸﻤل،ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺼﺭﻩ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻭﻻ. 4-ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﻗﺩﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻪ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺒﺎﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥﺒﻌ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﻊ،ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺩﻡﺸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺭﻉ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔﻤﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺭﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺸﻰ ﺇﺫ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻻ 1-،ﻓﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭ ، 1993ﺹ ،140. 2 -Jean CARBONNIER, Droit civil , les obligations, P.U.F, Paris, p330 3 - La résolution du contrat, p 2, voir : http:// www.oboulo.com.
20.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 14 ﻟ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻴﺨﺘل ،ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻼﺒ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻥ1 . ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﻭﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻴﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﻥﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻓﻊ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ.2 ﺃ-ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺫﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﺇﻟ ﻴﺅﺩﻱﻭ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺤل ﻰﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻤﻪ ﻗﺒلﻓﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻋ ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻴﺸﻤلﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺎﻤﺔ3 .ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺘﺄﺠﻴﻠﻲ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻭ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ4 ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﻥﻤﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻪ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﻭلﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻗﻔﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻫﻲ. ﺏ-ﺴ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻠﻁﺔ ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ،ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ،ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ،ﺇﺫﺜﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﻥﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻻﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻭﻯﻨﻔﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ.ﻋﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﻴ ،ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺭﺽﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺩﺸﺭﻭﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺭﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡﺍﺜﺭﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺈﻗﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﺫﻟﻙ. ﺝ-ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ،ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺫﻟﻙﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ.ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺃﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ 1 - Jean CARBONNIER, Droit civil…, op.cit, p 331. 2 - Rémy CABRILLAC, Droit des obligations, Dalloz, Paris, 2 ème Ed, 1996, p 117. 3-،ﺒﻠﻌﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ...،ﺹ ،ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ125 -ﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻲﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ،-ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ ﻌﺎﻤﺔ،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻤﻭﻓﻡ ،2001ﺹ ،361. 4
21.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 15 ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻻ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ،ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﺭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎﻫﺫ ﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﻴﺭﻴﺔﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻩ1 . ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺭﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ)ﺃﻭﻻ(،ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺭﺠﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻲ)ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ(.ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ)ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ(،ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺅﺴﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ)ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ.( ﺃﻭﻻ:ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻴﻘﺼﺩﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻴﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻼ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻭ ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻻ ﻭ.ﺍﻨﺘﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻡ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺯﻭﺍل ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻗﺩ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ.2 ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺨﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻀﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ3 . ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻤﺤل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺎ ﺒﻨﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ﺠﺎﺯ ،ﺯﺍﻤﻪ 1 - Philippe LE TOURNEAU, Résponsabilité civile professionnelle, Dalloz, Paris, 2ème Ed 2005, p14. -ﺩ.ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ،،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ،2003ﺹ ،15. 2 -ﺩ.ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕﺤﺴﻥ،ﻓﺭﺝ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ1993ﺹ ،50. 3
22.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 16 ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﺒﻪ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻔﺴﺦ.ﺨﻼﻑ ﻫﺫﺍﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺸﺭﻁﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻤﺤل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻻ ﺤﻴﺙ1 . ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ:ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻨ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲﻓﺴﺦ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻪﻟﻠ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩﺠﺎﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥﻗﺩ ﻴﻥ ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺎ ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺫﻟﻙﺒل ،ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺴﺦ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﺍ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ2 . ﻋ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﺼل ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻠﻰ ﺜﻡ ،ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺃﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ.ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻜﻤﺎﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ1184ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ3 . ﻓ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻟﻭ ﺇﺒﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﻬﺕ ﻗﺩﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻡ.ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺤﻕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺒﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺎ ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻭﻟﻭ ،ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ. ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ:ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻬﻭﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡﺴﻭﺃﻥ ،ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﺏﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﻠل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ --ﺩ.ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕﺤﺴﻥ،ﻓﺭﺝﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ....ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،،ﺹ51. 1 -ﺒﻠﻌﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ،ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ...ﺹ ،ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،91. 2 3 Pierre GUIHO , Georges PEYRARD, Droit civil…, Op.cit, p 260.
23.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 17 ﺍﻤﺘﻨﻊﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ1 .ﺒﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﻭ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻊ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ2 . ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙأﺣﺪ،ﺴﺒﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﺘﺯﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻟﻪ ﻴﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻓﺴﺦ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ.ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﺯﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ:ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺦ ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺤﻕ ﻴﻌﻭﺩﻁﻠﺏﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻟ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻨﺸﻭﺌﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻴﺤﻜﻡﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ3 .ﻭﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ،ﺇﺫﺘﺴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﻜل ﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﻷﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎﺘﺤﻤل ﻗﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ. ﺍﻹﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻴﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻷﻥ ،ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺴﻘﻭﻁﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ4 . 1 - Pierre GUIHO, George PEYRARD, Droit civil…, Op.cit , p 261. 2 -Christina CORGAS , La résolution du contrat, p 3, voir http://www.Oboulo.Com/ résolution – contrat –36807–html. 3 - François CHABAS, Henri, Léon, Jean(MAZEAUD), Leçon de droit civil, obligations – théorie générale, Delta, Liban, 9ème Ed, 2000, p 1140. 4 - Thomas GENICON, La résolution du contrat pour inexécution p 1, voir http://www.lgdj.fr
24.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 18 ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺃﻭﺠﻪﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ،ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻜﺴﻨﺩ ﺒﻘﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺘﻡ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﺴﻨﺩﺍ ﻴﻅل ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻴﺫﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ.1 ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭﺃﺜﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻁﺭﺃ ﻗﺩﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻓﺴﺦ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ﺤﻕ ﻓﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ. ﻗﻀﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺼل)ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉﺍﻷﻭل.(ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﺴﺦ،ﺒﺈ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻥﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﺴﺦﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ)ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ.( ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻻ ﻤﺩﻴﻥﻓﺈﻨﻪ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﻨﺸﺄﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺤل ﻁﻠﺏ.ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻁﻠﺏﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ )ﺃﻭﻻ(.ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﺌﺯﺍ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ،ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ)ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ.( 1-ﺩ-ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،-ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻌﻘﺩ-،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ2000، ﺹ397.
25.
اﻷول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ:اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ
ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻖ 19 ﺃﻭﻻ:ﺍﻟﺸﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺤل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻥ ،ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﻤﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺃﺨل ﻗﺩ،ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ. 1-ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻤﺒﺩﺌﻴﺎ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ1 .ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻨﺸﻰﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﻤ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻨﺎ2 ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻜﻌﻘﺩ ، ﻭﻓﻲ ،ﻭﻀﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻊ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻘل ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺎﺌﻊ ،ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل3 .ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﺒﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺄﺠﺭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﻭﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﻓﻊﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ4 . ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ،ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻱ ﻏﻴﺭ،ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ5 .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﻌﺭﻑﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻟﻠﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ55ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﺼﻪ ﻤﻨﻪ"ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ." 1 - Christian Lapoyade DESCHAMPS, Droit des obligations , Ellipses , Paris , 1998, p 113. - 2ﺩ.،ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ-ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ-ﺍﻟﺜﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ،ﻨﻲ ﺩ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ.ﺕ.ﺹ ،ﻥ423. 3 - Jaque GUESTIN, Christophe JAMIN, More BILLIAU, Traité de droit civil, les effets du contrat, L.G.D.J, Paris, 2ème Ed, 1994, p 16. ﺩ.ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩﻱ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ(،ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ،2001ﺹ ،60. -4 5 - Jean CARBONNIER, Droit civil…, Op.cit, p319.
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