Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue)

Logo / State of Green

Green
C 100 - M 0 - Y 70 - K 0
100% & 60 %

Dark
C 0 - M 0 - Y 0 - K 95

Copenhagen: Solutions For Sustainable Cities
October 2012
Copenhagen
SOLUTIONS FOR
CITY OF COPENHAGEN
City Hall
1599 København V

SUSTAINABLE
info@cphcleantech.com
www.cphcleantech.com

CITIES

CMYK
Logo / State of Green

Green
C 100 - M 0 - Y 70 - K 0
100% & 60 %

Dark
C 0 - M 0 - Y 0 - K 95

54/55

State of Green – Join the Future. Think Denmark
Denmark has decided to lead the transition to a Green State of Green Consortium
Growth Economy and aims to be independent of fossil fuels The State of Green Consortium is the organisation behind
by 2050. As the official green brand for Denmark, State of the official green brand for Denmark. The consortium
Green gathers all leading players in the fields of energy, is a public-private partnership founded by the Danish
climate, water and environment and fosters relations with Government, the Confederation of Danish Industry, the
international stakeholders interested in learning from the Danish Energy Association, the Danish Agriculture & Food
Danish experience. Council and the Danish Wind Industry Association. H.R.H.
Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark is patron of the State of
Explore, Learn and Connect Online Green Consortium. State of Green’s commercial partners
Stateofgreen.com is your online entry point for all relevant are DONG Energy and Danfoss.
information on green solutions in Denmark and around
the world. Here you can explore solutions, learn about
products and connect with profiles.

Experience Solutions Live
Take advantage of the lessons learnt by leading Danish
companies, municipalities and organisations on a
customised State of Green Tour. Serving businesses,
politicians, civil servants and journalists, State of Green
creates visiting programmes tailored to your needs.

For more information:
info@stateofgreen.com
www.stateofgreen.com
From runned down harbour to attractive urban area / Credit: Kontraframe

+45 7210 0179


COPENHAGEN:
SOLUTIONS FOR
SUSTAINABLE CITIES 02/03

04 MAYOR’S INTRODUCTION
Mobility
06 CYCLING: THE FAST WAY FORWARD
10 giving INTEGRATED TRANSPORT THE GREEN LIGHT
Water
14 The harbour TURNS BLUE
18 MEETING THE RISING DEMAND FOR WATER
energy
22 THE FORCE OF PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR WIND power
26 MAKING THE MOST OF WASTE
30 KEEPING THE CITY WARM EFFICIENTLY
34 KEEPING COOL under CO 2 pressure
38 cREATing BUILDINGS for life
Strategy
42 Urban planning: economic and social benefits
46 COPENHAGEN – Carbon-Neutral by 2025
50 Adapting to the future climate

52 COME AND SEE US
54 OUR PARTNERS

This catalogue details 12 sustainable city solutions from Copenhagen.
In developing these solutions we were inspired by other cities around the world.
We hope that the lessons we learnt will, in return, be of inspiration to you and your city.

Cover image: Biking at Sealand Bridge, Copenhagen / Credit: Kontraframe

Mayor’s Introduction

Lord Mayor Frank Jensen and Mayor of the Technical and Environmental Administration Ayfer Baykal / Credit: Jasper Carlberg


« aN INTRODUCTION » A sustainable world starts with sustainable cities.
04/05
In Copenhagen, we have kept that thinking in mind as
we approach our own challenges. Now, we are making
our solutions available to cities everywhere.

More than half of the world’s population lives in cities, and the number
is only increasing. But while most of the world’s wealth is created
by urban residents, they are also responsible for about 75% of CO2
emissions.

Reducing CO2 emissions is just a small part of being a sustainable
city. More importantly, it is also about expanding our economy and,
ultimately, improving the quality of life of our residents.

We have learnt that when you invest in sustainability, the returns are
measured in more than just environmental terms. Building up a bicycle
infrastructure, for example, leads to higher rates of ridership, which in
turn leads to improved health as well as a decrease in CO2 emissions.

Investing in sustainability also has financial benefits. Cleaning the
water in our harbour improved the marine environment, and it also
benefited business, tourism and real estate prices. And an integrated
public transport system not only reduces traffic congestion, it also
saves us billions of euros and keeps the city efficient and competitive.

Copenhagen developed its sustainable solutions to suit the demands
of the city’s residents and businesses. They, in turn, have supported the
political decisions and strategies created to address those issues.

Our efforts have already yielded results, and Copenhagen has been
named the 2014 European Green Capital.

This publication profiles some of our best sustainable solutions. While
we are happy to share them, we remain on the lookout for new ideas
and hope to be inspired by the lessons learnt by other cities around the
world.

If you are interested in learning more about Copenhagen and our
sustainable solutions, please do not hesitate to contact us.

FRANK JENSEN Ayfer Baykal
Lord Mayor of Mayor of the Technical and
Copenhagen Environmental Administration


THE FAST WAY FORWARD
Please contact us for further information

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-biking

The fastest way of getting around in Copenhagen is by bike / Credit: Mikal Schlosser


CYCLING: THE FAST WAY FORWARD 06/07

CYCLING HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DANISH TRADITION, BUT COPENHAGEN
HAS GONE ONE STEP FURTHER AND MADE CYCLING INTEGRAL TO
URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN. THE MAJORITY of copenhageners
CHOOSE LOW-EXPENSE, BUT QUICK AND CONVENIENT CYCLING AS 230,000 €
THEIR PREFERRED WAY OF GETTING AROUND. IN FACT, we have
A TARGET TO INCREASE the number of copenhageners and Health expenses
saved by cycling
commuters CYCLING TO WORK AND EDUCATION FROM 35% IN 2011 per year.
TO 50% BY 2015.

In Copenhagen, urban planners have embraced the
widespread bicycle culture with ambitious solutions that
accommodate the city’s many cyclists. This has inspired
Besides providing a more livable city, reduced carbon
emissions and air pollution in the city, the shift from cars
to bicycles also saves time and money. Looking at the total
0.16 €
urban planners all over the world to ’Copenhagenise‘ their cost of air pollution, accidents, traffic congestion, noise Net social gain
cities, making them more bicycle-friendly. and wear and tear on infrastructure when travelling by for every km
bicycle and car, society actually benefits by € 0.16 for every travelled by bike
instead of car.
extra kilometre travelled by bicycle instead of by car.

0.77 €
Healthier
citizens reduce
health care costs
at an estimated
rate of € 0.77 per
km cycled.

solution benefits
– faster, safer, more convenient
• Cycling infrastructure is central to urban planning and • Reduced noise, air pollution and CO2 emissions.
design. • Healthier citizens.
• Investments in dedicated, uninterrupted cycle lanes. • Low-cost form of infrastructure.
• Easy transfer to public transport services. • Short journey times and less congestion.
• Focus on safety and sense of safety. • Improved city life.

Cycling: The fast way forward

solution in detail
No missing links is a main factor in the strategy for making Heightened comfort and convenience is to be achieved
88%
more Copenhageners jump on their bike whenever they are through much the same means as increased safety, but Number of
going to work or education. The goal is to create a network also through better maintenance of bike lanes, snow people who cycle
of bicycle lanes throughout Copenhagen. This will reduce clearance, and of course shorter travel time and easy because it is the
fastest or most
traveling time and increase safety for their cyclists. Safety, transfer to train and metro.
convenient way
convenience, comfort, timesaving and livability are the to get around in
keywords in designing a city where cycling is the norm. The reduced travel time is to be made possible in a variety the city.
of ways including a better structured cycling network and
More and broader bicycle lanes, improved design of ’Green waves‘ for cyclists at traffic lights.
intersections and behavioral campaigns are the means
0.8 1.05 1.23
of achieving a safer city for the cyclists. With those types mio. mio. mio.
of initiatives, Copenhagen wishes to achieve a rise in the

1995

2000

2012
proportion of inhabitants feeling safe while biking (from
67% in 2010 to 80% in 2015 and further to 90% in 2025).
Distance in km
travelled each
workday in
Copenhagen by
bicycle.
designing a city for cyclists

TIMESAVING CONVENIENT

Transport network No missing-links-strategy
Bicycles are integrated into the wider transport network. Passengers 2 bicycle bridges have been constructed as part of the No Missing-
can easily transfer between cycling and public transport. Carriages Links-Strategy, which secures a city connected by bike routes that
on trains are upgraded to accommodate bicycles. are made more direct to key destinations.

P

biCycle super highways biCycle parking
A safer, faster, direct, countinous and comfortable way of Good parking facilities for bikes.
commuting to work or education by bike.
43 km of ’Greenways‘
Separate lanes In Copenhagen green cycle routes are made to provide routes away from
Cycle lanes along roads include a curb to separate cyclists from main roads and through parks and recreational spaces.
cars and pedestrians, which maximises safety and sense of safety
for cyclists.
Cargobikes
Design of different cargobikes gives families a great alternative
to the car.


The sustainable benefits

08/09
Economic Environmental SOCIAL
• Cycling provides a low-cost form • Reduced noise. • 88% of cyclist do it because it is
of transport. • Reduced air pollution. the fastest or most convenient
• Reduced journey times and traffic • Reduced CO2 emissions. way of getting to work.
congestion increase economic • Creation of jobs.
productivity. • Improved city life.
• Healthier citizens reduce health
care costs at an estimated rate of
€ 0.77 per km cycled.

SAFE

safer intersections
The design of intersections is improved ’Green waves‘
to ensure safety for cyclists. ’Green waves‘ along some of the primary routes
prioritise bicycles by adapting the green light to
bicycles travelling at 20 km/hour so that cyclists can
travel non-stop.

Cycle lane messages
Bike counters along the
cycle lanes reinforces the
message, that cyclists matter
23.667
in Copenhagen. Simultaneously
the counters provide realtime
data to the City of Copenhagen.
Pedest

Cycle la

Car lanes
iansr

nes

integrate the transport IN YOUR CITY

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-transport

The Copenhagen Metro has been awarded the best in the world / Credit: Ursula Bach


GIVING INTEGRATED PUBLIC 10/11

TRANSPORT THE GREEN LIGHT
351,000
284,900

LIKE MANY OTHER CITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH IN COPENHAGEN HAS
BROUGHT WITH IT INCREASED TRAFFIC CONGESTION. HOWEVER, BY
INVESTING IN AN EFFICIENT, RELIABLE AND HIGHLY INTEGRATED PUBLIC
TRANSPORT NETWORK, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO DELIVER SOME OF 1970 2010
THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF MOBILITY IN THE WORLD. ALONGSIDE TRAFFIC, Number of car
CONGESTION AND POLLUTION HAVE BEEN REDUCED TO LEVELS THAT ARE trips in central
Copenhagen.
EXTREMELY LOW BY THE STANDARDS OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL CITIES.

The CO2 emissions from road transport rose along with the integrated transport system
increased traffic to more than 500,000 tonnes in 2005.

Attempts to convince people to use public transport
were hindered by: a massive improvement in travel time
for car traffic due to investments in road infrastructure,
unreliable and inconvenient public transport due to lack
of investments in infrastructure and lack of integration
Online journey planner
between transport systems and operators. Without
across different transport modes.
concerted action, Copenhagen could have faced the traffic
congestion and pollution problems that have blighted Easy transfer between transport modes.
many other cities. One ticket for metro, train and bus.

The solution was investment in an integrated transport Bicycles are allowed on Metro
system between bus, train and metro. and trains.

solution Benefits
– integrated transport solution
• Developing physical and online integration between bus, • A fall in private car usage reducing CO2 emissions.
train and the metro services to enable passengers to • Improved quality of life from convenient public
move seamlessly between different modes. transport.
• Integrating bicycles in the public transport system. • Reduced congestion saves time and money.

Giving integrated public transport the green light

Solution in detail
Green transport optimises urban space and moves a 190,000 hours are lost per day due to traffic congestion,
larger number of people in a more effective way. In a number that would be considerably higher without the
the same amount of space and time, 1 person can be integrated transport solution.
transported in a car, 6 persons can be transported by
bicycle and 4.5 persons by bus. In the Capital Region Building a convenient and time-saving transport system
makes it possible for passengers to move seamlessly
between cycle, bus, train and metro services.

A convenient and time-saving transport system

1:00
Real Time Information
tick Digital signs at bus-stops tells you in
et A to B?
real time when the bus will arrive and
text messages notify you when there are
One ticket delays in the train systems.
One ticket is valid on bus, train and
metro across all 3 public transport A to B
operators. Development of an online Journey
Transfer between each mode is free. Planner. An easy way to plan your
Legislation was introduced to stop journey from A to B across all the
competitive public transport operators different transport modes.
charging different prices.

P
tick
et biCycle Facilities
Significant bicycle parking
facilities have been
text ticketing introduced in each metro
Novel use of information technology station and train station.
enables passengers to simply text
where they are going and receive a text
reply which serves as a ticket.

This speeds up journey times, reduces Buses fast forward
querieing and cuts operational costs. Using radio and GPS technology enables
60% of tickets for one journey are now traffic controllers to keep lights green if
purchassed by text messaging and it is buses are approaching. This has brought
expected that paper based tickets will improved accessibility and speed for
be entirely replaced within a few years. buses.



12/13
• Reduced traffic congestion and • Improved integration of the • Faster, safer, healthier and less
fast and reliable journey times for transport system has resulted stressful journeys.
both passengers and freight make in an increase in trips made by • People use public transport and
Copenhagen a good place to work public transport and a fall in cycling because it is the fastest,
and do business. private car usage. cheapest and most convenient
• A reduction in congestion and way to travel.
lost hours. The hours lost due • A reputation for Copenhagen as
to traffic congestion currently one of the most livable cities in
constitute € 0,76 billion per year the world.
for the Capital Region.

Green transport optimises urban space and moves a larger number of
people in a more effective way.

The relationship between number of people moved from A to B by different
modes of transport in the same amount of space and time.

Turning the tide in your harbour

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-harbour

Summer life at one of Copenhagen’s three Harbour Baths / Credit: Ursula Bach


The harbour TURNS BLUE 14/15

The idea of swimming in COPENHAGEN’S harbour would
have been out of the question fifteen years ago. Close to
100 overflow channels fed wastewater into the harbour
making the water heavily polluted.

We addressed the problem by investing in the complete Effect on real estate prices
modernisation of the sewage system. The water quality
improve, and the City of Copenhagen was able to open
the public harbour baths. Today the harbour is one of the
trendiest spots in the city. In the summer and spring, the
area is bustling with BBQ parties, couples strolling along
the pier and students, families and businessmen having a increase
swim in the heart of the Danish capital. from

50%
to
100% 10%
increase

Flats in harbour Flats adjacent to
area. the harbour.

Effect on real estate prices in transforming harbour areas
from industry to residential.

solution benefits
– a blue transformation
The harbour was transformed into a blue public space by: • Increased value of real estate.
• Modernising the sewage system. • Increased quality of life and tourism.
• Adopting a cleaning programme. • Revitalisation of local business life.
• Diverting local rainwater. • Improved water quality in the harbour.
• Commissioning a strong urban design to create
a recreational space.

The harbour turns blue

SOLUTION IN DETAIL

Integration of urban design and wastewater management
Planners

Environmental Municipality

INNOVATION
SOLUTION Private sector
PROCESS

Engineers Researchers

Architects

Collaboration between partners, including researchers, academics, architects, planners, engineers, municipal and private
sector organisations led to the innovative solution of a harbour bath.

A combination of innovative solutions created a clean harbour

Mechanical, biological and chemical reservoirs Rainwater Stormwater
wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment removes
nutrients, salts and minimises
discharge of heavy metals.
Combined sewer reservoirs Decoupling of rainwater
Reservoirs with connecting To ensure future function of the sewage system, decoupling
conduits store wastewater until of rainwater is a necessity. The utility provider operates a
there is capacity in the sewage reimbursement scheme, in which a landowner connected
system. to the sewage system is reimbursed a connection fee if the
rainwater is decoupled and derived locally.


The sustainable BENEFITS

16/17
• The revitalisation of the harbour • Reduced risk of urban flooding • Residents and others can swim,
areas has led to business and polluting the harbour. sail and fish in the harbour
market regeneration. • More and diverse flora and fauna waters at the heart of their city.
• Local increase in property prices. are returning to the area. • Almost every resident now lives
• Improved potential for • Residents used to drive 10 km to less than 10 minutes by foot to a
investment: there are now a beach, now they can walk or green or blue recreational space
plans for much improved local cycle to the harbour baths. or park.
transport to the Harbour Bath. • The harbour baths has given
• Job creation. residents a sense of pride, loyalty
• Increased livability means and ownership in the local area.
that more families stay in the
city contributing to a positive
economic growth.

Automatic warning system
By calculating and monitoring the bacteria
level, the system identifies whether it is
safe to swim. An online forecast is available
on the city’s website and as an app on
smartphones.

Roof Road Black waste oVERFLOW CHANNELS
water water water
55 x

A three-tiered sewage system 55 overflow channels closed
This new sewage system is established in Wastewater is only discharged to the
new urban districts. The system has already harbour during particularly heavy
p
roved very effective against flooding. rainfall.

Make your water drinkable

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-water

Drinkning water directly from the tap / Credit: Ursula Bach


Meeting the RISING demand 18/19

for water
10%
COPENHAGEN IS ONE OF THE FEW CAPITALS in which YOU
cAN DRINK HIGH QUALITY WATER DIRECTLY FROM THE TAP. AS Target reduction
of water used
COPENHAGEN IS GROWING, THE CITY FACES THE VERY REAL RISK per day, per
OF DEMAND FOR WATER OUTSTRIPPING GROUNDWATER SUPPLY. Copenhagen
citizen.

The main challenge is to maintain a high drinking water distances. By adopting innovative technologies and
quality in the future based on groundwater supply. Due policies, it has been possible to protect groundwater
to lack of water sources within Copenhagen and local resources, limit the losses in the drinking water supply

100 litres

90 litres
contamination of water sources immediately around system and reduce drinking water consumption.
the city, water has to be conducted in pipes over long

2012 2025
A planned
reduction in
each Copenhagen
citizen’s con-
sumption from
100 litres per day
to 90 litres per day
in 2025.

solution benefits
–INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND
POLICIES
• Management of water resources by the use of new • Citizens can drink water of high quality directly
technologies to monitor and prevent leaks. from the tap.
• Water purification and groundwater modelling and • A reduction in water consumption of 26%.
protection. • Water losses reduced to 8%.
• Behaviour changes measured by water meters and
pricing mechanisms to reduce wasteful consumption.
• Engineering solutions to reduce overall water demand
to manageable levels.

Meeting the rising demand for water

solution in detail
A combination of the 3 elements: management of water Water cooperation
resources, groundwater protection and behaviour change, Copenhagen has a close cooperation with the nearby
makes it possible to maintain high drinking water quality municipalities and water supply companies. As a result,
in the future based on ground water supply. over-exploration and waste of the water resources can be
limited. Water samples are analysed every day, and the
results are shared within the water cooperation.

Better management of water ressources

Management of water ground water protection

Simple water cleaning Remediation facilities
A ’simple cleaning‘ of groundwater is undertaken involving In areas with polluted and pesticide contaminated groundwater
oxygenation and filtration through natural filters such as the polluted water is pumped out and cleaned before it
sand. infiltrates and damages the large primary ground water
resource.

Management of water resources
Detailed mapping of sediments below the city, construction
of models of a hydrological cycle around the city, and a
detailed groundwater model and 3D mapping down to
depths of 300 m.

SMART system management
A new SMART system management
allows better regulation of water
pressure.

Minimization of water loss
Leak detection technology and regulation of
water pressure decreases the water losses
in pipelines in Copenhagen to nearly 8%. In ground water
some cities the figure is 40 – 50%. reservoir



20/21

Reduced long term costs through: • Energy consumption from water • The cooperation between
• Lower energy use. services reduced. municipalities and supply
• Less frequent need to fully • Energy intensive solutions like companies encourages mutual
replace existing pipe network. desalination avoided. interest in groundwater
• Better monitoring and repair. • No chemical treatment of protection.
• Local businesses achieve reduced drinking water.
production costs through greater • Low demand for bottled water.
water efficiency.

behaviour change clean tap water

Installation of individual Financial incentives
water meters Consumer charges of € 5 per cubic
Previously, residents in buildings metre of water, hereof € 0.16 per
paid a fixed share of the collective cubic metre towards groundwater
water bill for the entire building. mapping and groundwater
With the individual water meters protection.
the consumption fell remarkably by
an average of 26%.

100%
Amount of
the tap water
coming from
groundwater
supplies in
Copenhagen.

The right climate for wind

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-wind

Wind turbines are an integrated part of the Copenhagen skyline / Credit: Rishi, Happy Living


THE FORCE OF PUBLIC 22/23

SUPPORT FOR WIND POWER
Despite unexceptional wind resources, 22% of
Denmark’s total electricity consumption is produced
by wind turbines, the highest rate in the world. In
Copenhagen a renewable energy infrastructure has
been introduced through a unique partnership based
on local ownership.

Like every city, Copenhagen faces challenges to wind perceived visual and noise impact of wind turbines in the
power: limited space to implement wind energy on a large landscape. The solution was to encourage public support
scale within an urban environment, wind turbines are for windpower by creating a community-owned facilities
expensive to build, and there is public resistance to the and using local skills.

Denmark copenhagen

2012 2020 2025

22% 50% +100
new wind turbines
in copenhagen
electricity production from wind power

solution benefits
– local ownership
• High-class technology. • Significant contribution to achieving
• Community ownership. carbon-reduction goals.
• Overcome the ’not in my backyard‘ attitude. • Creation of new jobs.
• Boost to the Green Economy.

The force of public support for wind power

Solution in detail
High-class technology company, with the remaining half of the shares sold to 8,650
At the first wind farm at Middelgrunden in Copenhagen members of the local community. Each share represents
harbour specially designed foundations were developed to production of 1000 kWh/year and was sold for € 570.
cope with the ice during severe winters. Accommodation
of factors such as tidal movements, wave loading, ice Based on the Copenhagen Climate Plan, the city-owned
loads, fatigue and the aggressive marine environment on utility company plans to build more than 100 new wind
submarine cables were incorporated. turbines by 2025. Locally based cooperatives will be able to
invest in the turbines.
Lessons learnt from the successful wind farm have been
used to inform subsequent schemes, highlighting how Overcome the ’not in my backyard‘ attitude
replicable the model is. A Public Awareness Campaign offered demonstration
tours of wind turbines to help convince locals that there
A key issue was improving the ability of the power grid to would be no noise impact from the project. A recent
accept and balance increased levels of intermittent energy survey among the citizens of Copenhagen indicates
from wind turbines. widespread popular support for wind turbines in the city.

Community Ownership
The first wind farm at Middelgrunden created a Wind
Turbine Cooperative half-owned by the city-owned utility


• The profit the City of Copenhagen • Significant contribution to • Community commitment to the
made from the sale of its first achieving carbon reduction goals. achivement of climate change
successful wind farm has been • Energy production at Middel- objectives.
recycled back into other city grunden wind farm is estimated • Creation of new jobs.
projects. at 89 million kWh of electricity
• Green Economy – through per annum.
creating strong local demand, the • Middelgrunden wind farm
Danish wind turbine industry has annually eliminates:
grown into a multibillion euro - 32 tonnes of sulphur dioxide
2
industry with over 350 companies emissions
producing turbine towers, blades, - 08 tonnes of nitrogen oxide
2
generators, gear boxes and emissions
control systems. - 8,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide
6
• Wind turbines have low running emissions and 4,400 tonnes of
costs following initial investment. dust and clinker.

Changing attitudes to waste and recycling / Credit: Rishi, Happy Living


24/25


Recycling waste in your city

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-waste

One bag of garbage provides 3.5 hours of electricity and 4 hours of heating for a household / Credit: Amagerforbrændingen


MAKING THE MOST OF WASTE 26/27

By putting in place an integrated programme over many
years, Copenhagen now sends less than 2% of waste to
landfill. almost 60% of the waste is recycled and maximum
use is made of the residual waste to generate heat for the
city’s district heating network.

Our waste management problems used to be similar to
those of most other major cities: in 1988, over 40% of the
city’s waste was sent to landfill and there was concern
that incinerating waste within the city boundaries would
create dangerous air pollution.

National legislation has now provided an integrated
solution – a suite of strategies, policies and investments
– that ensure a high rate of recycling and waste to energy. 1988
waste to landfill

Waste management is an important element in
sustainability as it can help optimise resource
consumption through recycling/reuse. Furthermore, waste 2010
waste to landfill
constitutes a renewable energy source. In this context
intelligent, long-term and holistic Waste Management
is vital for attaining our overall objectives of creating a In 2010 Copenhagen sent only 1.9% of 820,000 tonnes of waste
Sustainable Community and Green Economy. to landfill — 20 times less than in 1988.

solution benefits
– treating waste as a resource
• Improved recycling through source separation. • Reduced CO2 emissions.
• Diversion of waste from landfill to recycling the waste • Waste is seen as a resource.
to energy. • Millions of euros in landfill taxes are avoided.
• Residual waste used for production of heat and power • Heat and power generated from residual waste.
by incineration.

Making the most of waste

solution in detail
The vision for long-term and sustainable waste an easy choice for the public. The recyclable materials are
management is to consider waste as a resource for new treated at dedicated facilities turning the materials into
cycles of energy and production. recyclable resources.

The end of life products (waste) can be used as new Legislation
resources in the form of feedstock for: National legislation means that waste sent to landfill
• ’Biological products‘ that can be easily returned to the incurs a tax of 62,56 €/tonne while waste sent to
’organic cycle‘. incineration incurs a tax of 6,69 €/tonne.
• ’Technical products‘ that continuously circulate as
materials in the industrial cycle. It is now illegal in Denmark to send waste to landfill if it
can be incinerated.
Recycling
A focus on changing public attitudes by supplying Waste to energy
information on recycling, linking waste and climate Generation of heat and power from residual waste is a
change, and improving the possibility for reuse and core feature of incineration. Although incineration also
recycling including easy and logical source separation. will play a central role in the waste management system
in the future, Copenhagen is looking towards alternative
At household level, paper, glass, batteries, plastic, metal, treatment methods to increase material recycling.
electronics, gardening waste, bulky waste and residual
waste are collected separately, making source separation

Treating waste as a resource

Recycling waste as legislation
a resource

Waste to energy



28/29
• Waste sent to recycling instead of Reduced CO2 emissions through: • The public perceives waste as a
landfill avoids millions of euros in • Improved reuse and recycling. resource and 97% of the public
landfill taxes which can instead • Combined heat and power agree that the bulky waste they
be used to develop the Green generation feeding the district throw away could be used by
Economy. heating network. others.
• Municipal sale of recyclables • Centrally located waste facilities. • They comply with the waste
supresses increases in residential • Increased material recycling management system to process
waste tax. through: their waste in the most efficient
– Good and accessible solutions and practical manner.
for source separation • Reuse of waste creates more jobs
– Clear and concise information than landfill and incineration.
about environmental benefits of
recycling.

CO2 emissions from energy production

35.0 Waste incineration
tonnes

56.7 Natural gas
tonnes
77.4 Fuel oil
tonnes

94.6 Coal
tonnes

CO2 emmisions tonnes CO2/GJ.

switch on district heating

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-heating

District heating is the most sustainable way to keep the city warm / Credit: Kontraframe


KEEPING THE CITY WARM 30/31

EFFICIENTLY
District heating is one of the most carbon efficient and
flexible ways to produce and supply energy locally, cutting
98%
out much of the waste associated with centralised power
98% of heating
generation. By integrating renewable energy such as provided in
biomass, surplus wind energy, geothermal energy and Copenhagen
comes from the
biomass to replace fossil fuels in the system, further district heating
reductions of emissions have been achieved. grid.

The district heating system was first established in the mid Composition of the different types of fuel sources
1920s and was more intensively developed in the 1970s used for district heating system.
as a way to protect citizens and the economy from the
dramatic rise in fossil fuel prices. This was a time when
BIOMASS
the city faced overdependency on increasingly scarce 30%
and expensive fossil fuels, air quality concerns caused by
Coal
coal and oil burning within a city environment, and low 22%
efficiency in energy distribution in the existing district
heating network. The solution was to reduce the citys Natural gas
reliance on fossil fuels by maximising energy generated
21%
Waste
from waste, biomass and other fuel sources.
(CO2 neutral component) 12%
fossil BASED Waste
10%
Oil
5%

solution benefits
– decarbonising the district heating
• Technologies such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) to • Creation of new jobs.
capture and re-use heat energy that is otherwise lost in • Reduced CO2 emissions.
the electricity generation process. • District heating costs around 45% less than oil
• The district heating network distributes heat energy by individual oil boiler.
efficiently around the city. The integration of renewable • The most cost-effective way to heat buildings, taking into
fuels such as biomass further reduces the carbon account environmental costs.
intensity of the network. • Almost no negative impact on air quality.

Keeping the city warm efficiently

Solution in detail
Development of a district heating system that uses heat Decarbonising the heating system
generated from waste-to-energy plants; along with CHP Strategy
technology, initially fuelled by coal, natural gas and oil. The short-term goal of the city is to convert all remaining
coal-fired CHP to biomass.
Step by step expansion of the network
District heating does not necessarily require an overhaul As a long-term strategy the City of Copenhagen is now
of existing energy systems. It can be implemented over a using geothermal energy in the district heating network.
suitable period of time. A steam network was originally
established to supply hospitals and industry, and once a Renewable energy supply
steam pipe was established, offices, daycare centres and The use of CHP units allows highly efficient use of the
private homes nearby were also connected. energy in the fuels (up to 94%), and results in lower
carbon dioxide emissions.
This network is now replaced by water-based district
heating which is more energy efficient and can be stored Biogas is being made an operational part of the town gas
in thermal storages. grid by extracting gas from sludge produced in wastewater
treatment processes.
Regional co-operation in Greater Copenhagen:
The entire integrated district heating system spanning Biomass is planned to replace coal and provide 100%
more than 20 municipalities in the region is developed and renewable energy from the CHP plant-one plant has
operated through regional co-operation and partnerships. already been converted to 100% biomass.

Fuel sources for the district heating network
Step-by-Step expansion of the network. A district approach allows for FLEXIBLE, SCALED AND PHASED
INTRODUCTION of fuel sources and technologies.

Biomass

Fossil fuels

Production of heat and
electricity from traditional electricity
and renewable fuels.
heat



32/33
• With high fuel efficiencies of up to • The District Heating system • Jobs were created in developing
94% by simultaneously generating achieves lower carbon dioxide the grid infrastructure required
heat and power, the power emissions than the individual for the district heating system.
plants need much less fuel per gas boilers (40% lower) and oil • Municipal and consumer
kWh generated. In comparison, boilers (50% lower) it replaces. ownership of the district heating
conventional power plants have • District heating can utilise and grid infrastructure and the
an efficiency of around 40%. store the available heat from Danish Heat Supply Act ensure
• District heating is considered CHP plants and thereby reduce that all economic benefits of
price competitive for household the primary energy consumption district heating is returned to the
consumers. It costs around 45 % by 70% compared to individual consumers.
less than oil heating and approx boilers. • Joining the district heating
56% less than natural gas. • Conversion to biomass-fuelled system and sharing the fixed
• For society in general, district district heating is further infrastrucure costs reduces the
heating is the most cost-effective decarbonising the energy supply. heat price to the benefit of all
heat supply taking into account consumers.
environmental costs of CO2 and
other emissions.

KeEp your city COOL

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-cooling

The district cooling system distributes chilled water to cool the indoor air of buildings / Credit: Kontraframe


KEEPING COOL under 34/35

CO 2 pressure
The increased demand for air conditioning and cooling has
led to higher electricity consumption in many cities. In our
effort to provide low carbon cooling, we have built the
first two district cooling networks. They are based on free
cooling from seawater abstraction, along with running
surplus heat from the district heating network through
absorption cooling and traditional compression chillers.
The project is expected to save 14,000 tonnes of carbon
dioxide per year.

Peak summer temperatures in Copenhagen can reach 35°C fuels. Traditional air conditioning systems are expensive, District cooling
and are expected to rise by 2 – 3% by 2050 – with average noisy and utilise a lot of space. Additionally there is does not
daily temperatures also rising. Consequently, the demand currently excess surplus heat within the district heating influence the
architectural
for traditional air conditioning is increasing. Dependency system during summer months when demand is low.
impression of
on electricity-based cooling appliances can create The solution was to develop a ’District Cooling‘ system to the city.
unsustainable electricity demand and overreliance on fossil complement the highly successful District Heating system.

solution benefits
– District cooling network
• District Cooling is the centralised production and • Reduced CO2 emission.
distribution of chilled water – partly cooled with cold • Urban heat island effect is reduced.
seawater. It is distributed via underground insulated • Zero noise, unlike conventional cooling methods.
pipelines to commercial and industrial buildings to cool • Reduced expenditure on energy imports.
the indoor air.

Keeping cool under CO
Mayor’s Introduction 2 pressure

solution in detail
District Cooling is the centralised production and
distribution of chilled water, partly cooled with cold
integration of different principles of cooling
Free cooling
70%
seawater. It is distributed via underground insulated Seawater temperature is below 5.5°C and cooling demand Up to 70%
pipelines to commercial and industrial buildings to low (less than 2400 kW). All cooling demands are covered reduction of CO2
cool the indoor air. The plant is designed around three by free cooling heat exchangers. emissions
different methods of cooling making it very flexible and when using
district cooling
highly energy-efficient, depending on the temperature Combined operation
compared to
of the seawater. Seawater temperature is between 5.5°C and 11.5°C. Heat traditional
exchangers are used for pre-cooling of the water, before it cooling methods.
Utilise existing resources is fully cooled by chillers to the desired temperature.
Seawater from Copenhagen Harbour is one resource
during periods when the seawater is sufficiently cold. Chiller cooling
Surplus heat from the district heating network during Seawater temperature is above 11.5°C. The seawater is
periods of low heat demand is another resource. too warm to be used for free cooling so absorption and
compression chillers provide all cooling. Free cooling heat
Creation of multiple connections to a network exchanges are bypassed completely.
District Cooling works on the same principles as district
heating. Chilled water is produced centrally and carried
80%
to the end users through a system of pipes. Network can Up to 80%
be built adjoining district heating pipework, or can be laid reduction of
where no existing network is in place. electricity
consumption
when using
district cooling
compared to
traditional
the sustainable BENEFITS cooling.

• Reduction in expenditure on • Carbon dioxide reduction of 70%, • Zero noise to the customer, as
energy imports. compared to traditional cooling. opposed to conventional cooling
• Cooling contracts with different The annual sulphur dioxide and methods.
organisations and institutions nitrogen oxide savings are 62% • Removes many of the health risks
can be replicated, allowing easy and 69% respectively. associated with cooling towers,
transferability. • Potential to negate or, at least e.g. Legionnaire’s disease.
• Frees up commercial, retail and reduce, the urban heat island • Increased energy security from a
parking spaces as conventional effect. centralised supply with improved
cooling systems and fan • Demand for electricity is reduced resilience built in.
coils on roofs are replaced by because electrically operated • Rooftop terraces instead of
underground infrastructure. chillers are replaced by free traditional cooling systems.
cooling and heat-operated chillers • Does not damage the
via district cooling. architectural impression of a
• Excessive heat, noise and beautiful city.
chemicals from compressor
chillers are avoided in individual
buildings.


district cooling 36/37
Building a new cooling station with a capacity of 15MW.

Surplus HEAT from
district heating electricity

seawater
Cooling

Chilled water is
carried to the
end users

build and retrofit the sustainable way

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-building

Copenhagen Co2-neutral by 2025 / Credit: Kontraframe
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxs / Credit: Kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


cREATING BUILDINGS for life 38/39

BEING CONSCIOUS ABOUT ENERGY CONSUMPTION WHEN WE BUILD
AND RENOVATE IS A GOOD INVESTMENT – FOR our WELL-BEING, for
THE CLIMATE AND for THE economy. no less IMPORTANT than THE
ENERGY SAVED IS THE IMPROVED QUALITy OF LIFE that RESULTs FROM
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS. 40%
Collaboration between knowledge institutions, architects, The technical solutions for sustainable buildings and 40% of Denmark’s
engineers and private and public partners has led to retrofitting are available and well proven. There are huge CO2 emissions
creative solutions. Solutions that improve the quality of savings to be made from energy optimisation in buildings, come from
buildings.
life for the people who live and work in the buildings as recovering the investments relatively quickly.
well as the overall impression of the city with innovative
renovation projects and new world class architecture.

Solution benefits
– sustainable life cycle
• Integrated design process from the very beginning of • Reduced CO2 emission and energy consumption in both
the project. refurbished buildings and new sustainable buildings.
• Efficient use of energy, water and other resources. • Urban areas become more attractive and the value of
• Reduce waste, pollution and environmental real estate increases.
degradation. • Improved health and quality of life; the ability to learn
• Creating an indoor climate of high quality to protect and the level of concentration and well-being are
occupant health and improve employee productivity. directly related to the quality of the indoor climate.
• New thinking on the economic feasibility of buildings. • Economic benefits from energy optimisation.
• Focus on life cycle costs and material costs. • Reduced risk and vulnerability to future increases in
energy and water costs.
• Reduced life cycle costs.

Creating buildings for life

Solution in detail
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is Making old buildings sustainable
the single most important goal of both new sustainable Retrofitting is the modernisation of old buildings with
architecture and retrofitting of old buildings. Although new the aim of increasing energy-efficiency with respect for
technologies are constantly being developed to complement the aesthetics of the old buildings. Retrofitting has a
current practices in creating greener structures, the significant and measurable impact on energy consumption
common objective is that green buildings are designed and the indoor climate in buildings. In Copenhagen,
to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on retrofitting alone is expected to account for a decrease
human health and the natural environment. of 10% in electricity and 20% in heat consumption when
comparing 2025 with 2010.
New sustainable Buildings
Sustainable buildings are environmentally responsible certification
and resource-efficient throughout the building’s life- DGNB Denmark is a Danish certification scheme within
cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation and sustainability. A sustainable certification scheme
maintenance. This requires close cooperation between provides the necessary framework and criteria for the
the design team, the architects, the engineers, the users, planning, design, construction and property industries.
the authorities, and the client at all project stages. The By working with DGNB we want to improve quality and
Green Building practice expands and complements the support the ambition that new buildings should be as
classical building design concerns of economy, durability, sustainable as possible.
architecture and comfort.


• Investments in energy savings have • Reduced CO2 emission and • The existing buildings, which
relatively short pay back periods. energy consumption in both are part of the city history, are
• Retrofitting old buildings makes refurbished buildings and new preserved.
areas more attractive and sustainable buildings. • Refurbishment improves the
increases the value of real estate. • Living and working in sustainable quality of life and encourages
• Investments in retrofitting have a buildings inspires children and families to stay in the city.
positive affect on the economy of adults to take climate-friendly • Improved indoor climate in
the city. initiatives themselves. buildings has a positive impact
• The construction sector has • The resources used have a on human health.
experienced a much-welcomed reduced environmental impact. • Future-proof buildings.
boost in demand for their
services.
• Public investments in buildings
draws even greater private
investment in a ratio 5:1.


Copenhagen BUILDs AND RETROFITs THE SUSTAINABLE WAY 40/41
THe technical solutions are used in both new
sustainable buildings and retrofitting.

technical solutions for technical solutions technical solutions for
new sustainable buildings for new sustainable RETROFITTING
buildings and retrofitting
Efficient building envelope Replace or renovate old windows

LED lighting and demand control Solar cells (PV) Insulation of walls, doors, roof,
floors and waterpipes
Green roofs and small gardens
Changing the circulators to climate-
Equipment to measure, manage and friendly ventilation system circulators
visualise water and energy

Ventilation and demand control

Collection and reuse of rainwater

Containers for waste recycling

Establishing green outdoor areas

energy
heat

get the sustainable planning toolS

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-urban-planning

Copenhageners have large amounts of green space within a short walk or cycle ride, and good access to public transport / Credit: Kontraframe


Urban planning: 42/43

Economic and social benefits
Copenhagen is well known for its green aspirations and bikes.
What is not as well known about the green city are the social
and economic benefits of the city’s approach to urban planning.

How does a city improve quality of life, expand, and at
the same time reduce car usage and CO2 emissions?
Intelligent urban planning is part of the answer. Through
strategic urban planning and a history of environmental
ambition, Copenhagen has created swarms of cyclists,
large recreational areas, pedestrian streets, clean water in
the harbour and world-class integrated public transport.

Population growth of copenhagen
535,000

640,000

2010 2025

Solution benefits
– Strategic urban planning
• Municipal action plans and planning legislation for • Increase in land values.
focused urban development. • A green and blue city improves the quality of life for the
• Partnerships and stakeholder commitment for citizens.
innovative and sustainable solutions. • Reduced CO2 emissions.
• Strategic site preparation to finance development.

Urban planning: Economic and social benefits

Solution in detail
Planning tools, stakeholder commitment and collaboration of our city regarding social, environmental and economic
between different sectors – that is our approach to challenges. The approach is useful for the development of
sustainable urban solutions and how we meet the needs new areas as well as for existing neighbourhoods.

strategic urban planning
Planning tools Financing urban development dialogue

Fingerplan Strategic site preparation Citizens’ dialogue
The growth of Copenhagen has been Investment in attractive urban Dialogue with citizens and qualitative
set along five designated ’fingers‘ qualities, as infrastructure and blue analysis of their needs is important to
following train and major road routes, and green spots increase the land get the strategy right and ensure a high
with open space between. value. This is a way to finance urban quality of life and user friendly solutions.
development in a sustainable way.
Transit Oriented Development
Regulations allow for higher densities Partnerships
close to stations and ensure that large Partnerships between The City of
offices can only be located within 500 Copenhagen and stakeholders in different
meters of a station. sectors, ensure innovative solutions,
sustainability and urban qualities.

City planning
City planning ensures sustainable
development such as optimal
facilities for bicycles, green areas and
connection of the city to the water
environment.


Case
Ørestad: planning sustainable development
Planning economic growth Planning an attractive city area 44/45
The development of a new master-planned city area Ørestad is constructed around natural surroundings
called Ørestad was decided upon in the early 1990s. and water, only 10 minutes from the city centre. The
Politicians realised that Copenhagen lacked the dynamic neighbourhood consists of a great mix of cultural
attraction to be the driving force for Denmark and to be and educational institutions, office blocks and dense
able to compete with other metropolitan cities in Europe. pockets of housing. The masterplan secures
The masterplan had two main goals: getting companies high-quality architecture, public transport close to
to set up in the city instead of on the outskirts of major destinations, and focus on sustainability.
Copenhagen — or abroad — and encouraging young
families to stay in Copenhagen rather than buying a Several buildings in Ørestad reflect the cream of
home in the distant suburbs. contemporary architectural standards of form and
function. Many buildings have received awards, and some
Financing: Strategic Site Preparation of them may already now be considered modern classics.
Financing the development of the new neighbourhood Interesting examples of modern architecture in Ørestad
was made possible by strategic site preparation. are: the IT University, the Bikuben Hall of Residence, DR
“Ørestadsselskabet”, a development company, invested Concert hall, Ramboll Head Office, VM Bjerget, Bella Sky
in attractive landscape qualities such as lakes and canals Hotel and 8TALLET.
as well as pocket parks and the preservation of a large
area of meadowland nearby. The construction of the
Metro was part of the investment and has made Ørestad
easy to reach by public transport. The first phases of the
new Copenhagen Metro were financed by selling sites in
Ørestad and taking out-loans.


• The increase in land values • Reduced CO2 emissions through • Vibrant urban areas not
generated by the construction high-class public transport and dominated by cars promote
of new high-class transport optimum facilities for bicycles. social interaction.
systems, landscaping and land-use • Compact mixed use • Easy access to regional green
regulations, is capitalised in the developments reduce land-use areas by metro improves the
joint area development company. and the need for transport. quality of life.
• Urban areas of high quality • Integrating new green landscapes • Local parks, and ’pocketparks‘,
increase the attractiveness in urban development creates reduce distances to recreative
of Copenhagen for residents, a more livable city with cleaner areas and provide space for
businesses and tourists. air and areas for discharge of sports and social activities.
• Businesses are located in central rainwater. • Canals and clean water create
parts of Copenhagen without quality and a new identity in
congestion. the city.


Get your city carbon neutral

+45 3334 3871
www.cphcleantech.com/cph-2050

Adapting to future climate / Credit: Kontraframe


Copenhagen 46/47

– carbon neutral by 2025
Copenhagen assumes its share of the responsibility for climate
change with the CPH 2025 Climate Plan. We want to show that
it is possible to combine growth, development and increased
20%
quality of life with the reduction of CO 2 emissions.It is all about
finding solutions that are smarter, greener, healthier and more CO2 emissions
profitable. AND by 2025 we will be able to call ourselves the were reduced
by more than
world’s first carbon neutral capital. 20% from 2005
to 2011.

The CPH 2025 Climate Plan is a holistic plan as well as a The CPH 2025 Climate Plan describes how our ambitions
collection of specific goals and initiatives within four areas for carbon neutrality should be used as leverage for
– energy consumption, energy production, green mobility a better quality of life, innovation, job creation and
and the City Administration. Work in the four areas must investment, and how the goal of carbon neutrality can
be set in motion immediately for Copenhagen to become be achieved by 2025 through close cooperation between
the world’s first carbon neutral capital. government businesses, knowledge institutions and
Copenhageners.

Governments

Energy Consumption Energy Production

Businesses CPH 2025 Knowledge Institutions
Climate Plan

City Administration Green Mobility

Copenhageners

Focus areas and stakeholders contributing to the CPH 2025 Climate Plan.

Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue)

Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue)

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Destaque

Destaque (20)

Semelhante a Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue)

Semelhante a Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue) (20)

Copenhagen - Solutions For Sustainable Cities 2012 (Export Catalogue)