1. 11
Effect of Climate ChangeEffect of Climate Change
on Water Related Disasteron Water Related Disaster
ManagementManagement
Technical Discussion on
“Water Related Disaster Management”
Yangon-Myanmar, 18 September 2009Yangon-Myanmar, 18 September 2009
Prof. Robertus W. Triweko, Ph.D.Prof. Robertus W. Triweko, Ph.D.
SC Member, INA WP & GWP SEASC Member, INA WP & GWP SEA

2. 22

3. Law No.7/2004 on Water ResourcesLaw No.7/2004 on Water Resources
1.1. Water resources conservation;Water resources conservation;
2.2. Water resources utilization;Water resources utilization;
3.3. Control of water related disaster;Control of water related disaster;
4.4. Strengthening the role of the government,Strengthening the role of the government,
communities, and private sector in watercommunities, and private sector in water
resources management;resources management;
5.5. Improving information system in waterImproving information system in water
resources.resources.
33

4. Holistic approach in WRMHolistic approach in WRM
44
Water
resources
conservation
Control of
water related
disaster
Water
resources
utilization

5. 55
Climate Change, is it real?Climate Change, is it real?
Fourth Assessment Report by Working Group II onFourth Assessment Report by Working Group II on
IPCC(2007):IPCC(2007):
Since 1850 – 1899 until 2001 – 2005, the average globalSince 1850 – 1899 until 2001 – 2005, the average global
temperature increased by 0.76 C,temperature increased by 0.76 C,
Between 1961 and 2003, the average sea level hasBetween 1961 and 2003, the average sea level has
increased by 1.8 mm annually.increased by 1.8 mm annually.
In the beginning of the twentieth century, the sea levelIn the beginning of the twentieth century, the sea level
rose by 17 cm.rose by 17 cm.
Anthropogenic activities are major contributor to theAnthropogenic activities are major contributor to the
increasing global temperatureincreasing global temperature

6. Evidence of Natural Disaster in Indonesia
In the period of 2003-2005, Indonesia experienced atIn the period of 2003-2005, Indonesia experienced at
least 1,429 disasters, in which 53.3% related to hydro-least 1,429 disasters, in which 53.3% related to hydro-
meteorology (34% was flooding and 16% landslidemeteorology (34% was flooding and 16% landslide).).
In 2007, flood was the first rank disaster in IndonesiaIn 2007, flood was the first rank disaster in Indonesia
with 152 cases, 75 cases of tornados, 56 cases ofwith 152 cases, 75 cases of tornados, 56 cases of
landslides and other disasters such as tidal waveslandslides and other disasters such as tidal waves..
During El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002, 2003, 2004 andDuring El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002, 2003, 2004 and
2006) shown that 8 reservoirs in Java have produced2006) shown that 8 reservoirs in Java have produced
electricity belectricity beelow normal capacities.low normal capacities.
El Nino 1997 has caused serious problems to coral reefEl Nino 1997 has caused serious problems to coral reef
ecosystems where 90-95% of coral reefs at the depth ofecosystems where 90-95% of coral reefs at the depth of
25m have experienced coral bleaching;25m have experienced coral bleaching;
The availability of water is very dependent on theThe availability of water is very dependent on the
climate.climate.
66
Hafied Gany (2009)

7. Observable Facts of Climate ChangeObservable Facts of Climate Change
1.1. Increasing ambient temperatureIncreasing ambient temperature
2.2. Increasing rainfall intensityIncreasing rainfall intensity
3.3. Rising seawater levelRising seawater level
4.4. Escalating extreme conditions, such as:Escalating extreme conditions, such as:
• Extreme rainfall during dry seasonsExtreme rainfall during dry seasons
• Extreme flooding, both its frequency and intensityExtreme flooding, both its frequency and intensity
• Prolonged dry seasons, resulting in decreasingProlonged dry seasons, resulting in decreasing
rainfall and river flowrainfall and river flow
• Intensifying and increasing frequency of tropicalIntensifying and increasing frequency of tropical
cyclonescyclones
• Rising waves and increasing coastal abrasionRising waves and increasing coastal abrasion
77

8. Change of Mean Temperature in IndonesiaChange of Mean Temperature in Indonesia
88
DFID and World Bank, 2007

9. Change of Precipitation Pattern in IndonesiaChange of Precipitation Pattern in Indonesia
99
DFID and World Bank, 2007

10. Increasing Flood Events in IndonesiaIncreasing Flood Events in Indonesia
1010
150
186 191
297
399
430
607
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008
Numberoffloodevents
Year
NUMBER OF FLOODS OCCURRED IN INDONESIA

11. LandslideLandslide
FloodFlood
DroughtDrought
Coastal AbrasionCoastal Abrasion
1111

12. CLIMATE CHANGE,
PROCESSES,
CHARACTERISTICS
AND THREATS
(UNEP 2005)
Human activities
Main climate characteristics
Climate
Major threats
Change processes
DGWR-MPW, RoI (2009)

13. MPW PolicyMPW Policy
1.1. Implement safe, comfortable, productive, andImplement safe, comfortable, productive, and
sustainable national and regional spatial plans.sustainable national and regional spatial plans.
2.2. Improve the service quality of water resourcesImprove the service quality of water resources
infrastructure to ensure national food resilience andinfrastructure to ensure national food resilience and
reduce susceptibility against floods, landslides andreduce susceptibility against floods, landslides and
droughts.droughts.
3.3. Improve the service quality of urban and ruralImprove the service quality of urban and rural
infrastructure to reduce susceptibility against potentialinfrastructure to reduce susceptibility against potential
floods/ inundation, water and sanitation crisis.floods/ inundation, water and sanitation crisis.
4.4. Improve the service quality of road infrastructure to fulfillImprove the service quality of road infrastructure to fulfill
the community’s socioeconomic needs for mobility andthe community’s socioeconomic needs for mobility and
accessibility.accessibility.
1313

14. 1414
Mitigation StrategyMitigation Strategy
1.1. Carry out water management on peat mossCarry out water management on peat moss
areas to reduce the susceptibility against fireareas to reduce the susceptibility against fire
hazard;hazard;
2.2. Conserve swamp areas through stabilization ofConserve swamp areas through stabilization of
ground water level;ground water level;
3.3. Support reforestation in critical river basins andSupport reforestation in critical river basins and
upstream areas.upstream areas.

15. Adaptation StrategyAdaptation Strategy
 Improve yield capacity of river basins to support water preservationImprove yield capacity of river basins to support water preservation
process·process·
 Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate dams and water reservoirs toBuild, manage, and/or rehabilitate dams and water reservoirs to
anticipate seasonal flow fluctuationanticipate seasonal flow fluctuation
 Build, manage, and/or rehabilitate irrigation network to retainBuild, manage, and/or rehabilitate irrigation network to retain
national food resilience·national food resilience·
 Develop new irrigation technology that supports agriculturalDevelop new irrigation technology that supports agricultural
intensificationintensification
 Develop disaster risks management for floods and landslidesDevelop disaster risks management for floods and landslides
 Build/maintain coastal structures to prevent coastal abrasion andBuild/maintain coastal structures to prevent coastal abrasion and
seawater intrusion·seawater intrusion·
 Build and/or maintain flood control infrastructure in cities with highBuild and/or maintain flood control infrastructure in cities with high
disaster susceptibility·disaster susceptibility·
 Organize water saving campaignOrganize water saving campaign
1515

16. 1616
Water, Infrastructure, and EnvironmentWater, Infrastructure, and Environment
Social &
Economical
Activities
Infra-
structure
Water
Environment
Natural
Resources
Water Resources
Management (+)
Impacts(-)

17. 1717
ConclusionsConclusions
Climate change has a direct impact to waterClimate change has a direct impact to water
related disaster. Solving water related disaster,related disaster. Solving water related disaster,
however, is not merely for the sake of climatehowever, is not merely for the sake of climate
change.change.
Assessment to the effectiveness of the waterAssessment to the effectiveness of the water
resources infrastructure in solving water relatedresources infrastructure in solving water related
disaster is needed.disaster is needed.
Efforts in coping water related disaster should beEfforts in coping water related disaster should be
integrated in water resources management thatintegrated in water resources management that
covers water resources conservation and watercovers water resources conservation and water
resources utilization.resources utilization.

18. 1818
Thank You

19. ReferencesReferences
DFID and World Bank, Working Paper: Indonesia and ClimateWorking Paper: Indonesia and Climate
Change Current Status and PoliciesChange Current Status and Policies, March 2007, March 2007
Hafied A. Gany, Overview Of Climate Changes And Water RelatedOverview Of Climate Changes And Water Related
Problems In IndonesiaProblems In Indonesia,, Seminar on Climate Change Adaptation in
Water Resources Development and Management, Jakarta, 28
January 2009
Ministry of Public Works-Republic of Indonesia,Ministry of Public Works-Republic of Indonesia, National Action PlanNational Action Plan
For Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation In Public WorksFor Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation In Public Works
InfrastructureInfrastructure, 2009, 2009
Sugiyanto, Water Resources Policy and Strategy on Adaptation to
Climate Change, Seminar on Climate Change Adaptation in Water
Resources Development and Management, Jakarta, 28 January
2009
1919