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PRAVILA ZA RAČUNANJE Z LOGARITMI
S pomočjo računalnika naj dijaki odkrijejo pravila za računanje z logaritmi:

                                        ln x + ln y = ln( xy )
                                                         x
                                        ln x − ln y = ln
                                                         y
                                        ln x n = n ⋅ ln x

Funkcija log x v programu DERIVE ni desetiški logaritem, kot smo vajeni. Logaritemsko funkcijo z
osnovo a zapišemo z ukazom log(x, a), logaritemsko funkcijo z osnovo e pa z ukazom log x ali ln x.
Zato v vaji uporabimo naravne logaritme, saj logaritem pri drugi osnovi DERIVE prevede v naravni
logaritem in pravil tako ne bomo mogli izpeljati.
Pri matematičnem zapisu pravil dijaki ne bodo imeli težav, pričakujemo pa jih lahko, ko bo potrebno
pravila povedati in zapisati v stavku. Vztrajajmo tudi pri taki formulaciji, čeprav bomo porabili kar
nekaj časa za komentarje in pogovore o tem delu naloge. Vaja je kratka in za pogovor bo ostalo dovolj
časa, v naslednji uri pa bomo nadaljevali »klasično«, pravila bomo dokazali.

Tako kot pri računanju s potencami moramo tudi pri računanju z logaritmi poznati nekaj pravil. S
pomočjo računalnika boste odkrili tri pravila, ki veljajo pri računanju logaritmov naravnih števil. Vse
izraze bomo v DERIVE vnašali v obliki "izraz =" . Enačaj na koncu izraza bo poskrbel, da bodo
vsi izrazi takoj tudi poenostavljeni.




Ker bomo ves čas računali z naravnimi števili, naj bo DERIVE nastavljen tako, da so spremenljivke
naravna števila. To storimo z izbiro Author/Variable domain. Nato vtipkamo default in v
oknu, ki ga dobimo, nastavimo Integer in Positive.
DERIVE zapiše izraz v obliki

Sedaj bo DERIVE za vse spremenljivke vedel, da predstavljajo naravna števila.

SEŠTEVANJE LOGARITMOV

Vnesite naslednje izraze in napišite rezultate:
             ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 6

             ln 7 + ln 5 = ln 35


             ln 2 + ln 5 + ln 7 = ln 70


             ln 1 + ln 5 = ln 5


             ln 3 + ln 7 + ln 2 = ln 42
Pravilo za računanje z logaritmi zapišite simbolično:

        ln x + ln y = ln( x ⋅ y )

Preverite, če se tudi DERIVE strinja z vašim pravilom in vnesite izraz še v DERIVE




Zapišite ga še z besedami:
Vsota logaritmov je enaka logaritmu produkta logaritmandov.

Naslednja primera rešite "peš" in nato pravilnost rešitve preverite z računalnikom:

ln 7 + ln 11 = ln 77


ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 5 = ln 30

ODŠTEVANJE LOGARITMOV

Poenostavite izraze:

ln 6 − ln 3 = ln 2
ln 55 − ln 5 = ln 11
                  5
ln 5 − ln 2 = ln
                  2

                                                                     x
Pravilo za odštevanje logaritmov zapišite simbolično: ln x − ln y = ln .
                                                                     y
Preverite, če se tudi DERIVE strinja z vašim pravilom in vnesite izraz še v DERIVE



Zapišite ga še z besedami:

         Razlika logaritmov je enaka logaritmu kvocienta logaritmandov.

Naslednje primere izračunajte "peš" in nato rešitve preverite z računalnikom.

                                                          3
      ln 56 − ln 8 = ln 7              ln 3 − ln 2 = ln
                                                          2
                          71
      ln 71 − ln 7 = ln                 ln 24 − ln 4 = ln 6
                          7
POTENCE

Izraz 23 vnesete kot 2^3. Znak za potenco dobimo s tipko Alt Gr + 3. Pojavil se bo šele, ko boste
natipkali eksponent ali pritisnili še preslednico. Lahko ga vnesete tudi tako, da kliknete na peti gumb v
zgornji vrsti desne orodjarne, ki je na dnu zaslona.
( )
    ln 5 3 = 3 ln 5                ( )
                                 ln 2 5 = 5 ln 2


       ( )
    ln 36 = 6 ln 3                 ( )
                                ln 7 8 = 8 ln 7


    ln 9 = 2 ln 3                ln 25 = 2 ln 5


    ln 36 = 2 ln 6               ln 8 = 3 ln 2


    ln 27 = 3 ln 3

Zapišite pravilo: ln x n = n ⋅ ln x

       Logaritem potence izračunamo tako, da eksponent logaritmanda pomnožimo z logaritmom
potenčne osnove.

Pravilnost svojega sklepanja preverite še na treh primerih. Najprej jih izračunajte na pamet in potem z
računalnikom.

ln ( 49) = 2 ln 7     ln (16) = 4 ln 2      ln(1000 ) = 3 ln 10
Pravila Za Racunanje Z Logaritmi Ucitelj Derive6

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Pravila Za Racunanje Z Logaritmi Ucitelj Derive6

  • 1. PRAVILA ZA RAČUNANJE Z LOGARITMI S pomočjo računalnika naj dijaki odkrijejo pravila za računanje z logaritmi: ln x + ln y = ln( xy ) x ln x − ln y = ln y ln x n = n ⋅ ln x Funkcija log x v programu DERIVE ni desetiški logaritem, kot smo vajeni. Logaritemsko funkcijo z osnovo a zapišemo z ukazom log(x, a), logaritemsko funkcijo z osnovo e pa z ukazom log x ali ln x. Zato v vaji uporabimo naravne logaritme, saj logaritem pri drugi osnovi DERIVE prevede v naravni logaritem in pravil tako ne bomo mogli izpeljati. Pri matematičnem zapisu pravil dijaki ne bodo imeli težav, pričakujemo pa jih lahko, ko bo potrebno pravila povedati in zapisati v stavku. Vztrajajmo tudi pri taki formulaciji, čeprav bomo porabili kar nekaj časa za komentarje in pogovore o tem delu naloge. Vaja je kratka in za pogovor bo ostalo dovolj časa, v naslednji uri pa bomo nadaljevali »klasično«, pravila bomo dokazali. Tako kot pri računanju s potencami moramo tudi pri računanju z logaritmi poznati nekaj pravil. S pomočjo računalnika boste odkrili tri pravila, ki veljajo pri računanju logaritmov naravnih števil. Vse izraze bomo v DERIVE vnašali v obliki "izraz =" . Enačaj na koncu izraza bo poskrbel, da bodo vsi izrazi takoj tudi poenostavljeni. Ker bomo ves čas računali z naravnimi števili, naj bo DERIVE nastavljen tako, da so spremenljivke naravna števila. To storimo z izbiro Author/Variable domain. Nato vtipkamo default in v oknu, ki ga dobimo, nastavimo Integer in Positive.
  • 2. DERIVE zapiše izraz v obliki Sedaj bo DERIVE za vse spremenljivke vedel, da predstavljajo naravna števila. SEŠTEVANJE LOGARITMOV Vnesite naslednje izraze in napišite rezultate: ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 6 ln 7 + ln 5 = ln 35 ln 2 + ln 5 + ln 7 = ln 70 ln 1 + ln 5 = ln 5 ln 3 + ln 7 + ln 2 = ln 42 Pravilo za računanje z logaritmi zapišite simbolično: ln x + ln y = ln( x ⋅ y ) Preverite, če se tudi DERIVE strinja z vašim pravilom in vnesite izraz še v DERIVE Zapišite ga še z besedami:
  • 3. Vsota logaritmov je enaka logaritmu produkta logaritmandov. Naslednja primera rešite "peš" in nato pravilnost rešitve preverite z računalnikom: ln 7 + ln 11 = ln 77 ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 5 = ln 30 ODŠTEVANJE LOGARITMOV Poenostavite izraze: ln 6 − ln 3 = ln 2 ln 55 − ln 5 = ln 11 5 ln 5 − ln 2 = ln 2 x Pravilo za odštevanje logaritmov zapišite simbolično: ln x − ln y = ln . y Preverite, če se tudi DERIVE strinja z vašim pravilom in vnesite izraz še v DERIVE Zapišite ga še z besedami: Razlika logaritmov je enaka logaritmu kvocienta logaritmandov. Naslednje primere izračunajte "peš" in nato rešitve preverite z računalnikom. 3 ln 56 − ln 8 = ln 7 ln 3 − ln 2 = ln 2 71 ln 71 − ln 7 = ln ln 24 − ln 4 = ln 6 7 POTENCE Izraz 23 vnesete kot 2^3. Znak za potenco dobimo s tipko Alt Gr + 3. Pojavil se bo šele, ko boste natipkali eksponent ali pritisnili še preslednico. Lahko ga vnesete tudi tako, da kliknete na peti gumb v zgornji vrsti desne orodjarne, ki je na dnu zaslona.
  • 4. ( ) ln 5 3 = 3 ln 5 ( ) ln 2 5 = 5 ln 2 ( ) ln 36 = 6 ln 3 ( ) ln 7 8 = 8 ln 7 ln 9 = 2 ln 3 ln 25 = 2 ln 5 ln 36 = 2 ln 6 ln 8 = 3 ln 2 ln 27 = 3 ln 3 Zapišite pravilo: ln x n = n ⋅ ln x Logaritem potence izračunamo tako, da eksponent logaritmanda pomnožimo z logaritmom potenčne osnove. Pravilnost svojega sklepanja preverite še na treh primerih. Najprej jih izračunajte na pamet in potem z računalnikom. ln ( 49) = 2 ln 7 ln (16) = 4 ln 2 ln(1000 ) = 3 ln 10