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Manipulating Teacher Presence in Online Learning:  The Impact on Learning Effectiveness Kathleen M. Sheridan Melissa A. Kelly L. K. Curda
Purpose ,[object Object],[object Object]
Research Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theoretical Frameworks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theoretical Frameworks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theoretical Frameworks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Context for the Study ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Procedures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment Condition: High Teaching Presence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment Condition: Moderate Teaching Presence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instruments X X ,[object Object],[object Object],Survey X X ,[object Object],[object Object],X X X ,[object Object],[object Object],X Student expectations X Instructional preferences X Demographics Endpoint Midpoint Initial Items
Initial Results: Demographics ,[object Object],[object Object]
Initial Results: Enrollment in Prior Online Courses
Initial Results: Instructional Preferences ,[object Object],[object Object]
Initial Results: Expected Hours and Effort
Midpoint and Endpoint Results: Sense of Community -0.52 6.54 40.35 5.94 40.01 Learning -0.03 6.44 37.80 6.26 37.79 Connectedness t SD Mean SD Mean Scale Moderate Teaching High Teaching
Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Community
Midpoint and Final Results: Presence Ratings -0.81 0.58 4.31 0.56 4.26 Cognitive Presence 1.10 0.60 4.05 0.60 4.10 Social Presence 0.50 0.66 4.37 0.60 4.39 Teaching Presence t SD Mean SD Mean Scale Moderate Teaching High Teaching
Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Presence
Midpoint and Final Results: Presence Ratings Cognitive Social Teaching Presence -1.64 0.61 4.40 0.52 4.31 Resolution -1.62 0.59 4.37 0.57 4.27 Integration -0.90 0.58 4.37 0.58 4.31 Exploration 0.54 0.67 4.19 0.67 4.22 Triggering Event 1.52 0.73 4.04 0.65 4.14 Group Cohesion -0.42 0.62 4.26 0.73 4.24 Open Communication 1.21 0.74 3.86 0.70 3.94 Affective Expression 0.79 0.79 4.25 0.74 4.31 Direct Instruction 0.48 0.71 4.33 0.64 4.35 Facilitation -0.07 0.57 4.52 0.59 4.52 Design and Organization t SD Mean SD Mean Subscale Moderate  Teaching High Teaching
Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Presence
Results: Correlations between Community and Presence Scales ,[object Object],Moderate Teaching High Teaching .63 ** L .61 ** .56 ** TP .67 ** .61 ** .73 ** SP .80** .74 ** .70 ** .75 ** CP CP Cognitive Presence (CP) SP .82** Social presence (SP) TP .78 ** .74 ** Teaching Presence (TP) L .68 ** .73 ** .69 ** Learning (L) C .57 ** .71 ** .62** .76** Connectedness (C) CP SP TP L   Scale
Results: Correlations among Midpoint Presence Subscales **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) Cognitive  Presence Social  Presence Teaching Presence Scale                       Resolution (R) .78**   Integration (I) .69** .83**   Exploration (E) .65** .73** .68**   Triggering Event (TE) .60** .70** .70** .71**   Group Cohesion (GC) .62** .67** .64** .61** .71**   Open Communication (OC) .48** .61** .64** .63** .67** .59**   Affective Expression (AE) .56** .62** .59** .67** .59** .53** .64**   Direct Instruction (DI) .66** .69** .61** .79** .66** .60** .69** .80**   Facilitation (F) .55** .61** .54** .67** .54** .48** .60** .78** .74**   Design and Organization ( DO) .55** .64** .58** .63** .701** .66** .59** .66** .61** .64**   Learning (L) .40** .48** .52** .58** .72** .50** .68** .61** .58** .52** .76** Connectedness (C) R I E TE GC OC AE DI F DO L Subscale
Results: Correlations among Endpoint Presence Subscales **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)                       Resolution  (R) .807**   Integration ( I) .82** .86**   Exploration  (E) .80** .79** .80**   Triggering Event (TE) Cognitive Presence .72** .68** .77** .75**   Group Cohesion  (GC) .57** .54** .53** .57** .67**   Open Communication  ( OC) .55** .66** .64** .59** .70** .52**   Affective Expression  ( AE) Social Presence .79** .81** .78** .76** .69** .53** .72**   Direct Instruction ( DI) .78** .80** .78** .75** .71** .50** .69** .92**   Facilitation ( F) .74** .68** .66** .61** .62** .50** .59** .81** .86**   Design and Organization (DO) Teaching Presence .63** .66** .66** .63** .63** .40** .55** .71** .72** .67**   Learning (L) .60** .67** .72** .70** .74** .42** .71** .63** .64** .56** .63** Connectedness (C) R I E TE GC OC AE DI F DO L Subscale Scale
Results: Changes in ARCS Scales > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 0.01 p 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07 Effect size 4.04 4.25 4.54 3.96 Mean Endpoint 0.73 0.60 0.52 0.69 SD 0.67 0.07 0.79 5.30 F HF Significance 0.71 3.93 0.60 3.97 Satisfaction 0.50 4.26 0.53 4.25 Confidence 0.47 4.54 0.42 4.59 Relevance 0.62 4.16 0.49 4.13 Attention SD Mean SD Mean Scale Midpoint Initial
Results: Changes in  ARCS Scales
Results: Correlations among ARCS and Community and Presence ,[object Object],*Correlation significant at 0.05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence .35** (H) .25* (M) .28* (H) .29* (M) .33** (H) .36** (M) .26* (H) Social Presence .51** (H) .32** (M) .34** (H) .27* (M) .49* (H) .40** (M) .43* (H) Learning .35** (H) .35** (M) .28* (M) .37** (H) .46** (M) .30* (H) .38** (M) Teaching Presence .32** (H) .39** (M) .31** (M) .41** (H) .54** (M) .36** (H) .40** (M) Cognitive Presence .35** (H) Satisfaction Confidence .38** (H) .37** (M) Relevance .24* (H) Connectedness Attention ARCS Subscale
Results: Correlations among ARCS and Community and Presence ,[object Object],*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence .65** (H) .59** (M) .63** (H) .53** (M) .59** (H) .56** (M) .67** (H) .67** (M) Teaching Presence . 63** (H) .56** (M) .62** (H) .41** (M) .63** (H) .42** (M) .68** (H) .53** (M) Learning .61** (H) .51** (M) .66** (H) .54** (M) .50** (H) .47** (M) .59** (H) .53** (M) Social Presence .60** (H) .55** (M) .58** (H) .54** (M) .60** (H) .56** (M) .63** (H) .58** (M) Cognitive Presence .. 44** (H) . 39** (M) Satisfaction .62** (H) . 45** (M) Confidence .52** (H) .40** (M) Relevance .56** (H) .44** (M) Connectedness Attention ARCS Subscale
Results: Correlations among ARCS and Community and Presence ,[object Object],**Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence .54** (H) .70** (M) .45** (H) .58** (M) .50** (H) .64** (M) .60** (H) .73** (M) Teaching Presence .54** (H) .59** (M) .39** (H) .38** (M) .54** (H) .50** (M) .58** (H) .66** (M) Learning .54** (H) .60** (M) .53** (H) .58** (M) .48** (H) .55** (M) .46** (H) .57** (M) Social Presence .53** (H) .63** (M) .38** (H) .51** (M) .53** (H) .65** (M) .56** (H) .67** (M) Cognitive Presence .42** (H) .51** (M) Satisfaction .47** (H) .40** (M) Confidence .45** (H) .50** (M) Relevance . 50** (H) .63** (M) Connectedness Attention ARCS Subscale
Results: Change in  Perceived Learning  ,[object Object],69 df -5.21 t 0.00 p 1.62 7.24 1.63 6.41 SD Mean SD Mean Moderate Teaching High Teaching
Results: Correlations among Learning and Community and Presence Scales ,[object Object],*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence .55 **  (H) .66** (M) .50 **  (H) .59** (M) .59 **  (H) .74** (M) .51 **  (H) .62** (M) .44 **  (H) .57** (M) Endpoint Learning .50 **  (H) .53** (M) .39 **  (H) .35** (M) .57 **  (H) .57** (M) .39 **  (H) .52** (M) .38 **  (H) .38** (M) Midpoint Learning Cognitive Presence Social Presence Teaching Presence Learning Connectedness  
Results: Correlations among Learning and Community and Presence Subscales ,[object Object],*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence Cognitive Presence Social Presence Teaching Presence .51**(H) .64**(M) .40**(H) .40**(M) Affect-ive Expres-sion .35**(H) .28*(M) Open Commn-ication .47**(H) .57**(M) .39**(H) .37**(M) Group Cohesion .49**(H) .62**(M) .48**(H) .49**(M) Integra- tion .46**(H) .61**(M) .37**(H) .52**(M) Explor-ation .55**(H) .62**(M) .56**(H) .47**(M) Trigger- ing Event .46**(H) .67**(M) .43**(H) .47**(M) Resolu-tion .48**(H) .76**(M) .61**(H) .72**(M) .48**(H) .63**(M) End Learn .50**(H) .61**(M) .60**(H) .57**(M) .42**(H) .43**(M) Mid Learn Direct Instruc-tion Facili-tation Design and org  
Results: Correlations among  Learning and ARCS Scales ,[object Object],*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) I = Initial. H = High teaching presence. M = Moderate teaching presence .36 **  (I) .44** (H) .57** (M) .31* (H) .43** (M) .54 **  (I) .44** (H) .53** (M) .33 **  (I) .53** (H) .62** (M) Endpoint Learning .26 *  (I) .33** (H) .30* (M) .41 **  (I) .36** (H) .34** (M) .26 *  (I) .42** (H) .48** (M) Midpoint Learning Satisfaction Confidence Relevance Attention  
Results: Student Ratings of Indicators of Instructor Presence ,[object Object],[object Object],0.72 9.60 10 8 53 Always follows through with promises made to students 0.81 9.64 10 6 53 Creates a course that is easy to navigate 0.47 9.83 10 8 53 Sets clear expectations for discussion participation 0.70 9.70 10 7 53 Clearly communicates important course topics 0.20 9.96 10 9 51 Makes course requirements clear 0.35 9.91 10 8 53 Clearly communicated important due dates/time frames for learning activities 0.58 9.77 10 7 53 Provides clear instructions on how to participate in course learning activities 0.81 9.74 10 5 53 Keeps the course calendar updated 0.82 9.49 10 7 53 Lets me know how I am doing in the course 0.64 9.69 10 7 52 Clearly communicated important course goals 0.45 9.79 10 8 53 Provides timely feedback on assignments and projects SD Mean Max. Min. N Items with Highest Mean Rating
Results: Student Ratings of Indicators of Instructor Presence ,[object Object],[object Object],3.08 6.77 10 1 53 Responds to student questions when ever I need a response/ 24 hours a day 2.71 6.42 10 1 53 Participate daily in discussions 2.62 6.32 10 1 53 Feedback and comments are always positive 3.11 5.60 10 1 53 Engages in “real time” chat sessions 2.87 5.32 10 1 53 Create chapter quizzes 3.22 5.49 10 1 53 Has a personal website for me to go to 3.10 5.94 10 1 53 Provide a video that allows me to hear and see the instructor 2.86 5.87 10 1 53 Reply to each individual student’s posts in the discussion area SD Mean Max. Min. N Items with Lowest Mean Rating
Results: Student Ratings of Indicators of Instructor Presence ,[object Object],[object Object],3.11 5.60 10 1 53 Engages in “real time” chat sessions 3.47 7.58 10 1 50 Respond to student questions or concerns within 1 week 3.10 5.94 10 1 53 Provide a video that allows me to hear and see the instructor 3.22 5.49 10 1 53 Has a personal website for me to go to 3.08 6.77 10 1 53 Responds to student questions when ever I need a response/24 hours a day SD Mean Max. Min. N Items with Lowest Mean Rating
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conclusions (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Implications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Future Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Manipulating Teacher Presence In Online Learning

  • 1. Manipulating Teacher Presence in Online Learning: The Impact on Learning Effectiveness Kathleen M. Sheridan Melissa A. Kelly L. K. Curda
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Initial Results: Enrollment in Prior Online Courses
  • 15.
  • 16. Initial Results: Expected Hours and Effort
  • 17. Midpoint and Endpoint Results: Sense of Community -0.52 6.54 40.35 5.94 40.01 Learning -0.03 6.44 37.80 6.26 37.79 Connectedness t SD Mean SD Mean Scale Moderate Teaching High Teaching
  • 18. Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Community
  • 19. Midpoint and Final Results: Presence Ratings -0.81 0.58 4.31 0.56 4.26 Cognitive Presence 1.10 0.60 4.05 0.60 4.10 Social Presence 0.50 0.66 4.37 0.60 4.39 Teaching Presence t SD Mean SD Mean Scale Moderate Teaching High Teaching
  • 20. Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Presence
  • 21. Midpoint and Final Results: Presence Ratings Cognitive Social Teaching Presence -1.64 0.61 4.40 0.52 4.31 Resolution -1.62 0.59 4.37 0.57 4.27 Integration -0.90 0.58 4.37 0.58 4.31 Exploration 0.54 0.67 4.19 0.67 4.22 Triggering Event 1.52 0.73 4.04 0.65 4.14 Group Cohesion -0.42 0.62 4.26 0.73 4.24 Open Communication 1.21 0.74 3.86 0.70 3.94 Affective Expression 0.79 0.79 4.25 0.74 4.31 Direct Instruction 0.48 0.71 4.33 0.64 4.35 Facilitation -0.07 0.57 4.52 0.59 4.52 Design and Organization t SD Mean SD Mean Subscale Moderate Teaching High Teaching
  • 22. Midpoint and Final Results: Change in Sense of Presence
  • 23.
  • 24. Results: Correlations among Midpoint Presence Subscales **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) Cognitive Presence Social Presence Teaching Presence Scale                       Resolution (R) .78**   Integration (I) .69** .83**   Exploration (E) .65** .73** .68**   Triggering Event (TE) .60** .70** .70** .71**   Group Cohesion (GC) .62** .67** .64** .61** .71**   Open Communication (OC) .48** .61** .64** .63** .67** .59**   Affective Expression (AE) .56** .62** .59** .67** .59** .53** .64**   Direct Instruction (DI) .66** .69** .61** .79** .66** .60** .69** .80**   Facilitation (F) .55** .61** .54** .67** .54** .48** .60** .78** .74**   Design and Organization ( DO) .55** .64** .58** .63** .701** .66** .59** .66** .61** .64**   Learning (L) .40** .48** .52** .58** .72** .50** .68** .61** .58** .52** .76** Connectedness (C) R I E TE GC OC AE DI F DO L Subscale
  • 25. Results: Correlations among Endpoint Presence Subscales **Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)                       Resolution (R) .807**   Integration ( I) .82** .86**   Exploration (E) .80** .79** .80**   Triggering Event (TE) Cognitive Presence .72** .68** .77** .75**   Group Cohesion (GC) .57** .54** .53** .57** .67**   Open Communication ( OC) .55** .66** .64** .59** .70** .52**   Affective Expression ( AE) Social Presence .79** .81** .78** .76** .69** .53** .72**   Direct Instruction ( DI) .78** .80** .78** .75** .71** .50** .69** .92**   Facilitation ( F) .74** .68** .66** .61** .62** .50** .59** .81** .86**   Design and Organization (DO) Teaching Presence .63** .66** .66** .63** .63** .40** .55** .71** .72** .67**   Learning (L) .60** .67** .72** .70** .74** .42** .71** .63** .64** .56** .63** Connectedness (C) R I E TE GC OC AE DI F DO L Subscale Scale
  • 26. Results: Changes in ARCS Scales > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 0.01 p 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07 Effect size 4.04 4.25 4.54 3.96 Mean Endpoint 0.73 0.60 0.52 0.69 SD 0.67 0.07 0.79 5.30 F HF Significance 0.71 3.93 0.60 3.97 Satisfaction 0.50 4.26 0.53 4.25 Confidence 0.47 4.54 0.42 4.59 Relevance 0.62 4.16 0.49 4.13 Attention SD Mean SD Mean Scale Midpoint Initial
  • 27. Results: Changes in ARCS Scales
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Editor's Notes

  1. Initial survey Demographics Instructional preferences Student expectations Course Interest Survey Midpoint Survey and Final Survey Community of Inquiry Survey Social, cognitive, and teaching presence Classroom Community Scale -Connectedness and learning Course Interest Survey Attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction
  2. 71 students who completed all 3 surveys
  3. This is a dependent ,means t test to see if the sense of connectedness and sense of learning community changed from high to moderate teacher presence. Sense of learning community did change however it is not significant. And there were No mean differences significant at 0.05 level Their sense of learning community is the community fostering learning as a whole rather than just “my” learning.
  4. The fact that sense of learning community went up could just be because the students have been in the class together for a whole term. Change is not significant anyway.
  5. No mean differences significant at 0.05 level
  6. No mean differences significant at 0.05 level
  7. How a students sense of connectedness is correlated to Learning, Teaching presence, social Presence and Cognitive Presence. These are all significant at the.01 level. This means that there is a relationship between my sense of connectedness in this course and teaching presence, learning, social and cognitive presence.
  8. How is my sense of learning connectedness related to each of these aspects of teaching, social and cognitive presence at the mid point (after high teaching presence).
  9. This slide shows the same thing at the endpoint.
  10. These are the things that the course interest survey measured. The only item that was significant is attention. Attention is defined as Capturing the students attention, creating curiosity etc. How well the course “gets their attention” This chart shows that attention goes up at the midpoint but slightly down by the end.
  11. Is there a relationship between how interesting perceive the course at the start and my sense of community either at the midpoint or end of the course. Only the significant correlations are reported here. My
  12. This slide shows that this is significant at the .001 level.
  13. There is a positive relationship between perceived learning and sense of connectedness at mod as well as high teaching presence conditions
  14. This slide is telling us that a students perception of perceived learning at both the mid and endpoint are correlated to each of the items listed under the various categories My perceived learning at the middle of the course is not related to my perceived learning, but it is at the end point
  15. The items that are listed had the highest mean rating of importance. These items also had the lowest variability (standard deviation less than 1). This slide shows us that the majority of the students thought that these items were very important. We have collapsed the items into a category we call: “Making sure the students know what is expected in all aspects of the course (i.e., participation, requirements, due dates, topics, goals etc.) and following through
  16. This slide shows us the items that had the lowest mean rating of importance. We chose any items that had a variation above 3. We have collapsed the items into a category we call: Mimicking “Face –to Face” Item number one is a special item in that we had other items that show us that student want a response sooner that a week, thus, one week is too long.
  17. This slide shows us the items that had the most variation among the ratings. We chose any items that had a variation above 3. We have collapsed the items into a category we call: Mimicking “Face –to Face” Item number one is a special item in that we had other items that show us that student want a response sooner that a week, thus, one week is too long.