2. Communicationas a Human Right 1948: United NationsUniversalDeclaration of Human Rights Freedom of Opinion and Expression Throughanymedia Regardless of frontiers
3. Techniques of Filtering Technical blocking: IP blocking, DNS tampering, URL blocking using a proxy. Search result removals Take-down Induced self-censorship
4. Who is thecensor? Privatecensorship Usuallynotpolitical Carried out bytheprivatesector (usuallyinternet-providers) „Voluntarylaw” of Finland State-managedcensorship
5. Internet CensorshipinChina legislation in 1997: No unit or individual may use the Internet to create, replicate, retrieve, or transmit the following kinds of information: Inciting violation the Constitution or laws or the implementation of administrative regulations; Inciting to overthrow the government or the socialist system; Inciting division of the country, harming national unification; Inciting hatred or discrimination among nationalities or harming the unity of the nationalities; Making falsehoods or distorting the truth, spreading rumors, destroying the order of society; Promoting feudal superstitions, sexually suggestive material, gambling, violence, murder; Terrorism or inciting others to criminal activity; openly insulting other people or distorting the truth to slander people; Injuring the reputation of state organs; Other activities against the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations
6. The Golden Shield Project belongs under the Ministry of Public Security Startedin 1998 (China Democracy Party)
7. Methods of the Project Censoring, filtering Wide-range surveillance network Encouraging self-censorship: the logics ofBentham’sPanopticon
8. Toolsforthecensorship Made in the US Market freedominthe US vs. human rightsinChina Question of dual-useitems Cisco’sPolicenet
9. Yahoo inChina Provideddatatoidentify and imprisonChinese human right activists 2001: WangXiaoning 2002: JiangLijun 2003: LiZhi 2005: Shi Tao 2007: sueagainst Yahoo publicapologize
