1. Hawaii 2010 IGARSS 30 th Anniversary July 25-30 2010 Honolulu Hawaii USA Nimbus The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program – From Nimbus to NPOESS William L. Smith 1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb 1 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 Hampton University NPOESS

2. -Part 1- Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Might detect a bit of a WI perspective, but what do you expect?

5. The 1 st Sounders (1969) were Spectrometers IR Interferometer Spectrometer ( IRIS B , Rudolf Hanel) Satellite IR Spectrometer ( SIRS A , David Wark) on Nimbus 3 & 4 IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels

7. Temperature & Water Vapor IR Sounders (Operational or Pre-op Demos) VAS (1980-) –1 st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan) GIFTS (2015?) (30) (1200) IRT-MTG (2017)… ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-) IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011) AIRS (2002-) IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1 st Sounders (1200) (2800/1200) GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis) (1200) (150-300) (30) (30) Spectral Resolving Power (  /   )  Resolving Power @ 14  m Purple = Leo Blue = Geo

8. Temperature & Water Vapor IR Sounder (Operational or Pre-op Demos) VAS (1980-) –1 st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan) GIFTS (2015?) (7-14) (<10) IRT-MTG (2017)… ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-) IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011) AIRS (2002-) IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1 st Sounders (14) (12/14) GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)  (4) (160-100/230) nadir only (15/30/20-10) (8)  Spatial Footprint (km) Purple = Leo Blue = Geo

11. Aircraft & Ground-based Instruments : Development of 1. S/C Instruments 2. RT Model 3. Algorithms 4. Validation VAS (1980-) ARM AERI (1993-) GIFTS (2015?) (30) (1400) (1200) IRS-MTG (2017) ITPR/VTPR (1972) , HIRS (1978-) IASI/CrIS (2006- / 2011) AIRS (2002-) HIS (1986-1998) IRIS, SIRS (1969-70) (1200) (2800/1200) GOES Sounder (1994-) S-HIS/NAST-I (1998-) (1200) (150 -300) (2000) (30) (1400/2800) (30) (  /   )  Resolving Power @ 14  m 20 yrs 20 yrs

12. HIS Aircraft Instrument (1983-1998) U2 Shadowed in background, 1985 Dynamically Aligned Interferometer, Henry Buijs, Bomem

14. UW Scanning HIS (1996-present) Ambient Blackbody Hot Blackbody Scene Mirror Motor Interferometer & Optics Electronics Data Storage Computer Longwave Midwave Shortwave CO N 2 O H 2 O N 2 O CH 4 CO 2 O 3 CO 2

15. Scanning-HIS Radiometric Calibration 3-sigma Error Budget 21 November 2002 on ER2, T ABB = 260K, T HBB = 310K LW SW MW 0.2 K 200K Scene T b 300K Wavenumber (cm -1 ) Tb Error, 3-sigma (K) 0 1

16. NIST TXR S-HIS AERI BB January 2007, testing at UW/SSEC S-HIS / TXR Side-by-side radiance intercomparison shows agreement within 60 mK (3  ) at 10µ. Mean = -22 mK Mean = -60 mK ±90 mK TXR 10 µ Channel NIST TXR Validates S-HIS Radiances TXR is the NIST Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer chamber AERI blackbody TXR Ch1 TXR Ch2 Scanning-HIS spectra

17. AERI Cavity Blackbody (  > 0.999) (Aero-glaze Z306) Cavity Shape from UW Pioneer Venus / Sydnor, JPL, 1970 High emissivity coupled with T accuracy & stability from ultra stable thermistors and careful calibration are key to high accuracy of AERI Best et al., Calcon, 2003; Knuteson et al., J. Atm, & Oceanic Tech., 2004 [YSI 46041]

18. AIRS 4 May 2002 Launch AIRS 14 June 2002 Calculated NASA Aqua

20. High Accuracy IR Radiances-CLARREO IASI on Metop 19 October 2006 launch - full cross-track scan - 2x2 12 km pixels sample 50x50 km

21. Spectral Coverage of GIFTS/IRS/HES* Compared to IASI , CrIS , AIRS , S-HIS & NAST-I Advanced GEO Sounders *HES option wavenumber IASI L1C Deapodized 1cm MaxOPD AIRS CrIS S-HIS NAST-I Gaussian Apodization AIRS CrIS

22. Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx) 4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin wavenumber Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57 IASI, NAST-I , S-HIS Mean spectra BT (K) Diff (K) IASI minus NAST-I , IASI minus SHIS 0.09 K 0.16 K 0.07 K 0.12 K

23. Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx) 4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57 wavenumber IASI, NAST-I , S-HIS Mean spectra BT (K) Diff (K) IASI minus NAST-I , IASI minus SHIS 0.12 K 0.20 K 0.04 K 0.03 K -0.19 K -0.08 K

24. IASI / AIRS Direct Comparisons May 2007-Jan 2008 Dave Tobin Excellent agreement, but issues > 0.1K remain wavenumber NORTHERN SNOs (73.8N) SOUTHERN SNOs (73.8S) Sample SNO Spectra }  0.1K }  0.1K’’

26.  Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) for NPP/JPSS Mass: < 146 kg Power (Avg): < 110 W Data Rate: <1.5 Mbps from Williams, Glumb and Predina, ITT, August 2005 SPIE Current Generation HIRS (20 ch) Next Generation CrIS (1307 ch)

27. Noise : NEN Comparison with AIRS ( AIRS , CrIS random, CrIS Spec ) AIRS for 250K scene, CrIS for 303 K ( SW NENs similar for 300K scene ) CrIS NEN 4x smaller in 15  m CO 2

28. CrIS Expected On-orbit Accuracy Will be <0.2 K 3-sigma for all Scene T’s! 3-sigma Brightness Temperature Accuracy (color coded for each of 9 FOVs)

31. Technology Developments for the CLARREO Benchmark Climate Mission High Performance FTS Spectral line shape from laser source A New Class of Advanced Accuracy Satellite Instrumentation (AASI) for the CLARREO Mission NASA IIP TEMPERATURE referenced to multiple phase change signatures Pulse-tube detector cooler OARS: Standard for On-orbit Calibration Traceability

32. f October 1959 - October 2009

34. Hawaii 2010 IGARSS 30 th Anniversary July 25-30 2010 Honolulu Hawaii USA Nimbus The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program – Part 2 Evolution of Sounding Retrieval Capability William L. Smith 1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb 1 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 Hampton University NPOESS

35. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability: Physical Concept IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels Nimbus

36. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability: Physical Concept

37. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability: First Satellite Sounding Wark & Fleming SIRS data started being used by the US Weather Bureau (NMC) in the final analysis used to initialize extended range Numerical Weather Forecasts on May 22,1969, less than 6 weeks after the launch of Nimbus 3. First Satellite Sounding Kingston, Jamaica April 14, 1969 Nimbus

38. First Numerical Weather Prediction Validation Using Satellite Infrared Sounding Data (SIRS-A) Nimbus

39. Nimbus 3-day forecast errors over the western US reduced by 50% using Nimbus sounding data over the mid-Pacific in the initial analysis Shortwave ridge predicted with the use of Nimbus soundings in the initial analysis

40. The problem with Nimbus -3 and Nimbus-4 Temperature Profiles was that >95 % of SIRS and IRIS Sounding Fields of View ( 150 km IFOV) contained cloud which greatly compromised the accuracy of the derived soundings -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1969-1971): Clear Vs Cloudy

41. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1972-2014): High Horizontal Resolution TIROS-N NOAA TIROS/NOAA HIRS (TOVS) Temperature Profile Errors TOVS (HIRS/MSU) Weighting Functions and RMS Differences with Raobs (+/- 3 Hrs and 200 km) during the GWE ITPR/HIRS HIRS The high horizontal resolution (~ 20 km) filter radiometer sounders (ITPR, VTPR, and HIRS) provided soundings for partially clouded FOV with almost the same accuracy as obtained for clear sky FOVs Nimbus

42. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1979 - ): Improved Global NWP ITPR Percent Correlation of Forecast Vs Observed Year By 2001 A SH forecast was as good as a NH forecast and a 6-day SH forecast was as good as a 3-day forecast made at the beginning of the GWE (1979) HIRS TIROS-N NOAA

43. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1979-2002): Poor Vertical Resolution ITPR The Problem With the TOVS was Lack of Vertical Resolution

44. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1985 - ): Ultra-spectral Resolution ITPR • Broad Spectral Coverage • High Spectral Resolution • Thousands of Spectral Channels • High Information Content A/C HIS, NAST-I & S-HIS (1985, 1998 -, 1999- ) IASI (2006)

45. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1985 - ): High Vertical Resolution ITPR High Vertical Resolution a result of sharper weighting functions and much higher S/N from very large number of radiance observations (1000’s Vs 10’s)

46. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1985 - ): Profile Information Content ITPR Number of Pieces of Information Radiosondes AIRS/IASI/CrIS HIRS/TOVS

47. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (1986 - ): High Vertical Resolution Soundings Demonstrated With Aircraft HIS & NAST-I ITPR Ultra-spectral resolution sounder provides 1 K / 15% temperature and moisture accuracy for 1-2 km layers 300 Distance (75 km) Altitude (km) Radiosonde NASA ER-2 A/C Ultraspectral Sounder

48. -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (2002 - ): EOS Aqua AIRS Provides Large Positive Impact on Global Weather Forecasts Impact is amazingly considering only 1% of the radiance measurements were used in the assimilation process (clear-only, spatially and spectrally thinned) (J. LeMarshall, 2004) 1-27 January, 2004 Northern Hemisphere ) Southern Hemisphere )

49. Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPP/JPSS LTAN 1330 “ Early-Afternoon” METOP LTDN 0930 “ Mid-Morning” Launches Lifetime Atmospheric Sounders METOP [2130] ~2006, 2012, 2018 7 yr IASI/AMSU/MHS NPP/JPSS [1330] ~ 2011, 2014 7 yr CrIS/ATMS

50. ITPR -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (2006 - ): JPSS IASI Validation (4/19/2007)

51. ITPR -Part 2- Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability (2012 - ): JPSS Time Change Capability April 29 2007 IASI and AIRS data used to demonstrate IASI/CrIS Diurnal Change Measurement Capability