1. Grammar Book
Gumersindo Bentley

2. Table of contents
• Present tense –ar,-er/- • Hace +(time expression)+
ir que + _______
• Stem changers • Imperfect
• Irregular “yo” • Cucharacha
• Saber vs. Conocer • Spock Verbs
• Reflexives • Snake/Snakeys
• “Se” impersonal • El Futuro
• Dipthongs with • Comparatives/Superlatives
accents
• Verbs like –ger/-gir, -
vir/-guir, -cer/-cir

3. Present tense –ar,-er/-ir
-ar (caminar) -er (comer) -ir (escribir)
Yo Camino Como Escribo
Tú Caminas Comes Escribes
Ello/Ella Camina Come Escribe
Nosotros Caminamos Comemos Escribimos
Ellos/Ellas Caminan Comen Escriben

4. Ser Vs. Estar
Ser/ Permanent Estar/ Temporary
• Description
• Health
• Origins
• Characteristics • Emotion
• Time • Location
• Occupation • Present Condition
• Relationships
• Possession
• -Ar goes to –ando
• Events • -er/-ir goes to –endo/-
• Dates yendo

5. Irregular “yo”
• Oir-oigo
• Poner-pongo
• Salir-salgo
• Hacer-hago
• Tener-tengo

6. Stem Changers
o-ue e-i e-ie
almorzar consegiur empezar
Yo Almuerzo Consigo Empiezo
Tú almuerzas Consigas Empiezas
Èl/ella Almuerza Consiga empieza
Nostros almorzamos Conseguimos Empezamos
Ellos/ellas almuerzan Consigan empiezan

7. Saber vs. Conocer
Saber Conocer
• To know a fact or how • To know someone.
to do something.

8. Reflexives
• Me Me peino el pelo.
• Te Te peinas el pelo.
• Se Ella se peina el pelo.
• Nos Nos peinamos el pelo.
• Se Ellos se peinan el pelo.

9. Dipthongs with accents
Strong Vowels Weak Vowels
• Always make their • Are only their own
own syllable syllable if they are
surrounded by strong
• o, a, e vowels
• Examples • i/y, u
– Hablar • Examples
– España – Fútbol
– Correro – Cine

10. Verbs like –ger/-gir, -cer/-cir
-ger/-gir -cer/-cir
• Escoger • Conducir
– escojo – conduzco
• Protoger • Producir
– protejo – produzco
• Traducir
– traduzco

11. Imperfect Tense
• What used to happen or is happening at the time of narration
– Los pajaros cantaban
• Describe people in the past tense
– Mi mama tenia una cara bonita y era muy amable
• Describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past
– Yo pensaba que él era muy tonto
• Express a time of day in the past
– Eran las ocho de la noche
• Describing an action that was happening when interrupted by another
action
– Comíamos cuando el nos llamó
• To set the stage, describe a situation or setting
– El sol brillaba nacia un tiempo muyagradable y todos estaban muy
contentos.

12. Imperfect ending chart
ir ser ver
iba era veía
ibas eras veías
iba era veía
ibamos eramos veíamos
iban eran veían
Trigger Words:
•Nunca
•Siempre
•A veces
•Todos los dias

13. Cucaracha
• Andar-Anduve
• Estar-Estuve • Venir-Vine
• Poder-Pude • Conducir-Conduje
• Producir-Produje
• Poner-Puse
• Traduce-Traduje
• Querer-Quise • Traer-Traje
• Sabe-Supe • Decir-Dice
• Tener-Tuve

14. Spock Verbs
o Hacer
-Hice/Hiciste/Hizo/Hicimos/Hicieron
Δ Dar/Ver
-D/V: i/iste/io/imos/ieron
Ir/Ser
-Fui/Fuiste/Fue/Fuimos/Fueron

15. Snake/Snakeys
Decir Pedir
Dormi Dormimos Pedi Pedimos
Dormiste Pediste
Durmio Durmieron Pidio Pidieron

16. El futuro
• Irregular Future Verbs
-Decir; Dir- To say
-Haber; Habr- There to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]
-Hacer; Har- To make, do
-Poder; Podr- To put, place, set
-Querer; Querr- to want, love
-Saber; Sabr- To know [fact], know how [+ infinitive]
-Salir; Saldr- To leave, go out
-Tener; Tendr- To have E Emos
-Valer; Valdr- To be worth As
A An
-Venir; Vendr- To come

17. Comparatives/Superlatives
Menos + Adjective + Que
Mas + Adjective + Que
El/La Mas + Adjective + De
El Menos + Adjective + De

18. Part 2

19. Table of Contents
• Preterite vs Imperfect •Present Perfect
• Future vs Conditional •Subjunctive
• Por •Adverbs
• Para
•Se Impersonal
• Por vs Para
•Progressives with
• Commands Ir/Andar/Seguir
• DOP

20. Preterite vs Imperfect
Preterite: Imperfect:
Used for past actions that Used when the past action did
are seen as completed. not have a definite beginning
or end.
Preterite Ar Imperfect Ar
é amos aba abamos
aste asteis abas
ó aron aba aban
Preterite Er/Ir Imperfect Er/Ir
í imos é amos
iste isteis aste asteis
ío ieron ó aron

21. Future vs Conditional
•Used to tell what "will" • express probability or
possibility, and is usually
happen, or what "shall"
translated as would,
happen.
could, must have or
probably.
Future Conditional
-é -emos -ía -íamos
-ás -án -ías -ían
-á -ía

22. Por
• Expressing movement along, through, around, by or about
• Denoting a time or duration when something occurs
• Expressing the cause of an action
• Meaning per
• Meaning supporting or in favor of
• Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb
• Indicating means of transportation

23. Para
• Meaning for the purpose of or in order to
• With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning
for the benefit of or directed to
• Meaning to or in the direction of when
referring to a specific place
• Meaning by or for when referring to a
specific time

24. Por vs Para
Por Para
• Expressing movement • Meaning for the purpose of or in
along, through, around, by or about order to
• Denoting a time or duration when • With a noun or pronoun as
something occurs object, meaning for the benefit of or
• Expressing the cause of an action directed to
• Meaning per • Meaning to or in the direction of
• Meaning supporting or in favor of when referring to a specific place
• Introducing the agent of an action after a • Meaning by or for when referring to a
passive verb specific time
• Indicating means of transportation

25. Commands
• Tú
– Positive: Drop the „s‟ of the second tú form.
• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
– Negative: Put it in the „yo‟ form and change the ending
to the opposite vowel, add an „s‟
• Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Usted
– Put it in the „yo‟ form and change the ending to the
opposite vowel.
– Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Nosotros
– Put it in the „nosotros‟ form, add the opposite ending
– Irregulars: TVDISHES

26. DOP
• The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo/la,
nos, los/las.
• The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le,
nos, les.
• If the IOP is le or les and the DOP is lo, la,
los, or las, the le or les changes to se.

27. Present Perfect
• The present perfect
tense is first formed
by using the present
tense of the auxiliary
verb "haber.“ Haber
• add the past participle He Hemos
Has Han
of the verb you want
Ha
to use by adding –ado
or –ido to the end.

28. Subjunctive
• Verb tense that shows emotion or a mood.
• Used to express WEDDING:
Wish, want
Emotion
Doubt
Denial
Impersonal expression
Negation, non-existing
God, guess
• It is formed the same way as usted commands- „yo‟ form, opposite
vowel.

29. Adverbs
• Most Spanish adverbs
are formed by adding •Exceptions to –mente
-mente to the Muy = very
feminine singular Nunca = never
Peor = worse
form of the adjective. Poco = little
• Adding –mente is Bastante = quite
Demasiado = too
similar to –ly at the Mal = badly
end of English Mucho = a lot
adverbs. Siempre = always

30. Se Impersonal
• The tense when you aren‟t really referring to
anyone specific are called impersonal expressions.
• In Spanish, you add the pronoun „se‟ in front of
the verb you are using.
• Se is used to avoid specifying the person who is
preforming the action of the verb
• When you are using the se impersonal, you always
conjugate the verb as “usted” (third person)

31. Progressives with
Ir/Andar/Seguir
• Ir + present participle=
slowly but surely ___-ing.
• Andar + present participle=
is going around ___-ing.
• Seguir +present participle=
is still ___-ing.