Put_Funda_Quiz_Answers.pptx

1. The put funda Quiz By Chandru and Gokul PRESENT THE GAMEBAR

2. K-OS Pub Quizzes – Rules • Quizmasters (as always) are gods, so no arguments / fights please! This is a Pub Quiz, not the Royal Rumble. ☺ • Winning team gets 100% off their drinks bill, runner up gets 50% off their drinks bill (up to the end of Round 3). • Answer sheets will be collected after each round. • No phones please! You can check your Instagram feed between rounds (after you’ve submitted your answer sheets for that round

3. Rounds 1. Hors d'oeuvre 2. Appetizer 3. Salad 4. Main course 5. Dessert

4. Safety Slide THE GAMEBAR

5. ROUND 1: Hors d'oeuvre Hors-d'œuvre in French literally means "outside the work"; that is, "not part of the ordinary set of courses in a meal". In practice, it is a dish which stands on its own as a snack or supports the main course.[ The French spelling is the same for singular and plural usage; in English, the typographic ligature is usually replaced by the digraph, with the plural occasionally written 'hors d'oeuvres'. The hors d'oeuvre is also known as the starter or entrée.

6. *Q1 ID X Much like his positive-matter counterpart, the Riddler, DC anti-matter universe's Edward Nashton was fascinated by puzzles and games from an early age. He was academically active - at one point considered one of the smartest men on his Earth - and naturally inclined to altruism. He also operated as a crimefighter under the moniker X, eventually becoming a founding member of the Justice Underground.

7. Q2 – What is X? / Put Funda In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars, brothers ______ and ______ X published a guide for French motorists, the X Guide. Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, _____, car mechanics listings, _____, and petrol stations throughout France. During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that X, whilst visiting a ____ merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly respects what he pays for", X decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 750 francs or $2.15 in 1922. They also made several changes in their listings and removed advertisements in the guide.

8. Q3 Crossovers The first meeting between the Sherlock Holmes and X took place in 1905's "Sherlock Holmes Arrives Too Late". Called in to solve an ancient riddle, (as well as help apprehend X) Holmes unknowingly bumps into X (who's in disguise) on his way to meet the authorities. As can be expected, Holmes solves said riddle in relatively short order, only to find out (upon figuring out the last part of the puzzle) that X has beat him to the punch and got away with various valuables. However, having anticipated that the riddle would be easily solved by the great detective, X, (no slouch himself in the brains department) as a mark of respect and admiration, has left his car waiting for Holmes at the exit of the secret tunnels in question... as well as his pocket watch that the thief nabbed from him. Arthur Conan Doyle didn't exactly take too kindly to this use of his character that subsequent meetings between the two necessitated the use of more lawyer-friendly names to skirt around the concept of copyright. So some versions of the above tale (and subsequent meetings) have it as 'Herlock Sholmes' (or Hemlock Shears).

9. *Q4 Story behind what? / ID X “In the spring of 1977, Mike Chanowitz, Mary K and I wrote a paper on GUTs predicting the b quark mass before it was found. When it was found a few weeks later, Mary K, Dimitri, Serge Rudaz and I immediately started working on its phenomenology. That summer, there was a student at CERN, Melissa Franklin who is now an experimentalist at Harvard. One evening, she, I, and Serge went to a pub, and she and I started a game of darts. We made a bet that if I lost I had to put the word __X___ into my next paper. She actually left the darts game before the end, and was replaced by Serge, who beat me. Nevertheless, I felt obligated to carry out the conditions of the bet. For some time, it was not clear to me how to get the word into this b quark paper that we were writing at the time. Then, one evening, after working at CERN, I stopped on my way back to my apartment to visit some friends living in Meyrin where I smoked some illegal substance. Later, when I got back to my apartment and continued working on our paper, I had a sudden flash that the famous _____ look like __X___. So we put the name into our paper, and the rest, as they say, is history."

10. Q5 – Put funda In 2011, Department of Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities in the country issued a fatwa, or ruling, to require a particular set of residents of a city to break their fast or go to their suhoor (pre-sunrise) meals according to three different timings. Group A should delay breaking their fast by three minutes. Group B, must delay by two minutes. Group C are subject to the same rules as the rest of the city. Q1. Who are the people to which the above fatwa applied? Q2. Why this difference in rules from the rest of the city.

11. *Q6 Whose description of what? A large hall - numerous guests, whom we were receiving. - Among them was X. I at once took her to one side, as though to answer her letter and to reproach her for not having accepted my 'solution' yet. I said to her: 'If you still get pains, it's really only your fault.' She replies: 'If you only knew what pains I've got now in my throat and stomach and abdomen - it's choking me.' - I was alarmed and looked at her. She looked pale and puffy. I thought to myself that after all I must be missing some organic trouble. I took her to the window and looked down her throat, and she showed signs of recalcitrance, like women with artificial dentures. I thought to myself that there was really no need for her to do that. She then opened her mouth properly and on the right I found a big white patch; at another place I saw extensive whitish grey scabs upon some remarkable curly structures which were evidently modelled on the turbinal bones of the nose. - I at once called in Dr M., and he repeated the examination and confirmed it ... Dr M. looked quite different from usual; he was very pale, he walked with a limp and his chin was clean-shaven ... My friend Otto was now standing beside her as well, and my friend Leopold was percussing her through her bodice and saying: 'She has a dull area low down on the left.' He also indicated that a portion of the skin on her left shoulder was infiltrated. (I noticed this, just as he did, in spite of her dress.) ... M. said: 'There's no doubt it's an infection, but no matter; dysentery will supervene and the toxin will be eliminated. ... We were directly aware, too, of the origin of the infection. Not long before, when she was feeling unwell, my friend Otto had given her an injection of a preparation of propyl, propyls ... propionic acid ... trimethylamin (and I saw before me the formula for this printed in heavy type) ... Injections of this sort ought not to be given so thoughtlessly ... And probably the syringe had not been clean.

12. Q7 ID the kid

13. Q8 ID

14. Safety Slide THE GAMEBAR

15. Hors d'oeuvre : Answers

16. *Q1 ID X Much like his positive-matter counterpart, the Riddler, DC anti-matter universe's Edward Nashton was fascinated by puzzles and games from an early age. He was academically active - at one point considered one of the smartest men on his Earth - and naturally inclined to altruism. He also operated as a crimefighter under the moniker X, eventually becoming a founding member of the Justice Underground.

17. The Quizmaster

18. Q2 – What is X? / Put Funda In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars, brothers ______ and ______ X published a guide for French motorists, the X Guide. Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, _____, car mechanics listings, _____, and petrol stations throughout France. During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that X, whilst visiting a ____ merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that "man only truly respects what he pays for", X decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 750 francs or $2.15 in 1922. They also made several changes in their listings and removed advertisements in the guide.

19. Michelin

20. Q3 Crossovers The first meeting between the Sherlock Holmes and X took place in 1905's "Sherlock Holmes Arrives Too Late". Called in to solve an ancient riddle, (as well as help apprehend X) Holmes unknowingly bumps into X (who's in disguise) on his way to meet the authorities. As can be expected, Holmes solves said riddle in relatively short order, only to find out (upon figuring out the last part of the puzzle) that X has beat him to the punch and got away with various valuables. However, having anticipated that the riddle would be easily solved by the great detective, X, (no slouch himself in the brains department) as a mark of respect and admiration, has left his car waiting for Holmes at the exit of the secret tunnels in question... as well as his pocket watch that the thief nabbed from him. Arthur Conan Doyle didn't exactly take too kindly to this use of his character that subsequent meetings between the two necessitated the use of more lawyer-friendly names to skirt around the concept of copyright. So some versions of the above tale (and subsequent meetings) have it as 'Herlock Sholmes' (or Hemlock Shears).

22. *Q4 Story behind what? / ID X “In the spring of 1977, Mike Chanowitz, Mary K and I wrote a paper on GUTs predicting the b quark mass before it was found. When it was found a few weeks later, Mary K, Dimitri, Serge Rudaz and I immediately started working on its phenomenology. That summer, there was a student at CERN, Melissa Franklin who is now an experimentalist at Harvard. One evening, she, I, and Serge went to a pub, and she and I started a game of darts. We made a bet that if I lost I had to put the word __X___ into my next paper. She actually left the darts game before the end, and was replaced by Serge, who beat me. Nevertheless, I felt obligated to carry out the conditions of the bet. For some time, it was not clear to me how to get the word into this b quark paper that we were writing at the time. Then, one evening, after working at CERN, I stopped on my way back to my apartment to visit some friends living in Meyrin where I smoked some illegal substance. Later, when I got back to my apartment and continued working on our paper, I had a sudden flash that the famous _____ look like __X___. So we put the name into our paper, and the rest, as they say, is history."

23. Penguin Diagrams In quantum field theory, penguin diagrams are a class of Feynman diagrams which are important for understanding CP violating processes in the standard model. They refer to one-loop processes in which a quark temporarily changes flavor (via a W or Z loop), and the flavor-changed quark engages in some tree interaction, typically a strong one. For the interactions where some quark flavors (e.g., very heavy ones) have much higher interaction amplitudes than others, such as CP-violating or Higgs interactions, these penguin processes may have amplitudes comparable to or even greater than those of the direct tree processes. A similar diagram can be drawn for leptonic decays. source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_diagra m

24. Q5 – Put funda In 2011, Department of Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities in the country issued a fatwa, or ruling, to require a particular set of residents of a city to break their fast or go to their suhoor (pre-sunrise) meals according to three different timings. Group A should delay breaking their fast by three minutes. Group B, must delay by two minutes. Group C are subject to the same rules as the rest of the city. Q1. Who are the people to which the above fatwa applied? Q2. Why this difference in rules from the rest of the city.

26. *Q6 Whose description of what? A large hall - numerous guests, whom we were receiving. - Among them was X. I at once took her to one side, as though to answer her letter and to reproach her for not having accepted my 'solution' yet. I said to her: 'If you still get pains, it's really only your fault.' She replies: 'If you only knew what pains I've got now in my throat and stomach and abdomen - it's choking me.' - I was alarmed and looked at her. She looked pale and puffy. I thought to myself that after all I must be missing some organic trouble. I took her to the window and looked down her throat, and she showed signs of recalcitrance, like women with artificial dentures. I thought to myself that there was really no need for her to do that. She then opened her mouth properly and on the right I found a big white patch; at another place I saw extensive whitish grey scabs upon some remarkable curly structures which were evidently modelled on the turbinal bones of the nose. - I at once called in Dr M., and he repeated the examination and confirmed it ... Dr M. looked quite different from usual; he was very pale, he walked with a limp and his chin was clean-shaven ... My friend Otto was now standing beside her as well, and my friend Leopold was percussing her through her bodice and saying: 'She has a dull area low down on the left.' He also indicated that a portion of the skin on her left shoulder was infiltrated. (I noticed this, just as he did, in spite of her dress.) ... M. said: 'There's no doubt it's an infection, but no matter; dysentery will supervene and the toxin will be eliminated. ... We were directly aware, too, of the origin of the infection. Not long before, when she was feeling unwell, my friend Otto had given her an injection of a preparation of propyl, propyls ... propionic acid ... trimethylamin (and I saw before me the formula for this printed in heavy type) ... Injections of this sort ought not to be given so thoughtlessly ... And probably the syringe had not been clean.

27. X - Irma’s Injection

28. Q7 ID the kid

29. Marnus Labuschagne

30. Q8 ID

32. ROUND 2: Appetizer

33. *Q9 – What is the good word? The _____ is the anglicized name for a traditional unit of mass used in British India. The same unit in the Mughal Empire was sometimes written as mann or mun in English. As a verb, ' _____': to beg; as a noun, 'a _____' : a small basket held out for alms. Replacing a letter in the word for 'a rounded mass projecting above a surface' get you the good word Fun fact : the equivalent unit in the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia was called the “Batman”

34. Q10 ID X For 20 years X served the Honourable East India Company. In 1684 he became the first president of Fort St. George, the company's post at Madras (now Chennai), India. He succeeded a number of agents from Andrew Cogan to William Gyfford. X was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St. George. X amassed a fortune while working for the company, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants, against the East India Company's directive. By 1692, his repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor.

35. Q11 ID X ____ X ____ originated in the mid-1st millennium BC in South India, in present-day Tiruchirappalli, Kodumanal, Erode, Tamil Nadu. There are several ancient Tamil, North Indian, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high carbon Tamil steel. In later times, X was also made in Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka. The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "X". The method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as Avārai. (State flower of Telengana) The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating X ___ from the Chera Tamils by the 5th century BC.

36. Q11 ID X ____ Trade between South India and Sri Lankan with the Arab world through the Arabian Sea introduced X to Arabia. The term muhannad ‫مهند‬or hendeyy ‫هندي‬in pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabic refers to sword blades made from Indian steel, which were highly prized, and are attested in Arabic poetry. Further trade spread the technology to the city of Damascus, where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. This led to the development of Damascus steel. The 12th century Arab traveler Edrisi mentioned the "Hinduwani" or Indian steel as the best in the world. Arab accounts also point to the fame of 'Teling' steel, which can be taken to refer to the region of Telangana. The Golconda region of Telangana clearly being the nodal centre for the export of X to West Asia. Another sign of its reputation is seen in a Persian phrase – to give an "Indian answer", meaning "a cut with an Indian sword". X was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East. From the 17th century onwards, several European travelers observed the steel manufacturing in South India, at Mysore, Malabar and Golconda. The word "X" appears to have originated as a mistranscription of ____; the Tamil language root word for the alloy is _____, meaning "melt, dissolve".

37. Q12 ID the meme According to the legend, each leader's artificial intelligence in Civilization had a parameter that described their aggression on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being least aggressive and 10 most aggressive. Other sources say the scale went from 1 to 12. X was the only character in the game with the lowest possible aggression rating of 1 and, as a result, was only able to wage defensive wars. Once the AI changed its government form to democracy, which was preferred by peaceful nations such as Y, its aggression level decreased by 2. In the case of X, this would lead to an aggression level of −1. However, the aggression level was stored as an 8-bit unsigned integer variable that could only store values in the range from 0 to 255 (or 2^8-1). The negative value would therefore result in an integer overflow (specifically an integer underflow), with the value being stored as 255 and X becoming about 25 times more aggressive than the most aggressive leaders in the game. In Civilization's technology tree, _______ are generally unlocked only after democracy, so X aggression level would have already spiked by the time Y became _________. This led to Y suddenly attacking other civilizations with _________. The bug was supposedly fixed in later versions of the game, but the developers liked it so much they decided to re-implement it in successive games as an easter egg and joke. According to other sources, the bug first appeared in Civilization II.

38. Q13 – ID X Y The name "X Y" was coined by the Finns during the Winter War. The name was a pejorative reference to Soviet foreign minister _________ X, who was one of the architects of the X–Ribbentrop Pact signed in late August 1939. The name's origin came from the propaganda X produced during the Winter War, mainly his declaration on Soviet state radio that bombing missions over Finland were actually airborne humanitarian food deliveries for their starving neighbours. As a result, the Finns sarcastically dubbed the Soviet cluster bombs "X bread baskets" in reference to X propaganda broadcasts. When the hand-held bottle firebomb was developed to attack and destroy Soviet tanks, the Finns called it the "X Y", as "a drink to go with his food parcels".

39. Q14 ID the urban legend Tin pest is an autocatalytic, allotropic transformation of the element tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures. Tin pest has also been called tin disease, tin blight or tin leprosy (lèpre d'étain). What urban legend, sometimes referred to as the greatest wardrobe malfunction in history, is attributed to Tin pest?

40. Q15 – Put funda

41. Q16 Give the name of the sweet The sweet originated in Kolkata in the middle of the 19th century. It is a light fried reddish-brown sweet ball made of Chhena and flour, soaked in sugar syrup. There are various legends regarding the origin of the sweet. According to the most popular legend, a special sweetmeat was prepared by Bhim Chandra Nag in the honour of Lady Canning at some point during her stay in India from 1856 till her death in 1861. In some versions of the tale, the sweetmeat was prepared to commemorate her visit to India in 1856, while in other versions, it was prepared on the occasion of her birthday. According to yet another legend, the sweet was prepared by the confectioners of Baharampur in 1857, after the mutiny, to commemorate the visit by Canning and his wife. Lady Canning died in 1861. Since then the sweetmeat has gained popularity in Bengal. No grand feast was considered complete if the sweetmeat was not offered to the guest. The manufacturer was said to have made a lot of money by selling the sweetmeat although some have claimed that its popularity is due to the name rather than the taste.

42. Appetizer : Answers

43. *Q9 – What is the good word? The _____ is the anglicized name for a traditional unit of mass used in British India. The same unit in the Mughal Empire was sometimes written as mann or mun in English. As a verb, ' _____': to beg; as a noun, 'a _____' : a small basket held out for alms. Replacing a letter in the word for 'a rounded mass projecting above a surface' get you the good word Fun fact : the equivalent unit in the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia was called the “Batman”

44. Maund

45. Q10 ID X For 20 years X served the Honourable East India Company. In 1684 he became the first president of Fort St. George, the company's post at Madras (now Chennai), India. He succeeded a number of agents from Andrew Cogan to William Gyfford. X was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St. George. X amassed a fortune while working for the company, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants, against the East India Company's directive. By 1692, his repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor.

46. Elihu Yale

47. Q11 ID X ____ X ____ originated in the mid-1st millennium BC in South India, in present-day Tiruchirappalli, Kodumanal, Erode, Tamil Nadu. There are several ancient Tamil, North Indian, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high carbon Tamil steel. In later times, X was also made in Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka. The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as "X". The method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace to completely remove slag. An alternative was to smelt the ore first to give wrought iron, then heat and hammer it to remove slag. The carbon source was bamboo and leaves from plants such as Avārai. (State flower of Telengana) The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating X ___ from the Chera Tamils by the 5th century BC.

48. Q11 ID X ____ Trade between South India and Sri Lankan with the Arab world through the Arabian Sea introduced X to Arabia. The term muhannad ‫مهند‬or hendeyy ‫هندي‬in pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabic refers to sword blades made from Indian steel, which were highly prized, and are attested in Arabic poetry. Further trade spread the technology to the city of Damascus, where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. This led to the development of Damascus steel. The 12th century Arab traveler Edrisi mentioned the "Hinduwani" or Indian steel as the best in the world. Arab accounts also point to the fame of 'Teling' steel, which can be taken to refer to the region of Telangana. The Golconda region of Telangana clearly being the nodal centre for the export of X to West Asia. Another sign of its reputation is seen in a Persian phrase – to give an "Indian answer", meaning "a cut with an Indian sword". X was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East. From the 17th century onwards, several European travelers observed the steel manufacturing in South India, at Mysore, Malabar and Golconda. The word "X" appears to have originated as a mistranscription of ____; the Tamil language root word for the alloy is _____, meaning "melt, dissolve".

49. Wootz Steel

50. Q12 ID the meme According to the legend, each leader's artificial intelligence in Civilization had a parameter that described their aggression on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being least aggressive and 10 most aggressive. Other sources say the scale went from 1 to 12. X was the only character in the game with the lowest possible aggression rating of 1 and, as a result, was only able to wage defensive wars. Once the AI changed its government form to democracy, which was preferred by peaceful nations such as Y, its aggression level decreased by 2. In the case of X, this would lead to an aggression level of −1. However, the aggression level was stored as an 8-bit unsigned integer variable that could only store values in the range from 0 to 255 (or 2^8-1). The negative value would therefore result in an integer overflow (specifically an integer underflow), with the value being stored as 255 and X becoming about 25 times more aggressive than the most aggressive leaders in the game. In Civilization's technology tree, _______ are generally unlocked only after democracy, so X aggression level would have already spiked by the time Y became _________. This led to Y suddenly attacking other civilizations with _________. The bug was supposedly fixed in later versions of the game, but the developers liked it so much they decided to re-implement it in successive games as an easter egg and joke. According to other sources, the bug first appeared in Civilization II.

51. Nuclear Gandhi

52. Q13 – ID X Y The name "X Y" was coined by the Finns during the Winter War. The name was a pejorative reference to Soviet foreign minister _________ X, who was one of the architects of the X–Ribbentrop Pact signed in late August 1939. The name's origin came from the propaganda X produced during the Winter War, mainly his declaration on Soviet state radio that bombing missions over Finland were actually airborne humanitarian food deliveries for their starving neighbours. As a result, the Finns sarcastically dubbed the Soviet cluster bombs "X bread baskets" in reference to X propaganda broadcasts. When the hand-held bottle firebomb was developed to attack and destroy Soviet tanks, the Finns called it the "X Y", as "a drink to go with his food parcels".

53. Molotov Cocktail

57. Q15 – Put funda

59. Q16 Give the name of the sweet The sweet originated in Kolkata in the middle of the 19th century. It is a light fried reddish-brown sweet ball made of Chhena and flour, soaked in sugar syrup. There are various legends regarding the origin of the sweet. According to the most popular legend, a special sweetmeat was prepared by Bhim Chandra Nag in the honour of Lady Canning at some point during her stay in India from 1856 till her death in 1861. In some versions of the tale, the sweetmeat was prepared to commemorate her visit to India in 1856, while in other versions, it was prepared on the occasion of her birthday. According to yet another legend, the sweet was prepared by the confectioners of Baharampur in 1857, after the mutiny, to commemorate the visit by Canning and his wife. Lady Canning died in 1861. Since then the sweetmeat has gained popularity in Bengal. No grand feast was considered complete if the sweetmeat was not offered to the guest. The manufacturer was said to have made a lot of money by selling the sweetmeat although some have claimed that its popularity is due to the name rather than the taste.

60. Ledikeni

61. ROUND 3: salad

62. Q17 What happens next? / Put funda

63. *Q18 – Possible origins of what phrase? Field Marshal ______gomery's preference for a large breakfast, even while on campaign. A full three-piece suit with waistcoat and a spare pair of trousers from the Leeds-based British tailoring company _______ Burton. When British forces were demobilised after the Second World War, they were issued with a "demob suit". The contract for supplying these suits was partly fulfilled by _______ Burton. Gamblers' jargon, meaning the entire kitty or pot, deriving from the card game called X.

64. *Q19 – Put funda "Pierre, I need some help," President Kennedy told Salinger, who said he would "be glad to do anything I can." "I need a lot of _____," Kennedy told Salinger. "How many, Mr. President?" "About 1,000 Petit Upmanns." Salinger recalls that he "shuddered a bit" at the request, but kept his reaction to himself. "And, when do you need them, Mr. President?" "Tomorrow morning."

65. Q20 What’s with the colours? The below chart shows the active timelines for each coloured items. What are we talking about here?

66. *Q21 Put funda The image below shows the standard chess sets used in international competitions called Staunton Chess Sets. However, in the 9th Chess Olympiad held in Dubrovnik, a variant of the Staunton sets were used with some modifications for a particular reason. These Dubrovnik chess sets are today quite popular in Middle Eastern countries. What modification & what reason?

67. Q22 ID X During the Second World War, the US established a trade embargo against Nazi Germany, making the export of Coca-Cola syrup difficult. To circumvent this, Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola Deutschland (Coca-Cola GmbH), decided to create a new product for the German market, using only ingredients available in Germany at the time, including beet sugar, whey (a cheese byproduct), and apple pomace—the "leftovers of leftovers", as Keith later recalled. The name was the result of a brainstorming session, which started with Keith's exhorting his team to "use their imagination" (______ in German), to which one of his salesmen, Joe Knipp, retorted "X!". The German plant was cut off from Coca-Cola headquarters following America's entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After the war, The Coca-Cola Company regained control of the plant, formula, and the trademarks to the new X product—as well as the plant profits made during the war. In 1943 alone, 3 million cases of X were sold in Germany. Many bottles were not consumed as a beverage but used as a cooking ingredient to add sweetness and flavor to soups and stews, as sugar was severely rationed.

68. Q23 ID the phrase This phrase is said to have been uttered by the French General Robert Nivelle during the Battle of Verdun in the first WW urging soldiers to put up a strong resistance against the invading Germans. Soon, this phrase started appearing in propaganda posters across France. We know this phrase today because of someone who was fighting in France during this war. Phrase and person please.

69. Q24 Put funda

70. salad : Answers

71. Q17 What happens next? / Put funda

72. *Q18 – Possible origins of what phrase? Field Marshal ______gomery's preference for a large breakfast, even while on campaign. A full three-piece suit with waistcoat and a spare pair of trousers from the Leeds-based British tailoring company _______ Burton. When British forces were demobilised after the Second World War, they were issued with a "demob suit". The contract for supplying these suits was partly fulfilled by _______ Burton. Gamblers' jargon, meaning the entire kitty or pot, deriving from the card game called X.

73. The full monty, X - Monte

74. *Q19 – Put funda "Pierre, I need some help," President Kennedy told Salinger, who said he would "be glad to do anything I can." "I need a lot of _____," Kennedy told Salinger. "How many, Mr. President?" "About 1,000 Petit Upmanns." Salinger recalls that he "shuddered a bit" at the request, but kept his reaction to himself. "And, when do you need them, Mr. President?" "Tomorrow morning."

76. Q20 What’s with the colours? The below chart shows the active timelines for each coloured items. What are we talking about here?

77. M&Ms

78. *Q21 Put funda The image below shows the standard chess sets used in international competitions called Staunton Chess Sets. However, in the 9th Chess Olympiad held in Dubrovnik, a variant of the Staunton sets were used with some modifications for a particular reason. These Dubrovnik chess sets are today quite popular in Middle Eastern countries. What modification & what reason?

79. No Religious Symbols because Communism

80. Q22 ID X During the Second World War, the US established a trade embargo against Nazi Germany, making the export of Coca-Cola syrup difficult. To circumvent this, Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola Deutschland (Coca-Cola GmbH), decided to create a new product for the German market, using only ingredients available in Germany at the time, including beet sugar, whey (a cheese byproduct), and apple pomace—the "leftovers of leftovers", as Keith later recalled. The name was the result of a brainstorming session, which started with Keith's exhorting his team to "use their imagination" (______ in German), to which one of his salesmen, Joe Knipp, retorted "X!". The German plant was cut off from Coca-Cola headquarters following America's entry into the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After the war, The Coca-Cola Company regained control of the plant, formula, and the trademarks to the new X product—as well as the plant profits made during the war. In 1943 alone, 3 million cases of X were sold in Germany. Many bottles were not consumed as a beverage but used as a cooking ingredient to add sweetness and flavor to soups and stews, as sugar was severely rationed.

81. Fanta

82. Q23 ID the phrase This phrase is said to have been uttered by the French General Robert Nivelle during the Battle of Verdun in the first WW urging soldiers to put up a strong resistance against the invading Germans. Soon, this phrase started appearing in propaganda posters across France. We know this phrase today because of someone who was fighting in France during this war. Phrase and person please.

83. “They shall not pass” (ils ne passeront pas) JRR Tolkien

84. Q24 Put funda

85. After the song's initial success, speculation arose—as early as a 1964 article in Newsweek—that the song contained veiled references to smoking marijuana. The word "paper" in the name of Puff's human friend Jackie Paper was said to be a reference to rolling papers, the words "by the sea" were interpreted as "by the C" (as in cannabis), the word "mist" stood for "smoke", the land of "Honahlee" stood for hashish, and "dragon" was interpreted as "draggin'" (i.e., inhaling smoke). Similarly, the name "Puff" was alleged to be a reference to taking a "puff" on a joint. The supposition was claimed to be common knowledge in a letter by a member of the public to The New York Times in 1984.

86. ROUND 4: MaIn Course

87. *Q25 ID X, Y and Z Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood, and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the 8th century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is ____, ____and X. Today, doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is used at work places by all sections of society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture. The word Y is decided by philologers to be of Indian origin; and should the conjecture be correct, that it is derived from the X, or the X-tree, as Kaempfer calls it, it is clear, that as a spirit was extracted from that fruit, the name was given to all liquors having similar intoxicating effects. The term Y being common in eastern countries where the arts of civilized life have been so early cultivated, it is more reasonable to suppose that the Tartars received this word through their eastern connections with the Chinese, or other oriental nations, than to attribute it to a derivation foreign to their language, or as a generic term of their own. The great source of all Indian literature, and the parent of almost every oriental dialect, is the Sanskrit, a language of the most venerable and unfathomable antiquity, though now confined to the libraries of the Brahmins, and solely appropriated to religious laws and records. In the Indian subcontinent, the use of ____ and X dates back to the pre-Vedic period Indus Valley Civilization where it was associated with royalty and sexual symbolism. (X and ____ referring to male and female principles respectively). The term X originates from dravidian word Z.

88. Q26 ID X or Y According to Oxford dictionaries, this cricketing term (X) was coined because players from a certain region Y in England were its major exponents . Another theory attributes the name to the other meaning of X which is a cheater. The term may derive from the 18th and 19th century slang term "to pull a Y" on a person meaning to trick or deceive them. X or Y?

89. *Q27 – ID the phrase The phrase originated in 1967 in Haryana where excessive political horse trading, counter horse trading and counter-counter horse trading took place; triggering several rounds of frequent political defections by the serial-turncoat politicians within a span of few weeks; resulting in the dissolution of the Haryana Legislative Assembly and consequently the fresh elections were held in 1968. X (who inspired the term), an MLA from Hodal who had earlier quit the Congress to join the SVD, came back on 30 October. However, nine hours later he went back to Congress. Hence, within nine hours, the MLA changed sides twice—in and out of the Congress—and within a fortnight, moved to the SVD. Presenting him before the press in the CM House in Chandigarh, Rao Birender Singh declared the expression. Later in Parliament, Union Minister YB Chavan gave a speech on the Haryana governor's report. By the time he made the speech on 21 November, X had switched sides again and Chavan intoned: 'Ab toh Gaya Lal bhi gaya (Now even X is gone)'. This exercise eventually led to the famous term being used for the defectors.

90. *Q28 Melody & Beats Sealed inside a pillar of Warsaw's Church of the Holy Cross, is a famous relic. During the Polish uprising of WW2 it was removed temporarily by the Germans, and restored to the Church after the uprising. What is it?

91. Q29 Mary and her Blues X is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding Y into a powder. The name of the pigment comes from the Latin for "beyond the sea", because it was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries. X was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic form was invented in 1826. What are X and Y?

92. *Q30 What is X? In the lead-up to the 2022 South Korean Presidential elections, candidate Lee Jae-myung's manifesto dealt with X. X emerged as a hot-button topic ahead of the election, where previous elections have focused on North Korea’s nuclear program, relations with the U.S., scandals and economic problems. Online communities for __ people are flooded with messages supporting his proposal. Lee told reporters Wednesday that he thinks treatments for X should be covered by the national health insurance program. “Please, let us know what has been inconvenient for you over X treatments and what must be reflected in policies,” Lee wrote on Facebook. “I’ll present a perfect policy on X treatment.”

93. Q31 Astronauts on the field Nobody somehow seems to remember that Graham Yallop had led Australia in 11 international matches. He is, by all kinds of definitions, a forgotten man of Australian cricket. Misfortune chased Yallop right from the debut. The Australians did not take the axing of their ‘mate’ McCosker very lightly, and put up a hostile attitude towards Yallop from the very beginning. Yallop later said: “I have no doubts that certain members of that team wanted me to fail.” Greg Chappell won the toss and elected to bowl; Yallop, the only debutant of the Test, walked up to him. The following conversation followed: Yallop: Where should I field? Chappell: Mate, we are quite cramped in the slips. Tell you what… be in the covers. Yallop (following Chappell): I want slips. Chappell: Listen mate, the first time was a polite query… now go and stand in the covers. Chappell, however, later admitted in Fierce Focus: “To be fair, I probably wasn’t as welcoming as I could have been, but Graham was a bit ahead of himself.” However, Yallop was the first person to do something on the cricket field, which was widely booed by the crowd at that point in time. In a tour of West Indies Yallop used an innovation without which batting averages of the subsequent era would probably have been lower.

94. Q32 ID the art form In ____ ______, the performer produces a fundamental pitch and—simultaneously—one or more pitches over that. Historically, this practice originated from the pastoral livelihood of the region's population. Many male herders can exhibit this skill but of late women have begun to practice the technique as well. The open landscape of the region where this skill originated allows for the sounds to carry a great distance. Ethnomusicologists studying this skill in these areas mark ___ ____ as an integral part in the ancient pastoral animism still practiced today. Often, practitioners travel far into the countryside looking for the right river, or go up to the steppes of the mountainside to create the proper environment. The animistic world view of this region identifies the spirituality of objects in nature, not just in their shape or location, but in their sound as well. Thus, human mimicry of nature's sounds is seen as the root of ____ _____. An example of this is the story of the waterfall above the Buyant Göl (Deer River in the local language), where mysterious harmonic sounds are said to have attracted deer to bask in the waters, and where, it is said, harmonic sounds were first revealed to people. Indeed, the cultures in this part of Asia have developed many instruments and techniques to mimic the sounds of animals, wind, and water.

95. Q32 ID the art form

96. MaIn Course : Answers

97. *Q25 ID X, Y and Z Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood, and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the 8th century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is ____, ____and X. Today, doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is used at work places by all sections of society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture. The word Y is decided by philologers to be of Indian origin; and should the conjecture be correct, that it is derived from the X, or the X-tree, as Kaempfer calls it, it is clear, that as a spirit was extracted from that fruit, the name was given to all liquors having similar intoxicating effects. The term Y being common in eastern countries where the arts of civilized life have been so early cultivated, it is more reasonable to suppose that the Tartars received this word through their eastern connections with the Chinese, or other oriental nations, than to attribute it to a derivation foreign to their language, or as a generic term of their own. The great source of all Indian literature, and the parent of almost every oriental dialect, is the Sanskrit, a language of the most venerable and unfathomable antiquity, though now confined to the libraries of the Brahmins, and solely appropriated to religious laws and records. In the Indian subcontinent, the use of ____ and X dates back to the pre-Vedic period Indus Valley Civilization where it was associated with royalty and sexual symbolism. (X and ____ referring to male and female principles respectively). The term X originates from dravidian word Z.

98. X - Areca Nut Y - Arrack Z - Tamil: அடைக்காய், romanized: aḍaikkāy Malayalam: അടയ്ക്ക, romanized: aṭaykka Kannada: ಅಡಿಕೆ, romanized: adike

99. Q26 ID X or Y According to Oxford dictionaries, this cricketing term (X) was coined because players from a certain region Y in England were its major exponents . Another theory attributes the name to the other meaning of X which is a cheater. The term may derive from the 18th and 19th century slang term "to pull a Y" on a person meaning to trick or deceive them. X or Y?

100. Yorkshire / Yorker

101. *Q27 – ID the phrase The phrase originated in 1967 in Haryana where excessive political horse trading, counter horse trading and counter-counter horse trading took place; triggering several rounds of frequent political defections by the serial-turncoat politicians within a span of few weeks; resulting in the dissolution of the Haryana Legislative Assembly and consequently the fresh elections were held in 1968. X (who inspired the term), an MLA from Hodal who had earlier quit the Congress to join the SVD, came back on 30 October. However, nine hours later he went back to Congress. Hence, within nine hours, the MLA changed sides twice—in and out of the Congress—and within a fortnight, moved to the SVD. Presenting him before the press in the CM House in Chandigarh, Rao Birender Singh declared the expression. Later in Parliament, Union Minister YB Chavan gave a speech on the Haryana governor's report. By the time he made the speech on 21 November, X had switched sides again and Chavan intoned: 'Ab toh X Lal bhi gaya (Now even X is gone)'. This exercise eventually led to the famous term being used for the defectors.

102. Aaya Ram Gaya Ram

103. *Q28 Melody & Beats Sealed inside a pillar of Warsaw's Church of the Holy Cross, is a famous relic. During the Polish uprising of WW2 it was removed temporarily by the Germans, and restored to the Church after the uprising. What is it?

104. Chopin’s Heart

105. Q29 Mary and her Blues X is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding Y into a powder. The name of the pigment comes from the Latin for "beyond the sea", because it was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries. X was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic form was invented in 1826. What are X and Y?

106. X - Ultra Marine Y - Lapis Lazuli

107. *Q30 What is X? In the lead-up to the 2022 South Korean Presidential elections, candidate Lee Jae-myung's manifesto dealt with X. X emerged as a hot-button topic ahead of the election, where previous elections have focused on North Korea’s nuclear program, relations with the U.S., scandals and economic problems. Online communities for __ people are flooded with messages supporting his proposal. Lee told reporters Wednesday that he thinks treatments for X should be covered by the national health insurance program. “Please, let us know what has been inconvenient for you over X treatments and what must be reflected in policies,” Lee wrote on Facebook. “I’ll present a perfect policy on X treatment.”

108. Baldness / Hair re-growth

109. Q31 Astronauts on the field Nobody somehow seems to remember that Graham Yallop had led Australia in 11 international matches. He is, by all kinds of definitions, a forgotten man of Australian cricket. Misfortune chased Yallop right from the debut. The Australians did not take the axing of their ‘mate’ McCosker very lightly, and put up a hostile attitude towards Yallop from the very beginning. Yallop later said: “I have no doubts that certain members of that team wanted me to fail.” Greg Chappell won the toss and elected to bowl; Yallop, the only debutant of the Test, walked up to him. The following conversation followed: Yallop: Where should I field? Chappell: Mate, we are quite cramped in the slips. Tell you what… be in the covers. Yallop (following Chappell): I want slips. Chappell: Listen mate, the first time was a polite query… now go and stand in the covers. Chappell, however, later admitted in Fierce Focus: “To be fair, I probably wasn’t as welcoming as I could have been, but Graham was a bit ahead of himself.” However, Yallop was the first person to do something on the cricket field, which was widely booed by the crowd at that point in time. In a tour of West Indies Yallop used an innovation without which batting averages of the subsequent era would probably have been lower.

111. Q32 ID the art form In ____ ______, the performer produces a fundamental pitch and—simultaneously—one or more pitches over that. Historically, this practice originated from the pastoral livelihood of the region's population. Many male herders can exhibit this skill but of late women have begun to practice the technique as well. The open landscape of the region where this skill originated allows for the sounds to carry a great distance. Ethnomusicologists studying this skill in these areas mark ___ ____ as an integral part in the ancient pastoral animism still practiced today. Often, practitioners travel far into the countryside looking for the right river, or go up to the steppes of the mountainside to create the proper environment. The animistic world view of this region identifies the spirituality of objects in nature, not just in their shape or location, but in their sound as well. Thus, human mimicry of nature's sounds is seen as the root of ____ _____. An example of this is the story of the waterfall above the Buyant Göl (Deer River in the local language), where mysterious harmonic sounds are said to have attracted deer to bask in the waters, and where, it is said, harmonic sounds were first revealed to people. Indeed, the cultures in this part of Asia have developed many instruments and techniques to mimic the sounds of animals, wind, and water.

112. Q32 ID the art form

113. Throat Singing

114. ROUND 5: Desserts

115. Q33 ID X & Y X is named after one-piece bathing suits of the 1920s worn in tanks or swimming pools. The upper garment is worn commonly by both men and women. The build of a X is simple: the neck and armholes are often reinforced for durability. When made of ribbed cotton, it is also called Y after a 1947 criminal case when a Detroit man was arrested for beating his wife to death. News outlets are alleged to have printed a photo of him in a stained undershirt and referred to him as Y. X & Y please.

116. Q34 What did Nubkissen do/ID X. As far as names go, the “Battle of Plassey” is a terrible one. It was actually fought at a place called “Pawlāshi” in modern West Bengal, “Palāsi” being the Persian language mangling of the village adopted by the British. Bribed by the British colonel, Robert Clive, most of the Bengal army simply deserted Nawab Siraj ud- Daulah within an hour of fighting. Clive attributed his success to providence and sought to give thanks to the Lord. Unfortunately, the only church in the town of Calcutta had been destroyed by Siraj ud-Daulah. At this moment, it is believed that Clive’s Persian interpreter and clerk, a zamindar named Nabakrishna Deb, who spelt his name as Nubkissen stepped up and organised something to provide Clive an alternative option - X. This neat tale has gained wide fame as the definitive origin tale of X. The only problem – it’s completely made up, probably by Nubkissen himself. The only source is an anonymous painting, maybe commissioned by Nubkissen. He only became Clive’s munshi after 1757, so this seems highly unlikely.

117. Q35 A hole in 10 While working with Cadbury in 1930, Dr. Hans Zehnloch came up with a trademark design whereby each of the entity bears 10 holes. He went with this as his name, Zehnloch, literally translates to 10 holes. What did he design?

118. Q36 ID X or Y The director was inspired by an ant colony while coming up with the design for X. To that end, he gave the masks different designations. For example, some had a ____, which represented the worker drones while others had a _____ which represented the soldiers, but the _____ represented the managers within the group. (All blanks are different) The managers, workers, and soldiers all have specific duties to perform and cannot deviate from those tasks. What is X?

119. Q37 - ID the blank and the person __ Doree is French chain of Bakery/Café restaurants founded in 1976 and originally started in Brest. The chain has worldwide operations and is the second largest Bakery/Café chain in the world. It serves over 200,000 customers every day and operates over 500 restaurants. The name means "Golden ___" in French. The blank which happens to be a luxury food in France also played a rather misleading role in a story which most likely never happened where the protagonist (or antagonist?) is believed to have nonchalantly uttered "Qu'ils mangent de la __"

120. Q38 Put funda

121. Q39 ID X Y This is the story of a company X and a product Y. X manufactured Y for the first time in 1923, but these weren’t very popular then. In 1944 a ship called the SS Fort Stikine carrying cotton, gold, ammunition and Y caught fire in Bombay Port. One of the few things to survive the resulting explosion was Y. For India’s first Parlimentary Elections in 1951, this company won the tender to supply the government with 1.7 million ballot boxes. After the elections were done, the government decided it no longer needed these boxes and promptly returned them to the manufacturer. The manufacturer in turn converted them into Y. Give X,Y.

122. Q40 Daddy who is a Mummy ID this man doing cringe touristy stuff on a visit to Cairo in 1896. In under 2 decades this man would unwittingly chart a new chapter in world history, albeit one without him.

123. Desserts : Answers

124. Q33 ID X & Y X is named after one-piece bathing suits of the 1920s worn in tanks or swimming pools. The upper garment is worn commonly by both men and women. The build of a tank top is simple: the neck and armholes are often reinforced for durability. When made of ribbed cotton, it is also called Y after a 1947 criminal case when a Detroit man was arrested for beating his wife to death. News outlets are alleged to have printed a photo of him in a stained undershirt and referred to him as Y. X & Y please.

125. Tank Tops & Wifebeaters

126. Q34 What did Nubkissen do/ID X. As far as names go, the “Battle of Plassey” is a terrible one. It was actually fought at a place called “Pawlāshi” in modern West Bengal, “Palāsi” being the Persian language mangling of the village adopted by the British. Bribed by the British colonel, Robert Clive, most of the Bengal army simply deserted Nawab Siraj ud- Daulah within an hour of fighting. Clive attributed his success to providence and sought to give thanks to the Lord. Unfortunately, the only church in the town of Calcutta had been destroyed by the Siraj ud-Daulah. At this moment, it is believed that Clive’s Persian interpreter and clerk, a zamindar named Nabakrishna Deb, who spelt his name as Nubkissen stepped up and organised something to provide Clive an alternative option - X. This neat tale has gained wide fame as the definitive origin tale of X. The only problem – it’s completely made up, probably by Nubkissen himself. The only source is an anonymous painting, maybe commissioned by Nubkissen. Deb only became Clive’s munshi after 1757, so this seems highly unlikely.

128. Q35 A hole in 10 While working with Cadbury in 1930, Dr. Hans Zehnloch came up with a trademark design whereby each of the entity bears 10 holes. He went with this as his name, Zehnloch, literally translates to 10 holes. What did he design?

129. Bourbon

130. Q36 ID X or Y The director was inspired by an ant colony while coming up with the design for X. To that end, he gave the masks different designations. For example, some had a ____, which represented the worker drones while others had a _____ which represented the soldiers, but the _____ represented the managers within the group. (All blanks are different) The managers, workers, and soldiers all have specific duties to perform and cannot deviate from those tasks. What is X?

132. Q37 - ID the blank and the person __ Doree is French chain of Bakery/Café restaurants founded in 1976 and originally started in Brest. The chain has worldwide operations and is the second largest Bakery/Café chain in the world. It serves over 200,000 customers every day and operates over 500 restaurants. The name means "Golden ___" in French. The blank which happens to be a luxury food in France also played a rather misleading role in a story which most likely never happened where the protagonist (or antagonist?) is believed to have nonchalantly uttered "Qu'ils mangent de la __"

133. Brioche

134. Q38 Put funda

135. ‘Overthrow or wilful act of fielder’ states that “If the boundary results from an overthrow or from the wilful act of a fielder, the runs scored shall be any runs for penalties awarded to either side, and the allowance for the boundary, and the runs completed by the batsmen, together with the run in progress if they had already crossed at the instant of the throw or act.”

136. Q39 ID X Y This is the story of a company X and a product Y. X manufactured Y for the first time in 1923, but these weren’t very popular then. In 1944 a ship called the SS Fort Stikine carrying cotton, gold, ammunition and Y caught fire in Bombay Port. One of the few things to survive the resulting explosion was Y. For India’s first Parlimentary Elections in 1951, this company won the tender to supply the government with 1.7 million ballot boxes. After the elections were done, the government decided it no longer needed these boxes and promptly returned them to the manufacturer. The manufacturer in turn converted them into Y. Give X,Y.

137. Godrej Safe

138. Q40 Daddy who is a Mummy ID this man doing cringe touristy stuff on a visit to Cairo in 1896. In under 2 decades this man would unwittingly chart a new chapter in world history, albeit one without him.

139. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

140. Thank you!

141. FINAL SCORES

142. Q41 When Australia was first being colonized, the country had no formal police force. In response to this need, the Marines of the Royal Navy assumed the responsibility after arriving to New South Wales in January of 1788. This provisional police force proved to be insufficient for the growing law enforcement needs of the newly developing country. The need was made even more evident when an economic crisis hit and the government established a rationing program. The lack of basic goods caused insecurity and fear among residents. With these feelings of instability and the inability to procure basic necessities, crime rates began to soar. The Marines of the Royal Navy were unable to control the ever-growing crime rates. The local government, led by Governor Phillip, soon recognized the need for a locally established law enforcement department and created the X. At the time, Australia had more convict residents than residents without criminal backgrounds. With convicts being the only human resources set before him, Governor Phillip decided to task 12 of the most well-behaved individuals with the responsibility of the "X".

143. Q41 These 12 men were divided into four groups that were assigned to different sectors of New South Wales. Given the success of this first group of convicts-turned-police-officers, the government decided to expand the program. In 1790, the X program was expanded to the city of Sydney. A new group of convicts joined the pre-existing Sydney Foot Police, allowing the enforcement area to expand into Toongabbie, Hawkesbury, and Parramatta. According to historians, of these additional police units, the mounted forces played an extremely important role in enforcing law throughout the land. This is because these police officers were able to reach the areas located far from the city. In addition, mounted police were able to monitor and regulate the transportation of trade and other goods along the country’s roadways. By the mid 19th century, the government passed the Police Recruiting Act which allowed the police department to recruit individuals from the British Isles as well. Recruits were given a free fare to come to Australia in exchange for 3 years of police service. Historical records indicate that the Night Watch and its extensions were successful at controlling and reducing crime throughout Australia, a surprising result for a police force created of convicts.

144. Q42 ID X & Y Hakim Abu'l-Fath Gilani was a physician in the Iranian Mughal court. He grew concerned about the health of noblemen after X became popular in India. Gilani invented a device (Y) which allowed “purification” of X . He introduced the idea of using a Y as an alternative to X after Akbar chose to take up the X habit. It wasn't long after that that noblemen all over India were using Y and it eventually became a symbol of Indian aristocracy and gentry.

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