This document discusses addiction, specifically drug abuse. It begins with an introduction to addiction and what it is. It then discusses the types of drug abuse, causes of addiction, and effects of addiction. The document provides a history of addiction and drug abuse throughout time. It describes the diagnosis of addiction and includes a study questionnaire. It profiles 5 patients and their experiences with addiction. The document concludes with sections on the treatment of addiction and a scenario example of addiction.

1. BIOLOGY
PROJECT
TOPIC:
ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
PREPARED BY:
M.GNANENDRAREDDY

2. B0NAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ……………………………….....…..
has successfully carried out the project titled
______________________________________ in partial
fulfilment of his/her investigatory project in
chemistry during the year
………………………………... .
InternalExaminer
External Examiner PRINCIPAL

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to acknowledge that this investigatory
project would not have been successful without the
help of the source that are mention below.
It was a great opportunity making this
investigatory project so at the onset a very great
thanks to our respected subject teachers, without
their guidance this investigatory project would not
have been possible. Lastly I would like to thank
our parents who really helped us in each and every
movement, friends and everyone who is directly or
indirectly associated with the completion of this
investigatory project of biology.

4. CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.WHAT IS ADDICTION
3.TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
4.CAUSES OF ADDICTION
5.EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
6.HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
7.DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
8.STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
9.THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
10. TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
11. SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
12. CONCLUSION
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. INTRODUCTION
Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of
the world. More than millions of the individual are
struggling against addiction. It takes away the
happiness of the people by avoiding them to get
what they want and many of the people were also
not able to take correct decision. According to the
recent studies it has been found that adolescent are
more vulnerable to addiction.
Addiction is that type of diseases whose
rehabilitation is very difficult. As we know
prevention is better than cure so we can prevent
our self from getting addicted by not living under
peer pressure. If we also get addicted, we should
immediately take the help of specialist for rehab.
.

6. WHAT IS ADDICTION?
Addictionis the habitual,physiological,psychological
dependenceon a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntarycontrol. A person who is habituatedto a substance
or a practice, especiallya harmful one, is called an addict.
Addictionis a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal
disorder with both genetic and environmentalroots. It
manifests as a compulsionthat derives an individualto
continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved
ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behaviour.It is a
disease of “more”- an active addict needs an increasing
amount of substance to get high and is unableto cease usage
without painfulwithdrawal symptoms. This is true whether
the addictivesubstance is a drug or tobacco or alcoholor a
behaviour.Medically,addiction is of three types : Tobacco
Addiction,Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction

7. TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
1.Heroin
As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis,
and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can
also spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus
and hepatitis. This drug is known to cause serious health
issues when it is abused because it interferes with the brain’s
receptors. Individuals who take heroin always require
professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of
withdrawal may be life-threatening.
2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in
small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure,
and accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal
strokes or heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe
consequences of using cocaine, users require immediate
professional treatment.
3. Crack

8. A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly
creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack
has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy
and use. Abusing the substance, however, can lead to
immediate addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering
heart attacks and strokes with every use. Long-term use can
cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.
4. Hallucinogens
PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
are hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see,
and hear things that are not real. While they experience
hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch with reality
and enter mental states of disconnection. Withdrawing from
hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need professional
treatment in a rehab facility.
5. Marijuana / Cannabis

9. Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and
many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social
situations. Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to
addiction, and the substance can affect the physical
coordination, memory, and mental functions of users over
time. While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is not easy to stop
using it.
7. Alcohol
Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social
problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so
much that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this
requires that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning.
Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the
people around them while they are under the influence.
Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens,
which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure
or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it
becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of
alcohol.

10. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are:-
1.Peer pressure
2.Stress and depression
3.Lack of education
4.Religious rituals
5.Bad friends

12. EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
 Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
 Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
 Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly weaker.
 Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance of
developinghepatitis, andcirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
irreversible and progressive condition
 Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle),heart failure,
andstroke.
 Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it
 Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing
severalcancers, includingcancer of the mouth, oesophagus,
liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
 Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-
dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among
other people.

13. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco,
drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and
adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time.
The following measures would be particularly useful for
prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during
adolescents.
1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.
2.Education and counselling.
3.Seeking help from parents and peers.
4.Looking for Danger Signs.
5. Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

14. HISTORY OF ADDICTION
Beer
Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve
the daily grind of life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now
known as Iraq), agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a
large network of city states started to gain prominence.
With the cultivation of wheat and barley came another
product: beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy,
and the weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of
harmful organisms in the water.
While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't
particularly nice, as the concept of sterility was unknown in
3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in bulk.
Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-
called cradle of civilization, and people during that time
generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease and,
presumably, drunkenness.
Opium
Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the
Indians, Assyrians and Egyptians were cultivating and
preparing opium from the opium poppy. Indeed, the upper
classes of many civilizations would use this to relax and pass
time, although some uses are much less benign. One Egyptian
scroll recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.

15. Hallucinogens and Natural Highs
Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special
form of mead (fermented honey) or beer to induce visions
known as mysteries. Naturally, there is something very
mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants containing
entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations)
have been widely cultivated throughout the world; these
include the peyote cactus, fly agaric, and cannabis. Clearly,
this is a form of drug abuse, although it was a socially
acceptable one at the time.
Cocaine
During the second millennium, world trade started to be
more prominent. Ships started sailing from China to Europe-
Marco Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India and
China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be major product of
trade.
After that, the American continent became ripe for
development. Various conquistadors discovered the drugs that
kept the locals going, especially cocaine, which was touted as
a wonder cure for all ailments.
Tobacco
One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was
tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh famously introduced dried
tobacco leaves to England, where they were controlled and
taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive
addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage
for those who made it over the Atlant.

16. DIAGNOSIS OFADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody
is addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Bloodtest- this may be ordered to determine whether the
substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has
been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help
the patient determine their degree of dependence by asking
pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The
following questions may help determine how dependent a
patient is:
 How many cigarettes do yousmokeper day?
 Do youfindit hardnot to smoke inplaces where it is not
allowed, suchas in a church, school, movietheatre, library,
public transport, hospital, etc.?
 If youhadto give up, whichcigarette wouldyou miss the
most (e.g.the first onein the morning)?
 Do yousmokemore cigarettes during the first fewhours
after waking up, than during the rest of the day?
 If youare ill, witha badcoldor the flu, do youstill take drug
or alcohol?
 Have youever smoked more thanyou intendedto?
 Have youever neglecteda dutybecause youwere smoking,
or so that you could have a cigarette?

17. STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
QUESTIONAIRE
1. What was the age when you started having addiction?
2. What makes you want to take drug?
3. Was there anyone in your family who is also addicted?
4. Did you start the treatment as soon as you started having
the addiction?
5. Do you think addiction has affected your normal life?
6. Which was the first problem you started to have at the
onset of addiction?
7. Are you satisfied with the available treatment of this
disease?
8. Do you think the treatment of this disease is an expensive
process?

18. THE PROFILE OF 5PATIENTS
Case no: 1 Patient name: Sofia Akhtar
Age: 65Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally
changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family. At the
onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.
Case no: 2 Patient name: Mrs Neha Das
Age: 40Type:T1DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties
to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common need
of my family, and some time I become unconsciousness and my
family gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for
this disease but I didn’t get any such good result.
Case no: 3 Patient name: Shubankar Deka
Age: 45 Type: T1DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didn’t take
much attention to it due to very busy job. I din’ took medicine
regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I’m suffering
from this dangerous disease I have to lose my job, during urination I
feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my family,

19. Case no:4 Patient name:Karan Barman
Age: 54 Type:T2DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to take
care of family. I don’t have much savings that I would go in a big
hospital for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot go to
work site as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I try to do any
hard work. Due to this I cannot send my children to school.
Case no:5 Patient name: Miss RupaliNath
Age: 33 Type:T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission:15/01/16
Comments: I am both working women and house wife I have no time to
care of my health I always remain busy taking care of my family and
doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had gained my weight
rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg and my recent diagnosis
says that I am suffering from diabetes.
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION

20. Do-it-yourself -
Experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to
reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professionalhelp. There
is a great deal of material in books and the internet that may help the
self-helper.
Counselling -
A qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her
problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking.CBT (cognitive
behavioural therapy) is commonlyused to treat alcohol dependency.
Detoxification -
The patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms
(delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience when they give up
drinking.
Drugs for cravings – Whenyou have a craving recognize it for what
it is. You might as well enjoy the rush; it's like a freebie you don't get to
control. By being scared of the feeling, you induce
more anxiety and shame that may lead you to act out. Instead, recognize
your lack of control over the craving, let the experience happen, and go
on with your life.
If the experience is overwhelming, make sure there's someone youcan
talk to about it (a therapist, partner, parent, or 12 step sponsors).As time
passes your cravings will becomeless and less frequent,though without
specifictreatment, their intensity will likely not go away. Cravings are a
part of the reality of addiction - knowing what to do with them is a key to
success.

21. SCENARIO OF ADDICTION

22. CONCLUSION
Overall, a general decreasing trend can be observed in cigarette use
and alcohol use among adolescents.However, despite rather strict
regulations on tobacco in mostcountries and on alcohol in some
countries, adolescents still report relatively easy access to tobacco and
alcohol. Moreover, trends over the past two decades indicate a closing
of the gendergap in the use of tobacco and alcohol. The data suggest
that cannabis remains an ‘established’drug. Although prevalence
peaked in 2003 and decreased slightlythereafter, the prevalence rates
in lifetime and current cannabis use are higher in 2015 than in 1995.In
many countries, prevalence rates for NPS suggestthat these
substances are more attractive than the ‘old drugs’ amphetamine,
ecstasy, cocaine or LSD. Availability of NPS and adolescents’use of
these substances needs to be closely monitored.
With the popularity of Smartphones and tablets, internet use has
become morepopular and increasingly mobile.The students were using
the internet quite regularly and most commonlyreported using it for
social media, for instance to stay in contact with friends.Since the
internet has becomean integral part of life and is used on a daily basis,
the developmentof patterns of addictive use among children and
adolescents needs to be closelymonitored and investigated in further
studies. Associated with the increased internet use, online gaming has
also become more popular, especially among boys. Moreover, youth
gambling has become a popular form of recreation. Measures to prevent
adolescents from developing problems associatedwith gambling, such
as debts,psychologicaldeficits and social disadvantages, are of high
priority.

23. Substance or internet use should not always be consideredindividually:
there seems to be a high associationbetween the use of differentdrugs,
including alcohol and tobacco,and risky behaviours such as gambling.
These associations have frequently been discussed in the light of the
gateway theory, assuming that progressionfrom one drug to another
increase with the frequency of use of the former drug (Kandel et al.,
1992).Others have suggesteda connectionbetween differenttypes of
problem behaviour and that certain risk-imbued behaviour patterns are
caused by identical underlying commonfactors.

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
 Internet (Wikipedia)
 NCERT biology class XI
 Some diabetic patients
 Online library
 151 base hospital
 www.academia.edu