A presentation by Professor Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy, made during Africa Water Week, 27 May 2014, in Dakar, Senegal.

1. Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)
African Water Week
Dakar 27th May 2014
Kala Vairavamoorthy
Patel College of Global Sustainability
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

2. ~2.5 Billion without access
to improved sanitationd
~780 million without
access to improved water
Bad News: Developing World

3. Managing urban water will become
more challenging in the future

4. • 155,000 persons per day
• 90% in developing countries
• ~90% in urban areas
• ~850,000 per week in urban settings
The Urban Arithmetic for 2050
Growing but also ‘Growing Up’

5. Source: UN (2003)
Growth in emerging towns -
Opportunity to do Things Differently

6. Source: World Bank (2010) World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography , second edition, pp. 35
Opportunity to do Things
In Africa and Asia

7. Shenzhen
Fishing village of
several thousand
City of 7 million – big in
electronic manufacturing
1980 Today
Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia

8. Need to think differently

9. IUWM is not a methodology but a
mindset - a different way of thinking
IntegrationProductive UseBeneficiation

10. Doing more with less
‘Integration the key’
Holistic systems approach
to the urban watershed

11. Surface water
Demand
management
Leakage
management
Stormwater/
Rainwater
Black water
Groundwater
Grey water
Productivity requires an integrated
perspective of the urban water cycle

12. Integrated modelling allows us to
connect all flows with productive uses
SURFACE WATER/GROUNDWATER/DESALINATION)
WATER SUPPLY
COMM/DOM/IND/USE
IRRIGATION
GREYWATER REUSE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
RECEIVING BODY (SUSRFACE/GROUNDWATER)
RAINWATER/
STORMWATER
HARVESTING
POTABLE WATER
RAIN/STORMWATER
GREY WATER
BLACK WATER
KEY
RECLAIMED WATER

13. TransitioningExploring alternative urban water
solutions to rapid population growth
Water demand will at
least double until 2035
NAIROBI

14. Typical solutions - import more
water to meet growing needs
• Unit costs of US$ 0.36/m3
NewGW
Existing
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit
New SW-1
New
SW-2
Demand
(2035)

15. Improving productivity
measure reduces unit costs
• Unit costs of US$ 0.31/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
Demand
(2035)
New
SW-1
Rainwater
harvesting(Cluster)
NewGW
DemandMgt.Leakage
Mgt.
Greywater(Cluster)
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit

16. Further productivity measures
can postpone investments
• Unit costs of US$ 0.40/m3 (cf. to 0.36)
Rainwater
harvesting(Cluster)
NewGW
DemandMgt.Leakage
Mgt.
Greywater(Cluster)
Demand
(2010)
637X103 m3/d deficit
Reclaimwater(Cluster)
Rainwater(HH)
Greywater(Household)
Demand
(2035)
1.21
WN

17. It’s already happening: Namibia
Reclaimed Dam Water Groundwater
Domestic
Consumers
Industrial
Irrig. -Parks
WW Treatment
26% 66% 8%
45%
7%
6%
10% Unaccounted
for Water
WW Treatment
Irrig. - Fodder
River
Reuse for Irrigation
Reusefordrinkingwater
Reclaimed (old)
13%
83%
Consumed
38%
26%
90%
Security through diversity

18. Conveyance
Treatm.(pump)
Treatm.(process)
Local catchment Import NEWater Desal Total
0.48
0.42
1.03
kwh/m3
0.56
4.09
NEWRI 2010
Unconventional water sources:
more energy intensive

19. bank filtration,
soil-aquifer treatment,
constructed wetlands,
hybrid systems
Natural systems can help
close the water cycle

20. River
Natural systems can help
close the water cycle
$0.067/m3 (cf 0.28/m3)
0.012 -0.024 $/m3
(cf 0.05-0.15 $/m3)
(0.17 $/m3)
Lake Bank
Filtration
River Bank Filtration
Primary Treatment
and/or Constructed
Wetlands
Stabilization Ponds
Water for Irrigation
River
Dam
Reservoir
Ecohydrology
Low Energy – Water Efficient’ Closed Loop
Soil Aquifer Treatment
Artificial Recharge Recovery

21. Kibera
Nairobi
Dam
Ngong River
Greywater from
unserviced
households
Polluted runoff
from streets
Overflow from
pit latrines
Flows from Kibera pollute Nairobi Dam
No longer used as a water source

22. Cost for provision of drainage and
sanitation for Kibera
• EAC US$ 1.0M
Condominium sewers
Condominium sewers
DEWATS
DEWATS
Potential water resources after
slum improvement
• Yield 17,300m3/d
• Cost of water (0.16$/m3)
• US$800,000/year reduction
SUDS
SUDS
Urban water infrastructure provision
to Kibera benefit all of Nairobi
Ben

23. Manage water supply, wastewater & stormwater
together (one urban water cycle)……. and think
creatively about what could be your water
sources (and don’t focus on the obvious ones).
Take home message
(educate future urban leaders on the integrated perspective
of the urban water cycle and contextualize each component
of the water system within this perspective)

24. Need to recognize that main challenges
are political and institutional in nature
Path to
Implementation
Political &
Institutional Barriers
Need collaboration, cooperation, and coordination between institutions

25. The water sector can’t do it alone
Land planners
Architects
Developers
Gov’t officials
Financiers
Energy experts

26. We need to break down barriers

27. Bogota, Colombia
Issue:
• pollution of upper Rio Bogota
(tanneries)
Key players:
• Association of tanners,
Regulator, Local government,
NGO, University,…
Outcomes:
• 1/2 of small enterprises
implemented cleaner
production principles
removing 90% pollution

28. We need to put water in the minds of people?

29. Create a favorable enabling environment
(institutional landscape, regulations etc.) that
allows the effective and sustainable urban
water management
Take home message

30. Think about Harvesting
Looking from downstream up

31. Perspective of productive use
and beneficiation
Productive Use Beneficiation
Quality
B
Quality
A
Quality
C
Grey water
Brownwater
Urine
Solid waste
Surface Water
Ground Water
Rain Water
Energy
Potable
Water
Reclaimed
non-potable
Industry
Use
Hygienized
Sludge
Nutrients Bioplastic

32. These perspectives lead to a more
decentralized type of thinking?
Decentralization well suited for:
• Energy recovery (heat recovered
and used close to source)
• Minimizing energy consumption
(for moving water)
• Source separation (to maximize
nutrient recovery)
• Adjusted growth (to deal with
rapid growing cities)
• Increased resiliency (dampens the
propagation of failures)

33. Water machine to deal with growing
cities - Qingdao, China
• 12,000 PE clusters
• Source separation and water quality
matched to intended use
• Net energy positive
Water
Resource

34. Look for opportunities to create new
paradigms (not extended old ones)
Formalised
Water System
Small scale providers
Growth
Decentralized
community based
Expansion of existing
system to serve new
demand
New
demand

35. Qujiang New District
North lake
South lake
Associated
wetland
District
wastewater
treatment
plant
District wastewater
network
District storm water
drainage
(Secondary treatment)
(Tertiary treatment)
(Regulation
lakes)
Gardening
Forestation
Miscellaneous
uses
Car washing
• New cluster for 10,000 PE
• Environmental buffers used before reuse
• Clusters boundaries determined through
spatial optimization process
Cities ring-fencing central core and
decentralizing in new areas - Xi’an
Xi’an
Central

36. Cities ring-fencing central core and
decentralizing in new areas - Xi’an
Siyuan College
• 18,000 students
• Decentralized water and
wastewater
• 50% less potable water
Xi’an
Central

37. Quick growing
emerging towns
Exploring opportunities to do thinks
differently in emerging cities
UGANDA

38. C1
C2
C3
C4
C7
C6
C5
Look for opportunities to create new
paradigms (not extended old ones)

39. Semi-centralized is cheaper?
Average Annual Costs
3,787,000 US$
Average Annual Costs
5,148,000 US$

40. One size does not fit all – Different solutions
for different drivers & applications
Centralized Decentralized
Cluster In SituSemi CentralizedLarge Scale
A Continuum of Options
EXTREME EVENTS –
RESILIENT WATER SYSTEM

41. Driver for water management should be
beneficiation –maximize value added
(institutions & regulations to support and not hinder)
‘All water is good water: fit for purpose’
Take home message
(educate future urban leaders on all benefits of water – public
health, aesthetics, economic development, green economy)

42. Transitioning
Graph Theory Transition Systems
Existing System
Future System
Based on Old System
Future System
Totally New System
Transitioning

43. 0 10 20 30 40

44. 0 10 20 30 40

45. 0 10 20 30 40

46. 0 10 20 30 40

47. 0 10 20 30 40

48. 0 10 20 30 40

49. 0 10 20 30 40

50. 0 10 20 30 40

51. 0 10 20 30 40

52. 0 10 20 30 40

53. 0 10 20 30 40
Sempewo, J., Vairavamoorthy, K. and Grimshaw, F. (2010)

54. We need Champions of Change
Train new urban leaders!

55. Training program needs to be holistic
and promote integration
Technology Selection
Building Effective
Institutions
Stakeholder Engagement
Economics and
Finance
IUWM
Toolbox
IUWM
Diagnostics
Water
Balance
Model

56. There are many technologies suited for
developing countries – but what are they?
What technologies
exist to allow me to
reuse & recycle?
How can I capture
nutrients from my
water?
What technologies
will help me
generate energy
from my water?
What technologies
exist to help me
harvest stormwater?
What technologies
will help me convert
faecal sludge into
money?
?????

57. Greywater Treatment:Household
DEWATS
Horizontal Flow Wetlands Algal Culture Ponds:
Harvest Micro-algae
Fecal sludge into safe fertilizer:
LaDePa machine (Durban)
We need a catalogue to help us understand what
technologies exist (and where/when to apply)

58. Medium Level for Senior Managers
Expert Training for Managers & Practitioners
A strategy that cascades change

59. Choices Before Us
What You
Know..
What You
Don’t Know..
What You
Know..
Stay in Lane
Business as
Usual
Try Harder
Spend More for
Traditional Sys
Paradigm Shift
Truly Different
Approach

60. Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy
vairavk@usf.edu
Thank You
Global Challenges, Global Research, Global Solutions