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Chapter 7
- 1. Chapter 7 Issues in Policing
- 2. Who Are the Police Police and Education Race and Ethnicity Women in Policing
- 3. Who Are the Police? Police and Education About 16% of departments have some type of college requirement About 9% require a two-year degree Only 1% of local police department required a four-year degree The jury is still out on whether educated officers are more effective
- 4. Who Are the Police? Benefits of higher education for police Better Communication with the Public Better Writers Generation of Fewer Citizen Complaints Greater Self Confidence Behave More Professionally Less Inclined to Use Force
- 5. Race and Ethnicity of Full-Time Sworn Personnel in Local Police Departments, by Size of Population Served
- 6. Who Are the Police? Minorities in Policing Over the past several decades, police departments have made a concerted effort to attract minority police officers Minority officers help to gain the confidence of the minority community Qualities that can improve police performance Spanish speakers (any foreign language)
- 7. Who Are the Police? Minorities in Policing The African American experience Discrimination Double marginality Minority representation today Almost 25% of local police officers today are minorities More aggressive and self-assured Job-related stress
- 8. Who Are the Police? Women in Policing About 15% of sworn officers are female Still struggling for acceptance Higher levels of job-related stress Many female officers report that policing is male-dominated and not very woman friendly
- 9. Who Are the Police? Women in Policing Female officers are less likely than male officers to be charged with improper conduct. Female officer recruits are more likely to fail the entrance physical exam than male officer recruits. Female officers tend to receive harsher punishments than male officers if cited for disciplinary action. Female officers are less likely to use force than male officers.
- 10. Percent of Full-Time Sworn Law Enforcement Officers Who Are Women Among Local Police Departments and Sheriffs’ Offices
- 11. The Police Culture Personalities Policing Styles
- 12. Police Culture Six core beliefs are viewed as being at the heart of the police culture: a. Police are the only real crime fighters b. No one else understands c. Loyalty to colleagues counts above everything else d. The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules e. Members of the public are basically unsupportive and unreasonably demanding f. Patrol work is the pits
- 13. Police Personality Some experts believe that police officers develop a unique set of personality traits that distinguish them from the average citizen This working personality is shaped by constant exposure to danger, and the need to use force and authority, to reduce and control threatening situations
- 14. Thinking Point • Think about the issue of the “police personality.” Based on what you have read, seen, and generally been exposed to about the police, do you believe a distinct “police personality” exists? Why or why not? Do you know someone in law enforcement? Do they have this “police personality”?
- 15. The Police Profession Police styles Working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard-charging crime fighter Police styles: The crime fighter The social agent The law enforcer The watchman
- 16. Thinking Point • Police Style What police style do you believe is represented most frequently as associated with policing in the media? Based on your personal experience with the police, what is the style of policing you have encountered? Do you believe there is a style of policing that “most” police officers exhibit?
- 17. Police Discretion Police Discretion
- 18. Police Discretion Discretion The use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system Most police officers use a high degree of personal discretion in carrying out daily tasks Low-visibility decision making
- 19. Police Discretion Factors Influencing Discretion Crime factors Victim factors Environmental factors Departmental factors Peer factors Suspect behavior and characteristics Officer characteristics Probably the greatest example of the use of police discretion: The discretion police officers use in traffic stops. compared to the use of discretion in Homicides, Aggravated Assaults, or Hostage Situations.
- 20. Thinking Point • Find 1-2 articles on a case of racial profiling that occurred in the past 5 years in your state. Discuss the lack of discretion used in that case. Where “could” discretion have been used?
- 21. Problems in Policing Role Ambiguity Job Stress Violence and Brutality Corruption
- 22. Problems of Policing The role ambiguity, social isolation, and threat of danger present in working the streets are the police officer’s constant companions The most significant negative effects are job stress, fatigue, violence and brutality, and corruption
- 23. Job Stress Difficulties maintaining social and family relationships, considering their schedule and workload Some stressors are job related Internal conflict with administrative policies that deny officers support and a meaningful role in decision making Stressors are typically: External Organizational Duty Individual
- 24. Job Stress Controlling police fatigue Review policies, procedures, and practices Assess how much of a voice officers are given in work-hour and shift-scheduling decisions Assess the level of fatigue officers experience Review recruit and in-service training programs
- 25. Violence and Brutality Brutality Refers to actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, and stopping and searching people to harass them Evidence shows that only a small proportion of officers are continually involved in problem behavior
- 26. Corruption Corruption Consists of exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals Two types of corrupt officers: a. Meat eaters Aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals a. Grass eaters Accept payoffs when their everyday duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public
- 27. Corruption Types of corruption include: Internal corruption Selective enforcement or nonenforcement Active criminality Bribery and extortion Causes of corruption include: Police personality Institutions and practices Moral ambivalence Environmental conditions Corrupt departments Officer characteristics
- 29. Video: Discussion Questions What types of cor ruption were evident in the video? What is the impact of cor ruption on society’s trust shor t term? What about the impact long term?
- 30. Controlling Corruption Strengthen the internal administrative review process within police departments Accountability system A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command Outside reviews boards Change the social context of policing Special prosecutor
- 31. Use of Force Use of Force Continuum Deadly Force Non-Deadly Force
- 32. Use of Force Police use of force may not be as common as previously believed, but it still remains a central part of the police role There is still debate over whether police are more likely to get rough with minority suspects Suspect behavior may be a more important determinant of force than race or ethnicity
- 34. Deadly Force Deadly force Force that is likely to cause death or significant bodily harm Non-deadly force Force that is unlikely to cause death or significant bodily harm Such as Pepper Spray which shuts the eyes of a suspect and automatically induces shortness of breath. Tasers (may change in the future) Factors related to police shootings Local and national violence levels Exposure to violence Workload Firearms availability Social conflict Administrative policies Race
- 35. Controlling Deadly Force One of the most difficult problems that undermined the control of deadly force was the continued use of the fleeing-felon rule in a number of states Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Outlawed the indiscriminate use of deadly force against an unarmed and non-dangerous fleeing felon Individual state jurisdictions still control police shooting policy and some states have adopted statutory policies that restrict the police use of violence Internal review and policy making by police administrative review boards are used
- 36. Nondeadly Force Can range from the use of handcuffs and suspect compliance techniques to rubber bullets and stun guns Researchers have found that the crime in question is strongly linked to the type of nondeadly force used Officers are also influenced by past experience, the presence of other officers, and the presence and behavior of bystanders
- 37. Nondeadly Force Graham v. Connor Created reasonableness standard Less lethal weapons Designed to subdue suspects Among the most widely used nonlethal weapons are impact munitions Used to stun or otherwise incapacitate uncooperative suspects so they can be subdued
- 38. Police As Victims Less Deadly for both Public and Police Below 100 Police Officer Memorial Trooper James Sauter (28)
- 39. Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed or Assaulted
- 40. Police as Victims Fewer people are being killed by police, and fewer officers are being killed in the line of duty than ever before The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial The nation’s monument to police officers who have died in the line of duty Illinois Police Officer Memorial Illinois 1st Thursday in May Springfield, Illinois
- 41. Below 100 The 5 Tenets Wear Your Belt Wear Your Vest Watch Your Speed WIN—What’s Important Now? Remember: Complacency Kills! www.below100.com
- 42. Trooper James Sauter Illinois State Trooper 28 Years Old Newly Married Lived in Vernon Hills
Notas do Editor
- Learning Objective One
- Learning Objective One
- Learning Objective Two
- Learning Objective Two
- Learning Objective Three - District of Columbia Police Chief Cathy L. Lanier converses with another police officer while on patrol in Washington, D.C. Lanier rose to her position from humble beginnings: she was a high school dropout after ninth grade and an unwed mother at the age of 15. Despite a rough start, she later earned advanced academic degrees from Johns Hopkins University and the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where she completed a master’s in security studies. Lanier also attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and is a graduate of the FBI Academy and the University of the District of Columbia. She has been on the force for 22 years.
- Figure 7.1 Percent of Full-Time Sworn Law Enforcement Officers Who Are Women Among Local Police Departments and Sheriffs’ Offices
- Learning Objectives Four
- Learning Objectives Five
- Learning Objective Six
- Whether a police officer makes an arrest may depend on how the individual officer views offense severity. here, officer Deon Joseph waits for a squad car to transport Marco Rodriguez to a detox center in the skid row area of downtown Los Angeles, rather than to jail.
- Learning Objective Seven
- Learning Objective Eight
- Learning Objective Eight
- Learning Objective Eight
- Learning Objective Nine - Activists react on May 16, 2012, after former Houston police officer Andrew Blomberg was found not guilty of official oppression in the videotaped beating of a 15-year-old burglary suspect. Blomberg, 29, was the first of four fired police officers to stand trial for their roles in the alleged daylight beating of Chad Holley in March 2010. The daylight arrest prompted fierce public criticism of the police department by community activists who labeled it another example of police brutality against minorities.
- Learning Objective Nine
- Learning Objective Nine
- Figure 7.2 A Use-of-Force Continuum
- Learning Objective Ten
- Learning Objective Ten
- Learning Objective Ten
- Learning Objective Eleven
- Figure 7.3 Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed or Assaulted
- Learning Objective Eight - Tina Crouse, the wife of slain officer Derek w. Crouse, a Virginia Tech police officer who was killed during a traffic stop in December 2011, cries as she is escorted by Virginia Tech Police department officers Kendrah Cline, left, and Milford Palmer to the section of the national law enforcement officers memorial where her husband’s name was unveiled on April 26, 2012, in Washington, D.C.
- Learning Objective Eight - Tina Crouse, the wife of slain officer Derek w. Crouse, a Virginia Tech police officer who was killed during a traffic stop in December 2011, cries as she is escorted by Virginia Tech Police department officers Kendrah Cline, left, and Milford Palmer to the section of the national law enforcement officers memorial where her husband’s name was unveiled on April 26, 2012, in Washington, D.C.