Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare about a Danish prince who suspects his uncle of murdering his father. When the ghost of his father appears and confirms that he was poisoned by his brother, Hamlet vows to avenge his death. He feigns madness and stages a play mimicking the murder to prove his uncle's guilt. This causes several accidental deaths, including of Ophelia and her brother Laertes who seeks revenge. In the end, Hamlet kills his uncle in a duel but is also fatally poisoned, naming Fortinbras as the rightful heir to the Danish throne before dying.
2. William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as
the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He
is often called England's national poet, and the "bard of Avon".
Born: April 1564, stratford-upon-avon, united kingdom
Spouse: Anne Hatchway
Died: April 23, 1616, stratford-upon-avon, united kingdom
3. Hamlet
by William Shakespeare
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to
Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare
at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602.
Originally published: 1603
Playwright: William Shakespeare
Genres: Tragedy
Original language: English
Characters: Ophelia, Claudius, Polonius, Laertes, Horatio, Gertrue
Adaptations: The Lion King (1994), Haider (2014)
4. Play Summary
Prince Hamlet is depressed. Having been summoned home to Denmark from school in Germany to
attend his father's funeral, he is shocked to find his mother Gertrude already remarried. The Queen has
wed Hamlet's Uncle Claudius, the dead king's brother. To Hamlet, the marriage is "foul incest." Worse
still, Claudius has had himself crowned King despite the fact that Hamlet was his father's heir to the
throne. Hamlet suspects foul play.
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5. When his father's ghost visits the castle, Hamlet's suspicions are confirmed. The Ghost
complains that he is unable to rest in peace because he was murdered. Claudius, says the
Ghost, poured poison in King Hamlet's ear while the old king napped. Unable to confess and
find salvation, King Hamlet is now consigned, for a time, to spend his days in Purgatory and
walk the earth by night. He entreats Hamlet to avenge his death, but to spare Gertrude, to let
Heaven decide her fate.
Hamlet vows to affect madness — puts "an antic disposition on" — to wear a mask that will
enable him to observe the interactions in the castle, but finds himself more confused than ever.
In his persistent confusion, he questions the Ghost's trustworthiness. What if the Ghost is not a
true spirit, but rather an agent of the devil sent to tempt him? What if killing Claudius results in
Hamlet's having to relive his memories for all eternity? Hamlet agonizes over what he
perceives as his cowardice because he cannot stop himself from thinking. Words immobilize
Hamlet, but the world he lives in prizes action
6. In order to test the Ghost's sincerity, Hamlet enlists the help of a troupe of players who perform a
play called The Murder of Gonzago to which Hamlet has added scenes that recreate the murder the
Ghost described. Hamlet calls the revised play The Mousetrap, and the ploy proves a success. As
Hamlet had hoped, Claudius' reaction to the staged murder reveals the King to be conscience-
stricken. Claudius leaves the room because he cannot breathe, and his vision is dimmed for want of
light. Convinced now that Claudius is a villain, Hamlet resolves to kill him. But, as Hamlet observes,
"conscience doth make cowards of us all.“
7. In his continued reluctance to dispatch Claudius, Hamlet actually causes six ancillary deaths.
The first death belongs to Polonius, whom Hamlet stabs through a wallhanging as the old man
spies on Hamlet and Gertrude in the Queen's private chamber. Claudius punishes Hamlet for
Polonius' death by exiling him to England. He has brought Hamlet's school chums Rosencrantz
and Guildenstern to Denmark from Germany to spy on his nephew, and now he instructs them to
deliver Hamlet into the English king's hands for execution. Hamlet discovers the plot and arranges
for the hanging of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern instead .Ophelia , distraught over her father's
death and Hamlet's behaviour, drowns while singing sad love songs bemoaning the fate of a
spurned lover. Her brother, Laertes, falls next.
8. Laertes, returned to Denmark from France to avenge his father's death, witnesses
Ophelia's descent into madness. After her funeral, where he and Hamlet come to
blows over which of them loved Ophelia best, Laertes vows to punish Hamlet for her
death as well.
Unencumbered by words, Laertes plots with Claudius to kill Hamlet. In the midst of
the sword fight, however, Laertes drops his poisoned sword. Hamlet retrieves the
sword and cuts Laertes. The lethal poison kills Laertes. Before he dies, Laertes tells
Hamlet that because Hamlet has already been cut with the same sword, he too will
shortly die. Horatio diverts Hamlet's attention from Laertes for a moment by pointing
out that "The Queen falls."
Gertrude, believing that Hamlet's hitting Laertes means her son is winning the
fencing match, has drunk a toast to her son from the poisoned cup Claudius had
intended for Hamlet. The Queen dies.
9. As Laertes lies dying, he confesses to Hamlet his part in the plot and explains that
Gertrude's death lies on Claudius' head. Finally enraged, Hamlet stabs Claudius with
the poisoned sword and then pours the last of the poisoned wine down the King's
throat. Before he dies, Hamlet declares that the throne should now pass to Prince
Fortinbras of Norway, and he implores his true friend Horatio to accurately explain the
events that have led to the bloodbath at Elsinore. With his last breath, he releases
himself from the prison of his words: "The rest is silence."
The play ends as Prince Fortinbras, in his first act as King of Denmark, orders a
funeral with full military honours for slain Prince Hamlet.
