1. Defensive Driving
OBJECTIVES
To know the hazards & danger involved in
driving a vehicle and take necessary precautions
to save lives, time and money.
3. Defensive Driving: ?
It is the driving to save lives, time & money in-
spite of the conditions around you and the actions
of others.
Conditions: Roads, weather, traffic, light etc.
Actions of others: Violations, discourtesy, lack of
knowledge of other Drivers etc.
Defensive Driving
4. TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:
⢠Every 8th minute, there is 01 road casualty in India.
⢠There are 11 accidents for every 1000 vehicles.
⢠Every year out of 01 lacs unnatural deaths in India,
nearly 68000 (more than 34%) are due to road
accidents.
⢠Mostly males, who are earning members in the
family, die.
Defensive Driving
6. ACCIDENT BLACK SPOTS:
⢠Uncontrolled junction
⢠Bus stop
⢠Gaps within Road Dividers
⢠On street Parking places
⢠Building access (while reversing)
⢠Road Bend
⢠National Highway
Defensive Driving
10. ORDER OF THE DAY
⢠Jumping red lights
⢠Violating traffic rules
⢠Crushing an injury
Defensive Driving
11. ROAD SPACE
⢠Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & International Standard;
Delhi 25% of urban area
Mumbai 12% of urban area
Kolkata 6% of urban area
International
Standard
25% of urban area
Defensive Driving
12. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Pedestrians:
⢠No Footpath
⢠No Zebra Crossing
⢠They cross out of zebra crossing
⢠Bus Stops not provided
⢠Walk in groups
⢠Creating fun on the road
⢠They do not walk facing the incoming traffic
Defensive Driving
13. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Animals:
⢠Foster Animals (Dogs, Cats etc.)
⢠Slow moving animals (Cow, Buffalo etc.)
They are not visible at night.
Defensive Driving
14. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Vehicles:
⢠Major vehicles are old
⢠Roughly handled
⢠Poorly maintained
Defensive Driving
15. DRIVER
⢠Low education level
⢠Inadequate training
⢠Easily obtained License
⢠Lack of knowledge of rules & regulations
⢠Long working hours fatigue
⢠Health fitness is poor
Defensive Driving
16. DRIVER
⢠Drinking habits
⢠Emotional stress
⢠Over confidence in driving
⢠Seeing Ability:
-Colour blindness
-40% elderly drivers can not see road signs at night.
-10 to 30 times more illumination level is required to
see at night.
Defensive Driving
27. Road Safety Signs
Mandatory Signs:-
In accordance with the Motor Vehicles Act 1988,
every driver of a motor vehicle shall drive the
vehicle in conformity with any indication given by
the mandatory signs.
Defensive Driving
28. Road Safety Signs
Cautionary Signs:-
Cautionary signs are meant for cautioning the
driver about the hazards lying ahead on the road.
The driver should obey these for safety.
Defensive Driving
29. Road Safety Signs
Informatory Signs:-
Informatory signs are erected on the road to
provide information on direction, destination,
roadside facilities, etc. to the road user.
Defensive Driving
30. Road Safety Signs
⢠Railway crossing sign board: 200 Meters & 100
Meters before the crossing.
⢠For road sign boards: before 50 meters each.
Defensive Driving
33. Factors affecting driving skills
⢠Fatigue (overworking hours)
Stop when you feel tired/ sleepy, take rest, tea &
arrange other driver to drive.
⢠Medicine (calmpose, avil, benadryl)
⢠Disturb mind
⢠Distraction (pet, children at back seat, loud music,
etc.)
⢠Drunken driving
Defensive Driving
34. Sign of Fatigue
⢠Constant yawning
⢠Driving across the lane
⢠Eyes closing
⢠Difficulties in keeping head up
⢠Increase/ decrease of speed
Defensive Driving
37. Overloading â a serious problem
⢠Maximum permissible single axle loading is 10.2 T.
For tandem axle it is 19 T. Majority vehicles are
mostly two axle rigid vehicles.
⢠Container revolution has added to the problem and
90% vehicles carry excess load.
Defensive Driving
38. RESULT OF OVERLOADING
⢠Damage to the Road
⢠Stress on axle, steering, wheels, brakes & chesis
⢠Physical stress to the driver causing fatigue
Defensive Driving
39. TYRES & ROAD SAFETY
⢠Tyres form a vital link between vehicle and road.
⢠Safe journey depends largely on the fitness of tyres.
Defensive Driving
46. EMERGENCIES
⢠Bursting of tyres
⢠Accelerator sticks
⢠Skidding
⢠Brake failure
⢠Bonnet flies up
⢠Vehicle stalls
⢠Running off the road
⢠Fire
Defensive Driving
47. BREAKDOWN
⢠Inform convoy supervisor
⢠Switch on warning lights
⢠Keep vehicle away from movement of traffic
⢠Display warning triangle
⢠Apply hand brake
⢠Convoy supervisor will inform to the control room
⢠Control room will inform emergency breakdown
control point.
Defensive Driving
48. MECHANICAL FAILURE
⢠Brake failure
What to do?
⢠Tyre burst
What to do?
⢠Sudden loss of acceleration
What to do?
⢠Bonnet flies up
What to do?
Defensive Driving
49. If vehicle lights go off
⢠Keep the vehicle straight on the road, slowly
⢠Take to the shoulder
⢠Brake to stop
⢠Park
Defensive Driving
51. Responsibility in case of Accident
Inform police;
-if to man
-if to animal
-in case of Fire
Defensive Driving
52. Accidents (what to do?)
⢠Note the vehicle no.
⢠Stop the vehicle
⢠Switch on warning lights
⢠Render first-aid to injured
⢠Rush to the hospital
⢠Inform police, irrespective who is at fault.
⢠Get medically checked if you also have received
injury or head hit.
Defensive Driving
53. Accidents (what to do?)
⢠Note the name of Driver, license no.
Defensive Driving
54. PEDESTRIANS
They walk on the roads and have risks.
Safety hints for pedestrians;
⢠Use footpath, keep away from the edge of the
carriage way.
⢠If no footpath, walk on the extreme edge on the
road facing oncoming traffic.
⢠Watch pot holes, fruit skins and other obstacles on
the road.
Defensive Driving
55. PEDESTRIANS
⢠Never play on the road and footpath.
⢠Use footwear to avoid injury from glass pieces, nails,
etc.
⢠At night/ dark cloudy weather, wear light colour
clothes.
⢠Never accept a ride from strangers.
⢠While crossing the road, use the zebra crossing, if a
zebra crossing is not available, choose a safe point
where traffic is clearly visible on both the sides.
Defensive Driving
56. PEDESTRIANS
⢠Never cross a blind curve
⢠Five steps for crossing a road;
1. Stop at the curve
2. Look to your right
3. Look to your left
4. Look to your right again
5. If the road is clear, walk straight across. Do not
run.
Defensive Driving
57. PEDESTRIANS
⢠At an intersection, never try to cross diagonally.
⢠Do not cross in between parked vehicles or run out
from behind them.
Defensive Driving
58. COLLISION WITH PEDESTRIANS
⢠Common type of accident
⢠Major injury/ death is sure
⢠Causes;
1. Living in road sides
2. Many people walk on the road as if they are
walking in the garden.
3. They move without making visible lights
Defensive Driving
62. COLLISION WITH ANIMALS
⢠Cows, buffalos, horses, cats, dogs, etc.
REMEDY
⢠Slow down
⢠Their behaviour is unpredictable
⢠Give them priority
Defensive Driving
63. COLLISION WITH BICYCLE
⢠It is a vehicle
⢠Expected to follow traffic rules
⢠Two wheelers are vulnerable to death
Defensive Driving
65. Expecting collision with approaching vehicle
⢠Stay left
⢠Do not cross centre line.
Defensive Driving
66. Collision with an oncoming vehicle
Rule 1: Read the road ahead
Rule 2: Drive to the left
Never crowd the central line. Ride in the centre of a lane
& give the centre line plenty of room. Make a habit of
using the far left lane.
Rule 3: Reduce speed
Slow down, blow horn/ flash your lights to warn the
erring driver. Continue slowing down and be prepare to
stop until the hazard is gone.
Defensive Driving
67. Rule 4: Ride on the left off the road
If oncoming vehicle is still on your path, you
have only one choice left, to right ride off the
road on the left, either on the footpath or even to
the ditch, if necessary. The negative fear of
overturning should be avoided. Anything is better
than a head-on-collision.
Defensive Driving
68. VEHICLE BEHIND
⢠You are equally responsible from a cross from
behind a vehicle.
⢠Keep watch through rear view mirror.
⢠Indicate them by indicator or by hand.
⢠Avoid sudden stop.
⢠Allow the vehicle to pass/ donât increase your speed.
⢠If the vehicle does not pass, slow down.
Defensive Driving
69. OVERTAKING
⢠Most accidents happen while overtaking/ being
overtaken.
⢠You may have head on collision & a side sweep or
run off the road.
Defensive Driving
70. DO NOT OVERTAKE
⢠On a marked NO OVERTAKING ZONE.
⢠On curves
⢠On hills
⢠100 meters before & at railway crossing or cross
roads.
⢠A vehicle, slowing down to give way to
pedestrians
Defensive Driving
71. Avoid following too closely
⢠Reaction time: 3/4th of a second
⢠Gap between the vehicles: keep one vehicle
distance for every 10 kmph speed.
Defensive Driving
72. Defensive Driving Good Habits
⢠Observation;
-Who, where, when & what to look for.
⢠Communication
⢠Coordination
⢠Consideration
Defensive Driving
73. DISCOURTESY
⢠Excess speed
⢠Reckless passing
⢠Crossing the lane
⢠Blocking the traffic
⢠Excessive horn
⢠Wrong signaling
These are in your hand.
Defensive Driving
74. COOPERATIVE DRIVING
⢠Not blocking the intersection
⢠Using signals while turning or changing the lane
⢠Not following too closely
⢠Smooth driving
⢠Changing the lane correctly
Defensive Driving
76. SCHEDULE DELAY
⢠Plan your trip, this will reduce driving time.
⢠Hurry leads to mistakes and accidents
⢠Beware of bad weather, traffic conditions & route.
Defensive Driving
77. ATTITUDE
⢠Willing to admit mistakes
⢠Tolerance towards the mistakes of others
⢠Respect for the law
⢠Respect for other road users
⢠Courtesy
Defensive Driving
78. EFFECT OF OVER SPEED
⢠Impact is more
Defensive Driving
